The Social Significance of Monetization in the Early Middle Ages

2014 ◽  
Vol 223 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Naismith
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Social Significance ◽  
Early Middle Ages ◽  
The Social

Coinage and the Tributary Mode of Production

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Manzano Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Social Role ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Early Middle Ages ◽  
The Social ◽  
Simple Question ◽  
Mode Of Production

This chapter addresses a very simple question: is it possible to frame coinage in the Early Middle Ages? The answer will be certainly yes, but will also acknowledge that we lack considerable amounts of relevant data potentially available through state-of-the-art methodologies. One problem is, though, that many times we do not really know the relevant questions we can pose on coins; another is that we still have not figured out the social role of coinage in the aftermath of the Roman Empire. This chapter shows a number of things that could only be known thanks to the analysis of coins. And as its title suggests it will also include some reflections on greed and generosity.

From Patriae Amator to Amator Pauperum and Back Again

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Brown
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Gift Giving ◽  
Early Middle Ages ◽  
Social Imagination ◽  
Western Modernity ◽  
European Cities ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Social ◽  
Latin West

This chapter examines the ways in which classical, Christian, and Jewish practices of public-spirited gifts, justice, and civic charity converged in European cities between late antiquity and the early middle ages, ca. 300–600. More specifically, it looks at changes in the social imagination of populations of the Roman and post-Roman, Latin West throughout these centuries. It shows how the forms and recipients of gift-giving practices were altered: the poor displaced the citizenry; the horizons of charity expanded out beyond the locality; its social terms grew bleaker even as its spirit grew more exalted. The chapter considers how these shifting practices gave rise to new forms of “pastoral” power and an understanding of wealth, poverty, and society that heralded the beginnings of Western modernity and displaced a “classical,” pointedly civic notion of society.

scholarly journals Al-Farabi’s creative heritage and his scientific-pedagogical ideas

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 434-442
Author(s):  
Nurfer Tercan ◽  
◽  
Gulzhikhan Nurysheva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Teaching Methods ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Social Significance ◽  
Learning Content ◽  
The Social ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
Scientific Pedagogical ◽  
The Ideal

Introduction. The study of Al-Farabi’s pedagogical heritage is relevant, since it allows forming a scientific idea of the level of progressive experience in teaching and upbringing in the conditions of the early Middle Ages, in the era of the flourishing and rise of culture in the East. Research purpose is to consider Al-Farabi’s creative heritage and give an overview of his scientific-pedagogical ideas. Materials and methods. The authors used Al-Farabi’s treatises, reflecting his pedagogical ideas, as well as the works of modern teachers, historians and philosophers. Research methods: analysis, synthesis and historical-pedagogical interpretation of the data contained in the sources; systematization and generalization of materials obtained as a result of studying open Internet sources and modern scientific literature. Research results. Despite the fact that Al-Farabi’s ideas were based on the works by Plato and Aristotle on the cognizability of the world, the scholar has developed original applications of this theory in relation to the needs of that time, taking into account the state religious policy. According to the thinker, the ideal of upbringing and education includes the mastery of scientific knowledge, moral and aesthetic perfection of both the student and the teacher. The rules proposed by Al-Farabi asserted the social significance of teaching and upbringing based on mutual respect of teachers and students. The educational system and teaching methods proposed by Al-Farabi made it possible to activate the students’ creative and cognitive activity, contributed to the development of logical thinking and comprehension of the information they receive. Discussion and conclusion. The study and analysis of Al-Farabi’s treatises show that the thinker considered all aspects of the educational process: educational goal, learning content, teaching methods and tools, the duties of the student and the teacher. The thinker’s entire creative heritage is imbued with the ideas of humanizing and democratizing society through its improvement by upbringing and educational tools.

Creation of Permanent Exhibitions of the National Museum

2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 6-10
Author(s):  
Michal Stehlík
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Natural Science ◽  
National Museum ◽  
Early Middle Ages ◽  
Classical Archaeology ◽  
Experimental Area ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
Children's Museum

Abstract At the onset of preparations of new permanent exhibitions of the National Museum (NM) in 2011, it was necessary to define their content. Several expert teams composed of NM staff and other institutions took part in this process. Historical topics were embraced in a novel perspective, their comprehensive presentation was so far absent in the NM. Social science expositions in the History exhibition will map the development of society from the Early Middle Ages until the end of the 20th century. The People exhibition will interlink the topics of anthropology, archaeology and classical archaeology. Natural science topics will be elaborated on three levels – nature around us, stories of evolution, and an experimental area (ExperiMus). They will reveal processes affecting the shape and transformations of Earth. The Social and Natural science parts will be linked through the Treasury exhibition. The Pantheon and the Children’s Museum will form completely independent units. The architecture of exhibitions will be the result of public tenders conducted in compliance with the Act on Public Contracts. New expositions of the NM are to be opened in 2019 (Natural science) and 2020 (Social science) on a total area of 12 000 m2.

Openness and Closure in the Later Medieval Village*

2017 ◽  
Vol 234 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Mileson
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Social Space ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Social Significance ◽  
Wood Pasture ◽  
The Social

Abstract There is a growing scholarly interest in the daily life and perceptions of ordinary medieval people, yet there has been little attempt to conceptualise the social space of the rural settlements in which the great majority of the population lived. This article examines how a village or hamlet in England might have been used and perceived in the later Middle Ages (c.1200 to 1500), especially in terms of access and permeability—in other words how open or closed (or, more crudely, ‘public’ or ‘private’) the components of a settlement were, and how the spatial relationships between these components affected their use and social significance. The data are drawn mainly from lowland England, with a special focus on Ewelme hundred in Oxfordshire, an area of mixed countryside including open-field villages and dispersed wood-pasture settlements. It will be argued that differences in openness and closure across space and time supply a guide to rural social interaction as a whole.

scholarly journals Potrzeba rekonceptualizacji wczesnośredniowiecznych pochówków „wampirów” z ziem polskich

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 63-70
Author(s):  
Olga Dec
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Social Perception ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Early Middle Ages ◽  
The Social ◽  
Macro Scale

The aim of the article is to outline the need to reconceptualized the early medieval burials of “vampires” from Poland. These burials are understood as the remains of the so-called “anti- vampire” practices resulting from the social perception of bad death. These, in turn, are recognized as a socio-religious phenomenon, the assumption of which was to postpone the evil actions of the ‘vampire’ by means of certain measures. Due to doubts about the term “vampire”, concerning both the linguistic sphere and the cultural and historical realities, it is suggested not to use it. The proposed alternative, more precise terms would therefore be the terms “returning dead” or “(un)dead”. Another issue raised is the setting of ‘anti-vampire’ burials in an atypical framework. “Anti-vampirical” burials meet the criteria of atypicality on a macro scale, however, it is possible to consider them typical, assuming that they functioned in the culture of Western Slavs in the early Middle Ages as belonging to a specific social group.

scholarly journals The social geography of the estate landscape in Gelders Arcadië

Bulletin KNOB ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 33-46
Author(s):  
Elyze Storms-Smeets
Keyword(s):  
Cultural History ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Social Geography ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Social Significance ◽  
Economic Management ◽  
The Social ◽  
Country Houses ◽  
The Creation

For many centuries, the landscape and cultural history of the Netherlands have been influenced by the rural estates of large landowners. Their country houses with gardens, parks and farmland formed an important combination of practical aspects of economic management and aesthetic landscaping. Many castles or country houses were linked to large landholdings of several hundred, sometimes even thousands of hectares, as in the case of the Veluwezoom in the Province of Gelderland. Since the late Middle Ages this area, now known as Gelders Arcadia, has been popular with the landed elite, whose ranks have included noble families, stadtholders, city regents and bankers. The undulating landscape, the rivers and brooks and the fertile land was ideally suited to the creation of the desired combination of productive and aesthetic landscapes. One of the special aspects of the Gelders Arcadia estate zone is that it represents nearly every stage in the development of the Dutch country estate, from the emergence of castles and lordships (c. 500-1600), to the foundation of small country retreats by town regents (c. 1600-1800), and the creation of villa-like country estates for a new elite of bankers, industrialists and lawyers (c. 1800-1940). The historic country houses and landed estates are manifestations of their time and therefore very diverse, ranging from transformed noble castles with large landholdings to the rural retreats of town regents to villa-like country houses for the newly wealthy. Not only the architecture of the house and park, but also the use, the anchoring in the cultural landscape and the social significance underwent development. A historical-geographical approach was used to analyse location and distribution patterns and to investigate the size, character and functions of country estates in each period from an economic, political, societal and social perspective. It appears that the majority of new country houses and estates were created by a new elite of the newly rich, whereas the old elite continued to invest in their ancestral properties. The motivation to invest in the establishment of a country seat differed per period. The landed and country estates featured both economic and aesthetic landscapes, although the former were less prominent in later periods. This socio-historical-geographical approach has given us a better understanding of the various processes of estate creation, transformation and adaptation through time – knowledge that can also be used to reach well-founded decisions in the 21st century. The geographical approach for Gelders Arcadia has resulted in improved spatial policies through: 1. Attention to the entirety of country estates (rather than only those with listed status); 2. A focus on the country estate as a cohesive heritage ensemble, including an understanding of the social, economic, landscape and political factors that contributed to its development and design; 3. Recognition that the estates, thanks to their large number and individual sizes and qualities, have formed and will continue to form an important basis for the character of the living environment.

scholarly journals Sociological aspects of alcoholism as a social deviation in Bosnia and Herzegovina

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-123
Author(s):  
B. Č. Milošević Šošo
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Psychological Health ◽  
Deviant Behavior ◽  
Influential Factor ◽  
Social Significance ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Physical And Psychological Health ◽  
The Republic

There has always been an interest in social-pathological problems in the society. Documents confirming our wish to find out the causes of ‘other’ types of behavior as opposed to the ‘usual’/accepted types date back to the Ancient and Middle Ages. The social significance of the study of social-pathological phenomena is evident for they allow to reveal dysfunctionalities in certain structural elements or failed socialization, which are most probably determined by destabilization of the social system and value priorities. Alcoholism as a form of deviant behavior is usually considered the most common and influential factor of destroying the physical and psychological health and of negative changes in human behavior. The article describes the level of alcoholism and the ways of perceiving it in Bosnia and Herzegovina based on the empirical data collected within the broader scientific study of the social changes in one part of Bosnia and Herzegovina - Republic of Srpska. The survey was conducted on the representative sample of 220 respondents (reflecting the social-demographic and social-economic characteristics of the general population) in 7 municipalities of the Republic of Srpska. The questionnaire consisted of both closed and partly open questions to reveal the opinions of the respondents on specific deviant forms of behavior and to find out whether the respondents are engaged in some of these deviant forms depending on their attitudes and knowledge about them.

scholarly journals El ventall de la societat del seu temps segons Ramon Llull

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 17-26
Author(s):  
Gabriel Ensenyat Pujol
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Early Middle Ages ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Representative Image ◽  
Ramon Llull

The tripartite scheme based on the three orders (oratores, bellatores and laboratores), which characterized the society in the early Middle Ages, was already obsolete in the 13th century, since by this time the social structure had become much more complex. Furthermore, the presence of new social groups, such as the merchants and the bourgeois, raised a debate about its “raison d’être”. Therefore a person such as Ramon Llull, who knew very well the world where he lived, described a more representative image of the society of his time. Moreover, the interest of his analysis goes even further, since the Blessed took sides for some groups, such us the merchants –whose activity had been condemned until that moment– or the farmers, usually reviled. He even incorporates in his analysis some groups of people, such as the pilgrims or the painters, missing in any other work of the time.

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