Accessibility of General Adult Education An Analysis of the Restructuring of Adult Education Governance in Denmark

The purpose of this paper is to examine how adult education institutions have developed in close connection with the Danish welfare state and how structural reforms since the 1990s have changed the institutional structure and impacted accessibility. This involves analyses of the main functions linked to the different types of adult education institutions (VUCs) in Denmark and their development in relation to welfare state policies in the first instance and to globalization and competition state policies in the second. Thus, the paper provides a historical outline of the development of adult education institutions in two main areas, a vocational and a general, followed by an analysis of selected policy documents on structural reforms. Focusing on the reforms of 2000, 2007, and 2018, the analysis identifies external and internal limitations to accessing general adult education. In conclusion, the market orientation of the VUC entails limitations to both external and internal accessibility.

State Formation in Korea and Japan, 400–800 CE: Emulation and Learning, Not Bellicist Competition

State formation occurred in Korea and Japan 1,000 years before it did in Europe, and it occurred for reasons of emulation and learning, not bellicist competition. State formation in historical East Asia occurred under a hegemonic system in which war was relatively rare, not under a balance-of-power system with regular existential threats. Korea and Japan emerged as states between the fifth and ninth centuries CE and existed for centuries thereafter with centralized bureaucratic control defined over territory and administrative capacity to tax their populations, field large militaries, and provide extensive public goods. They created these institutions not to wage war or suppress revolt: the longevity of dynasties in these countries is evidence of both the peacefulness of their region and their internal stability. Rather, Korea and Japan developed state institutions through emulation and learning from China. The elites of both copied Chinese civilization for reasons of prestige and domestic legitimacy in the competition between the court and the nobility.

The Legal Nature of Business Contracts and Obligations Related to the Implementation of Business Activities

The paper investigates the legal nature, essence and significance of the business contract, its role in the implementation of entrepreneurial activity. At the present stage of the development of the society and law and order, the vast majority of legal relations in countries with developed or rapidly developing market relations arise and develop on the basis of various business contracts. The business activity carried out by entrepreneurs, is, as a rule, organized on a contractual basis. As you know, the contract is a universal legal instrument that allows detailed settlement of specific relationships and relations between business entities. At the same time, the freedom of such regulation is limited by the imperative prescriptions of the rules of law and the expression of the will of the parties to the contract. That is, the contract plays a special role in the implementation of entrepreneurial activity, as it is one of the important instruments of individual legal regulation of entrepreneurial relations.The authors note that the current legislation does not provide for any legal definition of the "business contract". On the contrary, the law-makers apply the concept of "obligations associated with the implementation of entrepreneurial activities", which, although not identical to an entrepreneurial agreement, allows us to assert that domestic legislation sets forth factual prerequisites to the legal regulation of the business contract. In conclusion, the authors attempt to define the business contract and determine its distinctive features.The authors summarize that modern market relations, development of entrepreneurship are based on the principles of increasing the level of competition, state dispositive regulation, and equality of participants. Guided by such important principles, individuals carry out business activities where the rules of civil legislation play a significant role (as general regulations) and special rules established in certain regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation governing contractual business relations.

The substitutive state? Neoliberal state interventionism across industrial, housing and private pensions policy in the UK

This article advances the notion of ‘the substitutive state’ to explore the changing character of state institutions and state action in the context of neoliberalization. This understanding is contrasted with alternative accounts of state neoliberalization such as ‘the regulatory state’ and ‘the competition state’. It focuses upon the UK, and three domains of economic statecraft in particular: industrial policy (primarily the May government’s 2017 industrial strategy), housing policy (primarily extensive support for mortgage lending and borrowing since the 2008 financial crisis) and private pensions policy (primarily the establishment of state-owned pension scheme providers in the context of ‘automatic enrolment’ regulations). The article argues that state action in the UK increasingly encompasses new mechanisms for intervention in the private economy. However, associated policy practices are rarely strategic or purposeful. Interventionist mechanisms are often populated by the private economic actors implicated in the problem intervention is designed to solve, or are used to relieve the private sector from serving unprofitable market segments. Substitutive statism is aligned with a wider accumulation regime which state actors perceive as immutable; they are therefore willing to intervene to sustain this regime, irrespective of market signals. In short, state institutions have a more expansive interventionist footprint, but are doing less with more. In contrast to accounts of ‘the neoliberal state’, we should not assume that these institutions add up to ‘ the state’, albeit a state with neoliberal characteristics. State action has always been a central, organizing element of neoliberalism, although its form has evolved as neoliberal ideas confront capitalist accumulation in practice.

Psicología y lesiones deportivas: Un estudio en lanzadores de beisbol

Las lesiones constituyen uno de los principales problemas en el deporte debido a las repercusiones negativas sobre la salud y el rendimiento del deportista. Su etiología multifactorial requiere que sean abordadas también desde lo psicológico para comprender su comportamiento de manera integral y lograr mayores impactos en su prevención. La presente investigación se realizó con los lanzadores de béisbol de primera categoría de la provincia de Villa Clara, Cuba, con el propósito de determinar la relación entre las variables psicológicas asociadas al rendimiento del deportista y las lesiones. Se estudiaron un total de 48 lanzadores constituyendo una población heterogénea, integrada por deportistas noveles y de mayor experiencia competitiva. Se aplicó el Cuestionario de Aspectos Deportivos y Lesiones, el Inventario de Ansiedad Rasgo-Estado, el Inventario de Ansiedad Estado en Competición y el Inventario Psicológico de Ejecución Deportiva. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que los lanzadores estudiados presentan una baja percepción de la relación entre variables psicológicas y lesiones, constatando además que en la competición aparecen más lesiones que en los entrenamientos y que los deportistas con antecedentes de lesiones presentan diferencias significativas en el estado de determinadas variables psicológicas en comparación con los lanzadores que no se han lesionado. Estas diferencias se observan en la ansiedad estado en competición, la autoconfianza, el control del afrontamiento negativo, el control de la atención y el control visual e imaginativo. Injuries are one of the main problems in sport due to the negative impact on the health and performance of the athlete. Their multi-causal etiology requires that they also be approached from the psychological to understand their behavior in an integral way and achieve greater impacts in its prevention. The present investigation was carried out with the first category Baseball pitchers of the province of Villa Clara, Cuba, with the purpose of determining the relationship between the psychological variables associated with the athlete's performance and the injuries. A total of 48 pitchers were studied, constituting a heterogeneous population, made up of new athletes with greater competitive experience. The Sports Aspects and Injuries Questionnaire, the Trait-State Anxiety Inventory, the Competing State Anxiety Inventory and the Psychological Inventory of Sports Execution were applied. The results obtained show that the pitchers studied have a low perception of the relationship between psychological variables and injuries, also confirming that in the competition there are more injuries than in training. In addition, the results are displaying that athletes with a history of injuries and within these, the ones that most injuries have suffered, present significant differences in the status of certain psychological variables compared to pitchers who have not been injured. This difference can be observed in competition state anxiety, self-confidence, negative coping control, attention control, and visual and imaginative control. Le lesioni sono uno dei principali problemi negli sport a causa dell'impatto negativo sulla salute e sulle prestazioni dell'atleta. La loro eziologia multifattoriale richiede che vengano affrontati anche dal punto di vista psicologico per comprendere il loro comportamento in modo integrale e ottenere maggiori impatti nella sua prevenzione. La presente indagine è stata condotta con i lanciatori di baseball di prima categoria della provincia di Villa Clara con lo scopo di determinare la relazione tra le variabili psicologiche associate alla prestazione dell'atleta e le lesioni. Sono stati studiati un totale di 48 lanciatori, costituendo una popolazione eterogenea, composta da nuovi atleti con una maggiore esperienza competitiva. Sono stati applicati il ​​questionario sugli aspetti sportivi e sugli infortuni, l'inventario dell'ansia trait-state, l'inventario dell'ansia di stato in competizione e l'inventario psicologico dell'esecuzione sportiva. I risultati ottenuti mostrano che i lanciatori studiati hanno una bassa percezione del rapporto tra variabili psicologiche e infortuni, confermando anche che nella competizione ci sono più infortuni che in allenamento e che gli atleti con una storia di infortuni e al loro interno, quelli che più le lesioni hanno sofferto, presentano differenze significative nello stato di alcune variabili psicologiche rispetto ai lanciatori che non sono stati feriti. Questa differenza può essere osservata in variabili come; l'ansia era in competizione, la fiducia in se stessi, il controllo del coping negativo, il controllo dell'attenzione e il controllo visivo e immaginativo. As lesões são um dos principais problemas do esporte devido ao impacto negativo na saúde e no desempenho do atleta. Sua etiologia multifatorial exige que eles também sejam abordados do ponto de vista psicológico para entender seu comportamento de maneira integral e obter maiores impactos em sua prevenção. A presente investigação foi realizada com a primeira categoria de lançadores de basebol da província de Villa Clara, Cuba, com o objetivo de determinar a relação entre as variáveis ​​psicológicas associadas ao desempenho do atleta e as lesões. Foram estudados 48 lançadores, constituindo uma população heterogênea, composta por novos atletas com maior experiência competitiva. Foram aplicados o Questionário de Aspectos e Lesões Esportivas, o Inventário de Ansiedade Traço-Estado, o Inventário de Ansiedade Estado Competente e o Inventário Psicológico de Execução Esportiva. Os resultados obtidos mostram que os lançadores estudados têm uma baixa percepção da relação entre variáveis ​​psicológicas e lesões, confirmando também que na competição há mais lesões do que nos treinos e que atletas com histórico de lesões e dentro delas, as que mais lesões sofridas apresentam diferenças significativas no status de certas variáveis ​​psicológicas em comparação com lançadores que não foram feridos. Essa diferença pode ser observada na ansiedade do estado de competição, autoconfiança, controle negativo de enfrentamento, controle da atenção e controle visual e imaginativo.

Global Competition & State Intervention. The Genesis of Japan’s Motorcycle Global Leaders: Honda, Suzuki, Kawasaki &Yamaha

Across Europe, businesses and policy makers are now worried about the future industries dominated by U.S. and Chinese companies. Since the financial and economic global crisis in 2007, western industrialized countries experienced a return to stronger state interventions in the business. States, which had previously been reluctant to intervene, implemented intervenes for individual companies or industrial measures for whole sectors. Moreover, the pandemic has driven Asian countries to double down on the tradition of state intervention. The specific causes of the coronavirus global recession, however, impose a radical and targeted solution. Governments should enter in key-sectors and cover directly wages and maintenance costs for critical businesses facing shutdown. In this context of Government direct involvement in global business, it is very useful to remember the lesson from the genesis of Japan’s motorcycle global leaders: Honda, Suzuki, Kawasaki and Yamaha.

15. International Relations Theory and Globalization

This chapter examines the existing debate on the extent and nature of globalization and its implications for contemporary International Relations theory. It first considers the stakes involved in the globalization debate for a range of core theoretical perspectives in IR. It shows how the literature on globalization has developed over time, revealing how the nature of the debate has changed, and illustrates this both theoretically and empirically with a case study of the impact of globalization on the development of the welfare state before and since the global financial crisis. The chapter also considers the empirical case against the globalization thesis, what a competition state is, and how it might confer a competitive advantage upon a national economy in an era of globalization. The chapter suggests that the current level of interdependence within the international system, although considerable, is not easily reconciled with the stronger variants of the globalization thesis.

A Competition State Perspective on the Development of Swedish Policies for Internationalisation of Higher Education and Research 1960s–2010s

This article is an historical analysis of Swedish policies for internationalisation of higher education and research from the 1970s and onwards. The analysis is carried out against the theoretical backdrop of the competition state, as a type of state reformulating and restructuring the relation between the national and international during the second half of the twentieth century with the aim of making society fit for international competition. Focussing on arguments as to why Swedish universities need to be internationalised, how this should be done and which parts of higher education that should be internationalised, the article shows the development of Swedish internationalisation policies, starting in the 1960s and -70s where focus was on international solidarity, inward student mobility and the internationalisation of teaching. In the 1980s and -90s the idea of a knowledge driven economic development was the central paradigm, resulting in a stronger focus on research and international research collaboration. To this the 2000s and -10s added a focus on ingoing mobility, both as a source of revenue through tuition fees, and a way to recruit skilled labour.