scholarly journals Four Fishermen, Orson Welles, and the Making of the Brazilian Northeast*

2017 ◽  
Vol 234 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-212
Author(s):  
Courtney J Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Labor Laws ◽  
Defining Moment ◽  
Orson Welles ◽  
Labor Conditions ◽  
Significant Case ◽  
National Boundaries ◽  
Brazilian Northeast

Abstract In 1942 Orson Welles traveled to Brazil to film a movie about four Brazilian fishermen who had protested their labor conditions by traveling nearly 2,500 kilometers for sixty-one days from the city of Fortaleza to Rio de Janeiro on a rustic sail-raft called a jangada. Their voyage pressured Brazil’s so-called New State (Estado Novo) to recognize the fishermen’s trade as an official profession within the state’s expanding social programs and centralized labor laws. Through an analysis of the fishermen, their voyage, Orson Welles’ visit, and Brazil’s Northeast, this article examines the role of the region in both imagining and moving beyond the nation in the twentieth century. It presents press accounts, intellectual essays, music, images, film, and the Di�rio dos jangadeiros – a scrapbook of sorts in which supporters from all social classes left messages for the fishermen at each port. While structurally, the fishermen’s protest pulled the most rustic element of this newly defined region into the modern legal apparatus of a centralized state, symbolically, the fishermen’s journey generated an archetypal figure that provided a way to talk about the Northeast in terms of its rusticity, developing both racialized and folkloric characteristics of its people and uniting the semi-arid backlands and the humid, tropical coast. The fishermen of the Northeast were transformed from brave labor organizers into non-threatening folkloric figures through a process of memory, narration, and forgetting. Examining the fishermen’s story as a regionally-defining moment that transcended national boundaries provides a significant case study of how, by the mid-twentieth century, the nation came to be understood as a series of interrelated regions, with one region serving as both national scapegoat and root of authentic culture.

scholarly journals Provincial treatment and care asylums for the mentally ill in East Prussia as forgotten cultural heritage: case study of the asylum in Allenberg (now Znamensk, Russian Federation)

2022 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 41-55
Author(s):  
Daria Bręczewska-Kulesza
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Mentally Ill ◽  
Poor Condition ◽  
Care Institution ◽  
Model Solutions ◽  
East Prussia

The article focuses on issues demonstrating the role of architecture in the development of Prussian psychiatry in the nineteenth and the early twentieth century. The Provincial Treatment and Care Institution Allenberg (now Znamensk, Russian Federation) is used as a case study to demonstrate the perception of model solutions used in Prussian asylums located in distant provinces. The asylum discussed in this article met the contemporary requirements, proving that these models and newest trends reached East Prussia very quickly. The asylum complex in Allenberg was a testimony to the development of Prussian and European architectural thought in the service of medicine. Unfortunately, today the former asylum remains in a poor condition and is treated as unwanted legacy rather than a cultural monument.

scholarly journals SACRALISATION AND THE COLONIAL-INDIGENOUS ENCOUNTER IN SOUTHERN AFRICAN CHRISTIAN HISTORY: THE MEMORY AND LEGACY OF JOHANNES DU PLESSIS AS CASE STUDY

2015 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Retief Muller
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Indigenous Knowledge ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Dutch Reformed ◽  
Reformed Theology ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Biblical Scholar ◽  
Christian History

The role of the Dutch Reformed Church’s mission policies in the development of apartheid ideology has in recent times come under increased scrutiny. In terms of the formulation of missionary theory within the DRC, the controversial figure of Johannes du Plessis played a significant role in the early twentieth century. In addition to his work as a mission theorist, Du Plessis was a biblical scholar at Stellenbosch University who was found guilty of heresy by his church body, despite having much support from the rank and file membership. This article asks questions regarding the ways in which his memory and legacy are often evaluated from the twin, yet opposing perspectives of sacralisation and vilification. It also considers the wider intellectual influences on Du Plessis such as the missiology of the German theologian, Gustav Warneck. Du Plessis’s missionary theory helped to lay the groundwork for the later development of apartheid ideology, but perhaps in spite of himself, he also introduced a subverting discourse into Dutch Reformed theology. Some of the incidental consequences of this discourse, particularly in relation to the emerging theme of indigenous knowledge, are furthermore assessed here.

THE MULTIFUNCTIONAL ROLE OF URBAN GARDENS IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY. THE BOLOGNA CASE STUDY

2015 ◽  
pp. 91-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Gasperi ◽  
G. Giorgio Bazzocchi ◽  
I. Bertocchi ◽  
S. Ramazzotti ◽  
G. Gianquinto
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Urban Gardens

scholarly journals Piping Sung: Women, Canntaireachd and the Role of the Tradition-Bearer

2013 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Joshua Dickson
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Performance Practice ◽  
Flexible Tool ◽  
Performance Style ◽  
Field Recordings ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The 19Th Century

Canntaireachd (pronounced ‘counter-achk’), Gaelic for ‘chanting’, is a complex oral notation used by Scottish pipers for centuries to teach repertoire and performance style in the courtly, ceremonial ceòl mór idiom. Its popular historiography since the 19th century suggests it was fixed and highly formulaic in structure and therefore formal (as befitting its connection to ceòl mór), its use the preserve of the studied elite. However, field recordings of pipers and other tradition-bearers collected and archived since the 1950s in the School of Scottish Studies present a vast trove of evidence suggesting that canntaireachd as a living, vocal medium was (and remains) a dynamic and flexible tool, adapted and refined to personal tastes by each musician; and that it was (is) widely used as well in the transmission of the vernacular ceòl beag idiom - pipe music for dancing and marching. In this paper, I offer some remarks on the nature of canntaireachd, followed by a review of the role of women in the transmission and performance of Highland, and specifically Hebridean, bagpipe music, including the use of canntaireachd as a surrogate performance practice. There follows a case study of Mary Morrison, a woman of twentieth century Barra upbringing, who specialised in performing canntaireachd; concluding with a discussion on what her singing of pipe music has to say about her knowledge of piping and the nature of her role as, arguably, a piping tradition-bearer.

Developing and Maintaining Transnational Research Collaborations

2019 ◽  
pp. 280-296
Author(s):  
Fazal Rizvi ◽  
Ranjit Gajendra Nadarajah
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Research Collaboration ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Research Collaborations ◽  
Foreign Policies ◽  
Policy Statements ◽  
National Boundaries ◽  
Development And Management

An emphasis on research collaborations across national boundaries can now be found in policy statements of most leading higher education institutions (HEIs) around the world. These statements suggest that a globally distributive system of knowledge development and dissemination demands regularized, ongoing, and symmetrical transnational links. This chapter argues that while most national systems of higher education now advocate transnational research collaborations, their approaches to the development and management of these collaborations vary greatly. The rationales they provide for such collaborations are often tied to particular national interests, as nations seek to locate the role of higher education within their shifting geopolitical objectives. Not surprisingly, therefore, the challenges they face in establishing and coordinating programmes of research collaboration are linked not only to the major characteristics of their systems of higher education but more importantly also the broader objectives of their foreign policies. In order to show how this is so, this chapter provides a case study of Australia, exploring how and why the Australian system of higher education has, in recent decades, increasingly sought to develop research links with Asian universities; and what challenges its HEIs have faced in this endeavour.

scholarly journals Lay Observers, Telegraph Lines, and Kansas Weather: The Field Network as a Mode of Knowledge Production

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy Vetter
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Knowledge Production ◽  
Kansas City ◽  
Geographically Distributed ◽  
Local Observation ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Local Observer ◽  
Field Network

ArgumentThis paper examines the field network – linking together lay observers in geographically distributed locations with a central figure who aggregated their locally produced observations into more general, regional knowledge – as a historically emergent mode of knowledge production. After discussing the significance of weather knowledge as a vital domain in which field networks have operated, it describes and analyzes how a more robust and systematized weather observing field network became established and maintained on the ground in the early twentieth century. This case study, which examines two Kansas City-based local observer networks supervised by the same U.S. Weather Bureau office, demonstrates some of the key issues involved in maintaining field networks, such as the role of communications infrastructure, especially the telegraph, the procedures designed to make local observation more systematic and uniform, and the centralized, hierarchical power relations that underpinned even a low-status example of knowledge production on the periphery.

Erich Wulffen and the case of the criminal

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Birgit Lang
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Legal Reform ◽  
Reading Public ◽  
Professional Career ◽  
Weimar Germany ◽  
Case Writing

State Prosecutor and legal reformer Erich Wulffen used the case study genre for legal and largely didactic purposes. Chapter 4 illustrates the adoption of the conventions of sexological case writing by the legal fraternity in twentieth-century Central Europe, and ways in which Wulffen brought the case study genre from the hidden world of the court to the wider public. In doing this, Wulffen carved a niche for himself as an expert in legal reform and sexology in Wilhelmine and Weimar Germany. He embraced different kinds of case modalities over the course of his professional career, targeting professional, middle-class audiences and the wider reading public during his thirty years in the role of prosecutor. The changing success of Wulffen’s publications highlights the intensifying crisis of the expert case study as a modality able to ‘speak the truth’ about modern sexuality and deviance. While Wulffen’s expert case studies about con men and other criminals were highly successful during the Wilhelmine era, the same approach and model for case writing met a more critical audience after 1918. Wulffen embraced the challenge of a new democratic environment by writing implicitly didactical popular crime novels. However, eventually his criminal subjects literally ‘wrote back’ after their sensationalised trials, using case studies in an attempt to narrate their own versions of events. The accounts of these criminals-turned-writers such as convicted paedophile Edith Cadivec. Thus the popularisation of sensationalist case studies, written, for instance, by perpetrators of crime, was an important factor in the case study genre’s loss of respectability.

The Politics of Interpretation: Understanding Biblical History in Palestinian Rural Culture

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-20
Author(s):  
Elizabeth S. Marteijn
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Rural Community ◽  
Political Change ◽  
Rural Culture ◽  
The West ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Biblical History ◽  
Cultural Belonging

This article investigates the role of the biblical story in the Palestinian context of cultural and political change. It explores how Palestinian Christians have depicted modern-day Palestinian rural culture as being a continuation of biblical culture. The article explores two different ways of understanding the bible to which this continuation thinking applies: first, when the bible is being read through the eyes of the Palestinian rural community (or ‘the Bible through peasant eyes’, as New Testament scholar Kenneth E. Bailey put it) and secondly, through the eyes of the politically oppressed. To illustrate this, the small Palestinian Christian village of Taybeh in the West Bank serves as a case study. In the post-1967 context, it became important for the inhabitants to portray their village as going back historically to the Ophrah and Ephraim of the bible, thus reimagining their identity as being essentially biblical. This insertion of contemporary Palestinian history into biblical history, and vice versa, is for the inhabitants of Taybeh a way to give scriptural sanction against Zionist constructions and a way to express their theological and cultural belonging to the land. This article demonstrates how their view both relates to and stands in conflict with Western understandings of biblical history, featuring the work of nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century travellers, missionaries and ethnographers from Europe.

The “Delaware Horror”

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis B. Downey
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
African American ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
The Other ◽  
The North ◽  
North And South ◽  
Insight Into

This chapter provides a case study of a lynching at the other end of the northeastern seaboard: the mass mob execution by burning of George White, an African American, in Wilmington, Delaware, in June 1903. Delaware had been a slave state that did not join the Confederacy, and while it implemented a Jim Crow system similar to those in neighboring lower Mid-Atlantic states Maryland and Virginia, the state experienced less lynching. Delaware's evolving economy and social relations were strongly tied to the rapidly urbanizing regions of southeastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey. The chapter's analysis of the role of white and black Protestant ministers in the Wilmington mob execution and its aftermath offers significant insight into a well-publicized early-twentieth-century lynching that occurred somewhere between the North and South.

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