A History of Mental Ability Tests and Theories

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Wasserman ◽  
Alan S. Kaufman
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Test Theory ◽  
Scientific Psychology ◽  
Crystallized Intelligence ◽  
Psychological Science ◽  
Ability Tests ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mental Testing ◽  
Mental Tests

The concepts of measurement and theory have always been central to psychological science. This chapter reviews the history of applied mental tests and the ideas behind them, with a specific emphasis on individually administered intellectual measures in the era of scientific psychology (i.e., after Wundt). The chapter discusses theoretical underpinnings associated with mental tests and test/theory falsifications. Beginning with the contributions of Francis Galton and J. McKeen Cattell and continuing through the present, the topics discussed include anthropometric testing, Charles Spearman’s two-factor theory and general intelligence factor, Alfred Binet and David Wechsler’s pragmatic approaches, Raymond B. Cattell and John L. Horn’s fluid and crystallized intelligence, John B. Carroll’s three-stratum model of cognitive abilities, and Alexander R. Luria’s conceptualization of brain-based, cognitive processing. The chapter closes with a discussion about theory-building and falsification in mental testing and the importance of reconciling theory with clinical practice in psychological assessment.

scholarly journals No Spearman’s Law of Diminishing Returns for the working memory and intelligence relationship

2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-80
Author(s):  
Bartłomiej Kroczek ◽  
Michał Ociepka ◽  
Adam Chuderski
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Large Data ◽  
Memory Storage ◽  
High Ability ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Crystallized Intelligence ◽  
Diminishing Returns

AbstractSpearman’s Law of Diminishing Returns (SLODR) holds that correlation between general (g)/fluid (Gf) intelligence factor and other cognitive abilities weakens with increasing ability level. Thus, cognitive processing in low ability people is most strongly saturated by g/Gf, whereas processing in high ability people depends less on g/Gf. Numerous studies demonstrated that low g is more strongly correlated with crystallized intelligence/creativity/processing speed than is high g, however no study tested an analogous effect in the case of working memory (WM). Our aim was to investigate SLODR for the relationship between Gf and WM capacity, using a large data set from our own previous studies. We tested alternative regression models separately for three types of WM tasks that tapped short-term memory storage, attention control, and relational integration, respectively. No significant SLODR effect was found for any of these tasks. Each task shared with Gf virtually the same amount of variance in the case of low- and high-ability people. This result suggests that Gf and WM rely on one and the same (neuro)cognitive mechanism.

scholarly journals The history of the formation of the concept of «emotional intelligence» in psychological science.

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 63-70
Author(s):  
Larisa M. Naimushina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
Social Competence ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Psychological Science ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Foreign Science

The article is devoted to the history of the formation of emotional intelligence in psy-chology. Particular attention is paid to the fact that this problem is relevant both in do-mestic and foreign science. A thorough analysis of various approaches to the definition of the concept is carried out, difficulties in its study are noted. Revealed and substanti-ated the need to continue the study of this phenomenon, its significance in the structure of personality. This publication highlights the concept of IQ. The topic of social intelli-gence as the ability to interact with other people is briefly discussed. The problem of rela-tionship between emotions and intelligence is reflected. Emotional intelligence is shown in the article as emotional and social competence, a set of non-cognitive abilities, compe-tencies, skills, the ability of a person to recognize and understand their own and other people's emotions, and also to manage them.

МЕТАФИЗИЧЕСКИЙ ИНТЕЛЛЕКТ: ФИЛОСОФСКО-ПЕРСОНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ ВЗГЛЯД НА КОГНИТИВНУЮ СФЕРУ

1970 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-36
Author(s):  
Александр Бреусенко-Кузнецов
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Psychological Science ◽  
History Of Development ◽  
Intellectual Abilities ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cognitive Experience ◽  
Metaphysical Tradition ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mutual Relations ◽  
Specific Construction

Статья посвящена проблеме интеграции теоретико-методологического наследия метафизической  традиции  в  психологии  личности  в  современную  психологическую  науку.  До  сих  пор  метафизически- ориентированный подход рассматривался как принадлежащий к  областям психологии личности и истории  психологии,   но   может   быть   полезен   применительно   к   предметным   областям   многих   других  психологических наук, в частности – когнитивной психологии. Задачей статьи являются введение понятия  «метафизического интеллекта» как особой формы организации познавательного опыта личности. Разница  между  понятиями  «метафизический  интеллект»  и  «метафизическая  компетентность»  состоит  в  основном  фокусе   внимания.   «Метафизическая   компетентность»  функциональна,   ориентирована   на  успешное  выполнение  некоторой  деятельности,  в  которой  интеллектуальные  возможности  личности  соединяются   с   конкретными   знаниями   из   области   метафизики.   «Метафизический   интеллект»  принадлежит  к  области  познавательных способностей  как  таковых,  он  указывает  на  присутствие у  личности особого устройства ума. «Метафизический интеллект» – это принципиально гуманитарный  способ организации познавательного опыта, нацеленный на понимающее (не объяснительное) познание  сущностных  сторон  мира,  человека  и  их  взаимоотношений.  Предметы  интеллектуального  познания  представляют  собой  живое  сложное  целое,  имеющее  целенаправленную  историю  развития,  заданную  вектором духовного начала (идеи). Интеллект тяготеет к транспарадигмальности на основе диалога  смыслов.  The article is devoted to the problem of integration of the theoretical and methodological heritage of  metaphysical tradition in psychology of personality into the modern psychological science. Up to present the  metaphysically-focused approach has been considered as belonging to areas of psychology of personality and  history of psychology, but can actually be useful for subject domains of many other psychological sciences, for  cognitive psychology in particular. The aim of the article is tointroduce the concept of "metaphysical intelligence”  as a special form of the organization of cognitive experience of personality. The difference between concepts  “metaphysical intelligence” and “metaphysical competence” is basically in the  focus of attention. “Metaphysical  competence” is functional, focused on successful performance of some activity in which intellectual abilities of  personality unite with concrete knowledge from the area of metaphysics. “Metaphysical intelligence” belongs to the  area of cognitive abilities as they are, it specifies the presence of specific construction of mind of personality.  “Metaphysical intelligence” is essentially humanitarian way of organization of the cognitive experience, aimed at  understanding  (not  explanatory)  cognition  of  the  intrinsic  parties  of  the  world,  the  person  and  their  mutual  relations. Subjects of intellectual cognition represent the alive complex whole, having the purposeful history of  development set by the vector of the spiritual beginning (idea). The intelligence gravitates to transparadimality on  the basis of dialogue of senses. 

Intersectionality as a Framework for Theory and Research in Feminist Psychology

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah R. Warner ◽  
Stephanie A. Shields
Keyword(s):  
Social Activism ◽  
Data Gathering ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Social Identities ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Science Practices ◽  
Intersectionality Theory ◽  
Psychological Science ◽  
Psychological Theories ◽  
History Of

Intersectionality theory concerns the interdependence of systems of inequality and implications for psychological research. Social identities cannot be studied independently of one another nor separately from the societal processes that maintain inequality. In this chapter we provide a brief overview of the history of intersectionality theory and then address how intersectionality theory challenges the way psychological theories typically conceive of the person, as well as the methods of data gathering and analysis customarily used by many psychologists. We specifically address two concerns often expressed by feminist researchers. First, how to reconcile the use of an intersectionality framework with currently-valued psychological science practices. Second, how intersectionality transforms psychology’s concern with individual experience by shifting the focus to the individual’s position within sociostructural frameworks and their social and political underpinnings. In a concluding section we identify two future directions for intersectionality theory: how psychological research on intersectionality can facilitate social activism, and current developments in intersectionality theory.

Mind Cure

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wakoh Shannon Hickey
Keyword(s):  
White Male ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Scientific Psychology ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Performance ◽  
And Gender ◽  
First Americans ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Political Economic

Mindfulness is widely claimed to improve health and performance, and historians typically say that efforts to promote meditation and yoga therapeutically began in the 1970s. In fact, they began much earlier, and that early history offers important lessons for the present and future. This book traces the history of mind-body medicine from eighteenth-century Mesmerism to the current Mindfulness boom and reveals how religion, race, and gender have shaped events. Many of the first Americans to advocate meditation for healing were women leaders of the Mind Cure movement, which emerged in the late nineteenth century. They believed that by transforming their consciousness, they could also transform oppressive circumstances in which they lived, and some were activists for social reform. Trained by Buddhist and Hindu missionaries, these women promoted meditation through personal networks, religious communities, and publications. Some influenced important African American religious movements, as well. For women and black men, Mind Cure meant not just happiness but liberation in concrete political, economic, and legal terms. The Mind Cure movement exerted enormous pressure on mainstream American religion and medicine, and in response, white, male doctors and clergy with elite academic credentials appropriated some of its methods and channeled them into scientific psychology and medicine. As mental therapeutics became medicalized, individualized, and then commodified, the religious roots of meditation, like the social justice agendas of early Mind Curers, fell away. After tracing how we got from Mind Cure to Mindfulness, this book reveals what got lost in the process.

History of Sexual Orientation and Mental Health

2020 ◽  
pp. 9-24
Author(s):  
Kristin A. Hancock ◽  
Douglas C. Haldeman
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Movements ◽  
International Policy ◽  
Psychological Science ◽  
Aids Epidemic ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Bisexual ◽  
The Impact

Psychology’s understanding of lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) people has evolved, become more refined, and impacted the lives of LGB people in profound ways. This chapter traces the history of LGB psychology from the nineteenth century to the present and focuses on major events and the intersections of theory, psychological science, politics, and activism in the history of this field. It explores various facets of cultural and psychological history that include the pathologizing of homosexuality, the rise of psychological science and the political movements in the mid-twentieth century, and the major shifts in policy that ensued. The toll of the AIDS epidemic on the field is discussed as is the impact of psychological research on national and international policy and legislation.

Factors Associated with Lower Cognitive Performance Scores Among Older Japanese Men in Hawaii and Japan

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Naoko Miyagawa ◽  
Takayoshi Ohkubo ◽  
Akira Fujiyoshi ◽  
Akihiko Shiino ◽  
Randi Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Subclinical Atherosclerosis ◽  
Lifestyle Factors ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Japanese Men ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cardiometabolic Factors

Background: Few studies have compared factors related to cognitive function among people with similar genetic backgrounds but different lifestyles. Objective: We aimed to identify factors related to lower cognitive scores among older Japanese men in two genetically similar cohorts exposed to different lifestyle factors. Methods: This cross-sectional study of community-dwelling Japanese men aged 71–81 years included 2,628 men enrolled in the Kuakini Honolulu-Asia Aging Study based in Hawaii and 349 men in the Shiga Epidemiological Study of Subclinical Atherosclerosis based in Japan. We compared participant performance through Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI) assessment in Hawaii (1991–1993) and Japan (2009–2014). Factors related to low cognitive scores (history of cardiovascular disease, cardiometabolic factors, and lifestyle factors) were identified with questionnaires and measurements. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to calculate the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of a low (<  82) CASI score based on different factors. Results: CASI scores were lower in Hawaii than in Japan [21.2%(n = 556) versus 12.3%(n = 43), p <  0.001], though this was not significant when adjusted for age and educational attainment (Hawaii 20.3%versus Japan 17.9%, p = 0.328). History of stroke (OR = 1.65, 95%confidence interval = 1.19–2.29) was positively associated with low cognitive scores in Hawaii. Body mass index ≥25 kg/m2 tended to be associated with low cognitive scores in Japan; there was a significant interaction between the cohorts. Conclusion: Cognitive scores differences between cohorts were mostly explained by differences in educational attainment. Conversely, cardiovascular diseases and cardiometabolic factors differentially impacted cognitive scores among genetically similar older men exposed to different lifestyle factors.

scholarly journals A Rare Case of Spontaneous Arachnoid Cyst Rupture Presenting as Right Hemiplegia and Expressive Aphasia in a Pediatric Patient

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 78
Author(s):  
Anne Bryden ◽  
Natalie Majors ◽  
Vinay Puri ◽  
Thomas Moriarty
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Arachnoid Cyst ◽  
Memory Loss ◽  
Acute Onset ◽  
Word Finding ◽  
Outpatient Visits ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cyst Rupture ◽  
The Brain

This study examines an 11-year-old boy with a known history of a large previously asymptomatic arachnoid cyst (AC) presenting with acute onset of right facial droop, hemiplegia, and expressive aphasia. Shortly after arrival to the emergency department, the patient exhibited complete resolution of right-sided hemiplegia but developed headache and had persistent word-finding difficulties. Prior to symptom onset while in class at school, there was an absence of reported jerking movements, headache, photophobia, fever, or trauma. At the time of neurology consultation, the physical exam showed mildly delayed cognitive processing but was otherwise unremarkable. The patient underwent MRI scanning of the brain, which revealed left convexity subdural hematohygroma and perirolandic cortex edema resulting from ruptured left frontoparietal AC. He was evaluated by neurosurgery and managed expectantly. He recovered uneventfully and was discharged two days after presentation remaining asymptomatic on subsequent outpatient visits. The family express concerns regarding increased anxiety and mild memory loss since hospitalization.

Taking the Humanities Seriously

2020 ◽  
pp. 108926802097502
Author(s):  
Barbara S. Held
Keyword(s):  
Lived Experience ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Greek Philosophy ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Renaissance Art ◽  
Scientific Psychology ◽  
Psychological Science ◽  
Ancient Greek Philosophy

As the humanities suffer decline in the academy, some psychologists have turned to them as an especially apt way to advance a psychological science that reflects lived experience more accurately and robustly. Disciplinary psychology’s adoption of the ontological and epistemological underpinnings of the natural sciences is often seen as a misapplication that has resulted in a science that diminishes if not demolishes subjectivity and misrepresents many. By contrast, the humanities are taken to be well positioned to infuse scientific psychology with myriad aspects of lived experience. I applaud all efforts to take the humanities seriously, by incorporating the theories, methods, and observations of the humanities in psychological science; the question is, how best to do this. On what understanding of the humanities should scientific psychology proceed? With these questions in mind, I review arguments about how psychological science can benefit from attention to the humanities. I also consider worries about a scientistic turn within the humane disciplines themselves, which turn mirrors worries about scientism in psychology. Contemporary examples of scholarship on the origins of ancient Greek philosophy and depictions of Christ in Renaissance art illustrate how the wars over truth and evidence that plague psychology are no less fierce in the humanities. I conclude that if psychologists apprehend the humanities with the critical understandings called for in psychological science, we may not only appreciate their contributions more completely and accurately, but may also deploy those contributions more substantially, in working to broaden and deepen psychological science.

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