Rational Politics

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olof Petersson
Keyword(s):  
Political Process ◽  
Policy Alternatives ◽  
System P ◽  
Commissions Of Inquiry ◽  
Trial And Error Method ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Swedish Politics ◽  
Political Decisions ◽  
Error Method

Swedish politics can still be characterized as deliberative, rationalistic, open, and consensual but only if these four concepts are reinterpreted. Sweden has changed from a long-term “sounding-out” style of policy-making to a short-term and iterative trial-and-error method. Whereas commissions of inquiry in the 1960s were expected to carry out thoroughgoing investigations of policy alternatives and their possible consequences, since the 1980s they have been ordered to finish their assignments in less time and deliver shorter reports. Political decisions today are taken on a much less solid factual ground. The political process has moved from a consensus-seeking system based on selected access for a few major interests to a competitive and open-ended system.

Long Term Trends in Mass Support for European Unification

1977 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 150-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald Inglehart
Keyword(s):  
Active Role ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Integration ◽  
Political Skills ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Silent Revolution ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Western Politics ◽  
Political Decisions

BENEATH THE ACTIVISM OF THE 1960s AND THE SEEMING QUIESCENCE of the 1970s a silent revolution has been occurring which is changing the infrastructure of Western politics in two ways: first, the values of Western publics have been shifting from an almost exclusive emphasis on material and physical security toward greater concern with intangible aspects of life; and secondly, there has been an increase in the political skills of Western publics that enables them to play a more active role in making important political decisions. Both processes tend to broaden the political horizons of these people and have important implications for supranational political integration.

Therapy and prevention for mental health: What if mental diseases are mostly not brain disorders?

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. A. Ioannidis
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Disease ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
Social Stressors ◽  
Labor Education ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
Long Term Follow Up ◽  
Political Decisions

AbstractNeurobiology-based interventions for mental diseases and searches for useful biomarkers of treatment response have largely failed. Clinical trials should assess interventions related to environmental and social stressors, with long-term follow-up; social rather than biological endpoints; personalized outcomes; and suitable cluster, adaptive, and n-of-1 designs. Labor, education, financial, and other social/political decisions should be evaluated for their impacts on mental disease.

CONTEXTUAL SUBTEXT INFORMATION OF A FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEXT: HERMENEUTIC APPROACH

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (30) ◽  
pp. 75-87
Author(s):  
Lidiya Derbenyova
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Transmission Of Information ◽  
Hermeneutic Approach ◽  
Trial And Error Method ◽  
Problems Of Translation ◽  
Error Method ◽  
Language Text

The article focuses on the problems of translation in the field of hermeneutics, understood as a methodology in the activity of an interpreter, the doctrine of the interpretation of texts, as a component of the transmission of information in a communicative aspect. The relevance of the study is caused by the special attention of modern linguistics to the under-researched issues of hermeneutics related to the problems of transmission of foreign language text semantics in translation. The process of translation in the aspect of hermeneutics is regarded as the optimum search and decision-making process, which corresponds to a specific set of functional criteria of translation, which can take many divergent forms. The translator carries out a number of specific translation activities: the choice of linguistic means and means of expression in the translation language, replacement and compensation of nonequivalent units. The search for the optimal solution itself is carried out using the “trial and error” method. The translator always acts as an interpreter. Within the boundaries of a individual utterance, it must be mentally reconstructed as conceptual situations, the mentally linguistic actions of the author, which are verbalized in this text.

Language Movement and Civil War in West Africa

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ericka A. Albaugh
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Citizen Participation ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Political Process ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Consequences ◽  
Language Spread ◽  
The 1960S

This chapter examines how civil war can influence the spread of language. Specifically, it takes Sierra Leone as a case study to demonstrate how Krio grew from being primarily a language of urban areas in the 1960s to one spoken by most of the population in the 2000s. While some of this was due to “normal” factors such as population movement and growing urbanization, the civil war from 1991 to 2002 certainly catalyzed the process of language spread in the 1990s. Using census documents and surveys, the chapter tests the hypothesis at the national, regional, and individual levels. The spread of a language has political consequences, as it allows for citizen participation in the political process. It is an example of political scientists’ approach to uncovering the mechanisms for and evidence of language movement in Africa.

scholarly journals High Mountain Asian glacier response to climate revealed by multi-temporal satellite observations since the 1960s

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Atanu Bhattacharya ◽  
Tobias Bolch ◽  
Kriti Mukherjee ◽  
Owen King ◽  
Brian Menounos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Tien Shan ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Glacier Mass Balance ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Multi Temporal ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Northern Tien Shan

AbstractKnowledge about the long-term response of High Mountain Asian glaciers to climatic variations is paramount because of their important role in sustaining Asian river flow. Here, a satellite-based time series of glacier mass balance for seven climatically different regions across High Mountain Asia since the 1960s shows that glacier mass loss rates have persistently increased at most sites. Regional glacier mass budgets ranged from −0.40 ± 0.07 m w.e.a−1 in Central and Northern Tien Shan to −0.06 ± 0.07 m w.e.a−1 in Eastern Pamir, with considerable temporal and spatial variability. Highest rates of mass loss occurred in Central Himalaya and Northern Tien Shan after 2015 and even in regions where glaciers were previously in balance with climate, such as Eastern Pamir, mass losses prevailed in recent years. An increase in summer temperature explains the long-term trend in mass loss and now appears to drive mass loss even in regions formerly sensitive to both temperature and precipitation.

scholarly journals A systemic socio-ecological recovery from Covid-19

2021 ◽  
pp. 146801812110191
Author(s):  
William Hynes
Keyword(s):  
Financial Economic ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Economic Approach ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Current Crisis ◽  
Policy Alternatives ◽  
Economic Thinking ◽  
Emergency Measures ◽  
Ecological Recovery

New economic thinking and acting through a systemic approach could outline policy alternatives to tackle the global-scale systemic challenges of financial, economic, social and environmental emergencies, and help steer our recovery out of the current crisis. A systemic recovery requires an economic approach that balances several factors - markets and states, efficiency and resilience, growth and sustainability, national and global stability, short-term emergency measures and long-term structural change. To achieve this, we need to think beyond our policy silos, comprehend our interconnections, and build resilience into our systems.

The determination of units in totally real cubic fields

1960 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 318-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Godwin
Keyword(s):  
Trial And Error ◽  
Integral Lattice ◽  
Cubic Field ◽  
Cubic Fields ◽  
Trial And Error Method ◽  
Totally Real ◽  
Rational Integral ◽  
Fundamental Units ◽  
Error Method

The determination of a pair of fundamental units in a totally real cubic field involves two operations—finding a pair of independent units (i.e. such that neither is a power of the other) and from these a pair of fundamental units (i.e. a pair ε1; ε2 such that every unit of the field is of the form with rational integral m, n). The first operation may be accomplished by exploring regions of the integral lattice in which two conjugates are small or else by factorizing small primes and comparing different factorizations—a trial-and-error method, but often a quick one. The second operation is accomplished by obtaining inequalities which must be satisfied by a fundamental unit and its conjugates and finding whether or not a unit exists satisfying these inequalities. Recently Billevitch ((1), (2)) has given a method, of the nature of an extension of the first method mentioned above, which involves less work on the second operation but no less on the first.

MXene: a promising photocatalyst for water splitting

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (29) ◽  
pp. 11446-11452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhonglu Guo ◽  
Jian Zhou ◽  
Linggang Zhu ◽  
Zhimei Sun
Keyword(s):  
Water Splitting ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Hydrogen Fuel ◽  
Photocatalytic Water Splitting ◽  
Arduous Task ◽  
Trial And Error Method ◽  
Error Method

Identifying suitable photocatalysts for photocatalytic water splitting to produce hydrogen fuelviasunlight is an arduous task by the traditional trial-and-error method.

scholarly journals Measuring the Deformation of a Flat Die by Applying a Laser Beam on a Reflecting Surface

2009 ◽  
Vol 424 ◽  
pp. 197-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Assaad ◽  
H.J.M. Geijselaers ◽  
K.E. Nilsen
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Laser Beam ◽  
Extrusion Process ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Element Calculation ◽  
Extrusion Dies ◽  
Cheap Method ◽  
Trial And Error Method ◽  
Reflecting Surface ◽  
Error Method

The design of extrusion dies depends on the experience of the designer. After the die has been manufactured, it is tested during an extrusion process and machined several times until it works properly. The die is designed by a trial and error method which is expensive interms of time consumption and the amount of scrap. Research is going on to replace the trial pressing with finite element simulations that concentrate on material and tool analysis. In order to validate the tool simulations, an experiment is required for measuring the deformation of the die. Measuring the deformation of the die is faced with two main obstacles: high temperature and little free space. To overcome these obstacles a method is tried, which works by applying a laser beam on a reflecting surface. This cheap method is simple, robust and gives good results. This paper describes measuring the deformation of a flat die used to extrude a single U shape profile. In addition, finite element calculation of the die is performed. Finally, a comparison is performed between experimental and numerical results.

How the Desert got a Past: A History of Quaternary Research in Australia’s Deserts

2014 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Smith
Keyword(s):  
Climate Changes ◽  
Conceptual Space ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S

This paper examines how the past of desert landscapes has been interpreted since European explorers and scientists first encountered them. It charts the research that created the conceptual space within which archaeologists and Quaternarists now work. Studies from the 1840s–1960s created the notion of a ‘Great Australian Arid Period'. The 1960s studies of Lake Mungo and the Willandra Lakes by Jim Bowler revealed the cyclical nature of palaeolakes, that changed with climate changes in the Pleistocene, and the complexity of desert pasts. SLEADS and other researchers in the 1980s used thermoluminescence techniques that showed further complexities in desert lands beyond the Willandra particularly through new studies in the Strzelecki and Simpson Dunefields, Lake Eyre, Lake Woods and Lake Gregory. Australian deserts are varied and have very different histories. Far from ‘timeless lands', they have carried detailed information about long-term climate changes on continental scales.

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