Photoregulation of Anthocyanin Synthesis in Apple Fruit under UV-B and Red Light

1988 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Red Light ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis

Expression analysis of MYB genes in different apple cultivars with distinct coloration pattern during fruit maturation

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Emine Ece Mercan ◽  
Mehtap Şahin-Çevik
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Fruit Maturation ◽  
Fruit Samples ◽  
Apple Cultivars

Abstract Anthocyanins are water-soluble pigments responsible for red, pink, purple or blue coloration in the flesh and/or skin of apple fruit. Since consumers prefer anthocyanin rich fruits due to their health benefits, anthocyanin content is an important trait for marketability of apples. Synthesis and accumulation of anthocyanins are controlled by environmental and genetic factors such as transcription factors (TFs). Two-repeat (R2R3) MYB TFs are involved in the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in plants. In this study, the expression of the MdMYBA and MdMYB3 genes encoding R2R3 type MYB TFs were analyzed in apple cultivars with fruit skin color from green to dark red at different growth stages. Fruit samples were collected from “Scarlet Spur”, “Galaxy Gala”, Golden Delicious” “Granny Smith” apple cultivars with dark red, light red, yellow and green fruits, respectively, at four different time periods after full-bloom. Total RNA was isolated from the peel of the collected fruits and the expression of the MdMYBA and MdMYB3 genes was analyzed by real-time RT-PCR. The expression of the MdMYBA gene started to increase at 92 DAFB and thereafter in red-skin apples; however, no expression was observed at any time points in yellow or green-skin apple cultivars. On the other hand, the MdMYB3 gene was expressed in red-skin and yellow-skin apple cultivars starting at 55 DAFB, but no expression was observed in green apple cultivar at any time of fruit maturation. The expression levels of the MdMYBA and MdMYB3 genes varied in apple fruits with different skin coloration indicating that they play a role regulation of the anthocyanin biosynthesis in apple cultivars during fruit maturation.

scholarly journals Anthocyanin Production Using Rough Bluegrass Treated with High-Intensity Light

HortScience ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (9) ◽  
pp. 1111-1120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominic P. Petrella ◽  
James D. Metzger ◽  
Joshua J. Blakeslee ◽  
Edward J. Nangle ◽  
David S. Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Blue Light ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Poa Trivialis ◽  
Total Light ◽  
Anthocyanin Production ◽  
High Intensity Light

Anthocyanins are plant pigments that are in demand for medicinal and industrial uses. However, anthocyanin production is limited due to the harvest potential of the species currently used as anthocyanin sources. Rough bluegrass (Poa trivialis L.) is a perennial turfgrass known for accumulating anthocyanins, and may have the potential to serve as a source of anthocyanins through artificial light treatments. The objectives of this research were to determine optimal light conditions that favor anthocyanin synthesis in rough bluegrass, and to determine the suitability of rough bluegrass as a source of anthocyanins. When exposed to high-intensity white light, rough bluegrass increased anthocyanin content by 100-fold on average, and anthocyanin contents greater than 0.2% of dry tissue weight were observed in some samples. Blue light, at intensities between 150 and 250 μmol·m−2·s−1, was the only wavelength that increased anthocyanin content. However, when red light was applied with blue light at 30% or 50% of the total light intensity, anthocyanin content was increased compared with blue light alone. Further experiments demonstrated that these results may be potentially due to a combination of photosynthetic and photoreceptor-mediated regulation. Rough bluegrass is an attractive anthocyanin production system, since leaf tissue can be harvested while preserving meristematic tissues that allow new leaves to rapidly grow; thereby allowing multiple harvests in a single growing season and greater anthocyanin yields.

Regulation of Anthocyanin Synthesis in Apple Skin. II. Involvement of Ethylene

1977 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 123 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Chalmers ◽  
JD Faragher
Keyword(s):  
Production Rate ◽  
Ultraviolet Irradiation ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Control Level ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Anthocyanin Formation ◽  
Initial Application ◽  
Ethylene Production Rate

Ethylene production by immature apple fruit was stimulated by cycloheximide application, u.v. irradiation and wounding. After fruit were treated with 1 and 10 �g ml-1 cycloheximide, the rate of ethylene production increased to 2 and 10 times the control level, respectively. In skin discs cut from whole fruit (wounded tissue), the rate of ethylene production was stimulated to at least 40 times that in whole fruit. This wound-stimulated ethylene production was partially inhibited by an initial application of cycloheximide. Ultraviolet irradiation of whole fruit stimulated the rate of ethylene production to more than 25 times the control rate after 15 min irradiation. In skin discs, u.v. irradiation caused only a 50-100% increase in ethylene production rate. The effects of certain treatments on ethylene were quantitatively comparable with the effects of the same treatments on anthocyanin formation in whole fruit. Ethylene at 30 �l 1-1 stimulated anthocyanin in skin of immature apples by 16%. Possible mechanisms by which ethylene may stimulate anthocyanin synthesis are discussed.

LIGHT REGULATION OF ANTHOCYANIN ACCUMULATION AND CHALCONE SYNTHASE GENE EXPRESSION IN PETUNIA FLOWERS

1999 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 225-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anat Katz ◽  
David Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Chalcone Synthase ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Green Light ◽  
Light Regulation ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Chalcone Synthase Gene ◽  
Active Spectrum ◽  
Visible Part ◽  
Effect Of Light

We have previously shown that light is essential for anthocyanin synthesis in detached petunia flowers. In this study, we examined the effect of light quality on anthocyanin accumulation and on the expression of the anthocyanin biosynthetic gene chalcone synthase (chs) in the attached petunia flowers. When plants were kept for 48 h in the dark,chsexpression could not be detected. Blue light and red light promoted the expression of the gene to similar levels, whereas the effect of green light was slightly smaller. Neither UV-A nor UV-B radiation were required for anthocyanin accumulation, or for the induction and maintenance ofchsexpression. The results of this study show that light is essential for anthocyanin synthesis in petunia flowers and that its active spectrum includes most of the visible part but not UV radiation.

Excretion of a natural inhibitor of anthocyanin synthesis during germination of mung bean seedlings

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (12) ◽  
pp. 3279-3282
Author(s):  
Françoise M. Dumortier ◽  
Jan C. Vendrig
Keyword(s):  
Seed Coat ◽  
Vigna Radiata ◽  
Incubation Medium ◽  
Red Light ◽  
The Other ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Complete Darkness ◽  
Natural Inhibitor

A natural inhibitor of anthocyanin synthesis has been found in seeds of mung beans (Vigna radiata). The inhibitor might play an important role in the regulation of anthocyanin accumulation in seedlings. It is mainly localized in the seed coat and in the cotyledons and is excreted in the incubation medium soon after sowing. Removal of the inhibitor by rinsing the seedlings and transferring them to fresh medium results in higher anthocyanin accumulation as compared with seedlings left in the original incubation medium. Addition of the inhibitor 12 h after its removal does not affect anthocyanin accumulation when the seedlings have been grown in complete darkness. On the other hand, anthocyanin accumulation initiated by irradiation with red light is inhibited under these conditions. The inhibitor has been partially purified and some of its chemical characteristics were determined from its behaviour during purification.

scholarly journals Light, Temperature, and Sucrose Affect Color, Diameter, and Soluble Solids of Disks of Wax Apple Fruit Skin

HortScience ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zen-hong Shü ◽  
Cheng-chung Chu ◽  
Lee-juan Hwang ◽  
Ching-shung Shieh
Keyword(s):  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Culture Solution ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Unique Role ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Fruit Skin ◽  
Temperature Levels

A study was conducted to assess the combined effects of light, temperature and sucrose on color, weight, diameter, and soluble solids of the skin of wax apple (Syzygium samarangense Merr. & Perry) fruits. Skin disks were cultured in a factorial arrangement of two light levels [dark or light (300 μmol·m-2·s-1)] as subplots and three sucrose concentrations (0%, 3%, or 6%) as sub-subplots within three temperature levels (20, 25, or 30 °C) as whole plot treatments. Weight, diameter, soluble solids concentration (SSC), and anthocyanin content were measured 2 weeks after incubation. Light increased SSC and anthocyanin, but reduced the increase in weight and diameter. Increasing the temperature limited increase in diameter and anthocyanin content. Weight, SSC, and anthocyanin contents increased in a linear fashion with concentration of sucrose in the culture solution. However, none of the three factors played a unique role in anthocyanin synthesis in wax apple. Among the 18 combinations, light/20°C/6% sucrose gave the highest SSC and anthocyanin content, while dark/20°C/6% sucrose produced the largest diameter.

MYB_SH[AL]QKY[RF] transcription factors MdLUX and MdPCL-like promote anthocyanin accumulation through DNA hypomethylation and MdF3H activation in apple

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-Fang Li ◽  
Gai-Xing Ning ◽  
Cun-Wu Zuo ◽  
Ming-Yu Chu ◽  
Shi-Jin Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Promoter Region ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Dna Hypomethylation ◽  
Fruit Skin

Abstract Heritable DNA methylation is a highly conserved epigenetic mark that is important for many biological processes. In a previous transcriptomic study on the fruit skin pigmentation of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cv. ‘Red Delicious’ (G0) and its four continuous-generation bud sport mutants including ‘Starking Red’ (G1), ‘Starkrimson’ (G2), ‘Campbell Redchief’ (G3) and ‘Vallee spur’ (G4), we identified MYB transcription factors (TFs) MdLUX and MdPCL-like involved in regulating anthocyanin synthesis. However, how these TFs ultimately determine the fruit skin colour traits remain elusive. Here, bioinformatics analysis revealed that MdLUX and MdPCL-like contained a well-conserved motif SH[AL]QKY[RF] in their C-terminal region and were located in the nucleus of onion epidermal cells. Overexpression of MdLUX and MdPCL-like in ‘Golden Delicious’ fruits, ‘Gala’ calli and Arabidopsis thaliana promoted the accumulation of anthocyanin, whereas MdLUX and MdPCL-like suppression inhibited anthocyanin accumulation in ‘Red Fuji’ apple fruit skin. Yeast one-hybrid assays revealed that MdLUX and MdPCL-like may bind to the promoter region of the anthocyanin biosynthesis gene MdF3H. Dual-luciferase assays indicated that MdLUX and MdPCL-like activated MdF3H. The whole-genome DNA methylation study revealed that the methylation levels of the mCG context at the upstream (i.e., promoter region) of MdLUX and MdPCL-like were inversely correlated with their mRNA levels and anthocyanin accumulation. Hence, the data suggest that MYB_SH[AL]QKY[RF] TFs MdLUX and MdPCL-like promote anthocyanin biosynthesis in apple fruit skins through the DNA hypomethylation of their promoter regions and the activation of the structural flavonoid gene MdF3H.

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