scholarly journals Complex differences in infection rates between ethnic groups in Scotland: a retrospective, national census-linked cohort study of 1.65 million cases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
L D Gruer ◽  
G I Cézard ◽  
L A Wallace ◽  
S J Hutchinson ◽  
A F Douglas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Ethnic Differences ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Susceptibility To Infection ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Adjusted Rate ◽  
Rate Ratios ◽  
National Databases ◽  
Ethnic Variations

Abstract Background Ethnicity can influence susceptibility to infection, as COVID-19 has shown. Few countries have systematically investigated ethnic variations in infection. Methods We linked the Scotland 2001 Census, including ethnic group, to national databases of hospitalizations/deaths and serological diagnoses of bloodborne viruses for 2001–2013. We calculated age-adjusted rate ratios (RRs) in 12 ethnic groups for all infections combined, 15 infection categories, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV) viruses. Results We analysed over 1.65 million infection-related hospitalisations/deaths. Compared with White Scottish, RRs for all infections combined were 0.8 or lower for Other White British, Other White and Chinese males and females, and 1.2–1.4 for Pakistani and African males and females. Adjustment for socioeconomic status or birthplace had little effect. RRs for specific infection categories followed similar patterns with striking exceptions. For HIV, RRs were 136 in African females and 14 in males; for HBV, 125 in Chinese females and 59 in males, 55 in African females and 24 in males; and for HCV, 2.3–3.1 in Pakistanis and Africans. Conclusions Ethnic differences were found in overall rates and many infection categories, suggesting multiple causative pathways. We recommend census linkage as a powerful method for studying the disproportionate impact of COVID-19.

scholarly journals Ethnic Differences in Antipsychotic treatment responses in Early Intervention in Psychosis

The Physician ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Nandini Chakraborty ◽  
Shiraz Ahmed ◽  
Hannah Booth ◽  
Hawa Aswat
Keyword(s):  
Early Intervention ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Ethnic Differences ◽  
Antipsychotic Treatment ◽  
Electronic Patient Records ◽  
Treatment Responses ◽  
Ethnic Variations ◽  
Early Intervention In Psychosis ◽  
Best Responses

Background Ethnic variations in pathways to early intervention in psychosis (EIP) have been studied. However, it is important to explore the ethnic variations in response to pharmacological treatment in EIP. Aims To look at ethnic variation in response to antipsychotics. Method Electronic patient records in December 2018 were perused for: Sociodemographic details including ethnicity Prescribed antipsychotic and dosage to which the patient had responded Results White, Black and Asian ethnic groups responded mostly to Olanzapine. The largest proportion of the mixed ethnic group responded to Aripiprazole. The White and Asian groups showed the best responses to Lurasidone at 74 mg. There was a slight response in the mixed and other ethnic groups only at the higher dose of 111 mg. The medication has not been used with any benefit in the Black ethnic group. Conclusion The complex differences highlighted amongst ethnic responses to treatment make a case for multi-centric studies to further explore ethnic differences in early intervention treatments. This will help streamline offered treatments to maximise response in EIP.

scholarly journals Higher mortality in men from COVID19 infection-understanding the factors that drive the differences between the biological sexes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swaminathan P. Iyer ◽  
Joe Ensor ◽  
Kartik Anand ◽  
Patrick Hwu ◽  
Vivek Subbiah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rates ◽  
Human Coronavirus ◽  
Male Mortality ◽  
Proximate Cause ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Susceptibility To Infection ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
Males And Females

AbstractThe emergent global pandemic caused by the rapid spread of Severe Acute Respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to increased mortality and negatively impacted day to day activities of humankind within a short period of time. As the data is rapidly emerging from earlier outbreak locations around the world, there are efforts to assimilate this with the knowledge from prior epidemics and find rapid solutions for this. One of the observations and a recurring theme is the disproportionate differences in the incidence of infection and the consequent mortality between males and females. We, therefore, analyzed retrospective datasets from the previous epidemics and the ongoing pandemic in order to address these differences in clinical outcomes. The data shows that even though the infection rates are similar, the odds ratio of male mortality remains high, indicating a divergence in the crosstalk between the three pathogenic human Coronavirus (hCoVs)-the SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and the SARS-CoV-2 and immune effectors in the two sexes. One proximate cause is the sex-specific modulation of the X-linked genes that can influence susceptibility to infection. Future studies are needed to confirm these findings, which can form the basis for developing rational strategies for ending the current and preventing future pandemics.

scholarly journals Ethnic and socioeconomic variation in incidence of congenital heart defects

2016 ◽  
Vol 102 (6) ◽  
pp. 496-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel L Knowles ◽  
Deborah Ridout ◽  
Sonya Crowe ◽  
Catherine Bull ◽  
Jo Wray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Congenital Heart Defects ◽  
Congenital Heart ◽  
Antenatal Diagnosis ◽  
Heart Defects ◽  
Area Deprivation ◽  
Cardiac Intervention ◽  
Rate Ratios ◽  
Ethnic Variations

IntroductionEthnic differences in the birth prevalence of congenital heart defects (CHDs) have been reported; however, studies of the contemporary UK population are lacking. We investigated ethnic variations in incidence of serious CHDs requiring cardiac intervention before 1 year of age.MethodsAll infants who had a cardiac intervention in England and Wales between 1 January 2005 and 31 December 2010 were identified in the national congenital heart disease surgical audit and matched with paediatric intensive care admission records to create linked individual child records. Agreement in reporting of ethnic group by each audit was evaluated. For infants born 1 January 2006 to 31 December 2009, we calculated incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for CHDs by ethnicity and investigated age at intervention, antenatal diagnosis and area deprivation.ResultsWe identified 5350 infants (2940 (55.0%) boys). Overall CHD incidence was significantly higher in Asian and Black ethnic groups compared with the White reference population (incidence rate ratios (IRR) (95% CIs): Asian 1.5 (1.4 to 1.7); Black 1.4 (1.3 to 1.6)); incidence of specific CHDs varied by ethnicity. No significant differences in age at intervention or antenatal diagnosis rates were identified but affected children from non-White ethnic groups were more likely to be living in deprived areas than White children.ConclusionsSignificant ethnic variations exist in the incidence of CHDs, including for specific defects with high infant mortality. It is essential that healthcare provision mitigates ethnic disparity, including through timely identification of CHDs at screening, supporting parental choice and effective interventions. Future research should explore the factors underlying ethnic variation and impact on longer-term outcomes.

scholarly journals Ethnic differences in the morphology of the pinna

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1097-1102
Author(s):  
Amir Mumin ◽  
Beda Olabu ◽  
Kevin Ongeti ◽  
Hassan Saidi
Keyword(s):  
Population Genetics ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Ethnic Differences ◽  
Congenital Malformations ◽  
Ethnic Difference ◽  
Planning And Design ◽  
Hearing Devices ◽  
Operative Planning ◽  
Ethnic Variations

Metric features of the ear are important for diagnosis of congenital malformations, pre-operative planning and design of hearing devices. Non-metric features including earlobe attachment is a marker of population genetics. Although these features vary with sex and populations, it’s unclear whether they show ethnic variations. This study describes ethnic differences in the morphology of the pinna. Both ears of one hundred and forty-eight (148) medical students (80males and 68 females) [recruited from four ethnic groups: Kenyan Indian, Kenyan Arab, Kikuyu and Luhya] were studied. Ear projection, heights and widths of ear, earlobe and concha were measured. For the Kenyan Indians, Arabs, Kikuyus and Luhyas respectively, proportion of free earlobes was 70.1%, 48.6%, 37.8%, 43.2%, attached lobes was 21.6% 27.1%, 42.9%, 32.4%. Mean earlobe height was 18.2mm, 16.7mm, 15.8mm, 15.8mm (p=0.001), ear projection at mid-tragus was 14.5mm, 13.5mm, 12.5mm, 12.6mm (p=0.035). Ethnic differences are present in earlobe height, attachment type and ear projection at mid-tragus. Earlobe height among indigenous Kenyans is significantly smaller compared to Kenyan Indians and Arabs. The attached earlobe is most prevalent among Kenyan indigenous while the free earlobe is most prevalent among Kenyan Indians. These features ought to be considered in aesthetic reconstruction of ear during earlobe rejuvenation and correction of projected ears.Keywords: Pinna morphology, Ethnic difference, Variations

MICROSCOPIC AND MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS OF Ascaridia spp. IN DOMESTIC PIGEONS(Columba livia domestica) IN BAGHDAD CITY,IRAQ

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 1220-1225
Author(s):  
Faraj & Al- Amery
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Diagnosis ◽  
Columba Livia ◽  
Ascaridia Galli ◽  
Molecular Assay ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Conventional Pcr ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pcr Products ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Domestic Pigeons

Ascaridiosis is a very important parasitic disease of birds, it is caused by Ascaridia. This study was conducted to identify the Ascaridia species by microscopic and molecular assay in Baghdad city. One hundred and sixty fecal samples were collected from domestic pigeons during the period from 1/1/ 2019 to 31/3/ 2019.  Results showed that the rate of infection for Ascaridia spp. 15.62% by microscopic examination.  Significant difference was observed in infection rates between males and females pigeons. Fifty samples randomly selected and subjected to molecular diagnosis of Ascaridia  spp.. Molecular examination results, the total infection rate showed 16%(8/50). The eight  positive PCR products were sequenced and deposited in Gene bank data base, phylogenic analysis demonstrated that 4 sequences belongs to Ascaridia galli ( MK918635.1, MK918636.1, MK918847.1, MK919081.1), while 2 (MK919199.1, MK919200.1) belong to  Ascaridia nymphii and 2 (MK919207.1, MK919264.1)  belong to Ascaridia numidae. It is the first study in Iraq to diagnosis of  Ascaridia nymphii and Ascaridia numidae  in domesticed pigeons by using conventional PCR.

scholarly journals Ethnic Disparities in the Development of Sight-Threatening Diabetic Retinopathy in a UK Multi-Ethnic Population with Diabetes: An Observational Cohort Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 740
Author(s):  
Manjula D. Nugawela ◽  
Sarega Gurudas ◽  
Andrew Toby Prevost ◽  
Rohini Mathur ◽  
John Robson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Ethnic Differences ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Ethnic Minority Groups ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Observational Cohort ◽  
General Practices

There is little data on ethnic differences in incidence of DR and sight threatening DR (STDR) in the United Kingdom. We aimed to determine ethnic differences in the development of DR and STDR and to identify risk factors of DR and STDR in people with incident or prevalent type II diabetes (T2DM). We used electronic primary care medical records of people registered with 134 general practices in East London during the period from January 2007–January 2017. There were 58,216 people with T2DM eligible to be included in the study. Among people with newly diagnosed T2DM, Indian, Pakistani and African ethnic groups showed an increased risk of DR with Africans having highest risk of STDR compared to White ethnic groups (HR: 1.36 95% CI 1.02–1.83). Among those with prevalent T2DM, Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi and Caribbean ethnic groups showed increased risk of DR and STDR with Indian having the highest risk of any DR (HR: 1.24 95% CI 1.16–1.32) and STDR (HR: 1.38 95% CI 1.17–1.63) compared with Whites after adjusting for all covariates considered. It is important to optimise prevention, screening and treatment options in these ethnic minority groups to avoid health inequalities in diabetes eye care.

scholarly journals EPID-12. TEMPORAL AND GLOBAL GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN THE INCIDENCE OF PEDIATRIC CNS TUMORS, 1998–2012

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. iii321-iii321
Author(s):  
Karina Ribeiro ◽  
Sidnei Epelman
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Variation ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Histological Subtype ◽  
Embryonal Tumors ◽  
Pooled Data ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Rate Ratios ◽  
Increasing Trends ◽  
Central South ◽  
Cns Malignancies

Abstract AIMS To describe the temporal and geographic variation in the incidence of pediatric CNS malignancies worldwide, presenting analyses by sex, period, region, and histological subtype between 1998 and 2012. METHODS Data were extracted from volumes IX to XI of the Cancer Incidence in 5 Continents, covering the periods 1998–2002 (1), 2003–2007 (2), and 2008–2012 (3). We pooled data from 44 countries, classifying them into 6 regions (Africa (AF), Asia (AS), Oceania (O), Europe (E), Central/South America (CSA), North America (NA)). Age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR per million, 0–19 years) were calculated and temporal variation was evaluated using incidence rate ratios (IRR) (95% CI). RESULTS The highest incidence (Period 3) was observed in NA (34.0 and 30.2 for males and females, respectively). Astrocytic tumors were predominant in all regions, with percentages ranging between 24.5% (E, females) and 45.6% (NA, females). Increasing trends (Period 3 x 1) were observed in AS (IRR=1.15, 95% CI 1.06–1.25), CSA (IRR=1.25, 95% CI 1.01–1.55), and NA (IRR=1.05, 95% CI 1.03–1.07), for males and in AS (IRR=1.15, 95% CI 1.05–1.26) and NA (IRR=1.08, 95% CI 1.06–1.11) for females. Geographic discrepancies in time-trends were observed for astrocytomas, ependymomas, medulloblastomas, other embryonal tumors, and other specified tumors. Reductions in the incidence of unspecified tumors from period 1 to 3 were noted in E, AS, and NA, ranging from -20% (E, females) to -66% (AS, females). CONCLUSIONS Heterogeneous trends and improvement in the registration of histological types were noted. Geographic variation can help to raise hypotheses to investigate etiologic factors.

Applying the Health Belief Model to Characterize Racial/Ethnic Differences in Digital Conversations Related to Depression Pre– and Mid–COVID-19 (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruby Castilla-Puentes ◽  
Jacqueline Pesa ◽  
Caroline Brethenoux ◽  
Patrick Furey ◽  
Liliana Gil Valletta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Belief Model ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Ethnic Differences ◽  
Health Belief ◽  
Depression Symptoms ◽  
Seeking Help ◽  
Key Drivers ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Belief Model ◽  
Racial Ethnic

BACKGROUND The prevalence of depression symptoms in the United States is >3 times higher mid–COVID-19 versus pre-pandemic. Racial/ethnic differences in mindsets around depression and the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic are not well characterized. OBJECTIVE To describe attitudes, mindsets, key drivers, and barriers related to depression pre– and mid–COVID-19 by race/ethnicity using digital conversations about depression mapped to health belief model (HBM) concepts. METHODS Advanced search, data extraction, and AI-powered tools were used to harvest, mine, and structure open-source digital conversations of US adults who engaged in conversations about depression pre– (February 1, 2019-February 29, 2020) and mid–COVID-19 pandemic (March 1, 2020-November 1, 2020) across the internet. Natural language processing, text analytics, and social data mining were used to categorize conversations that included a self-identifier into racial/ethnic groups. Conversations were mapped to HBM concepts (ie, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy). Results are descriptive in nature. RESULTS Of 2.9 and 1.3 million relevant digital conversations pre– and mid–COVID-19, race/ethnicity was determined among 1.8 million (62%) and 979,000 (75%) conversations pre– and mid–COVID-19, respectively. Pre–COVID-19, 1.3 million conversations about depression occurred among non-Hispanic Whites (NHW), 227,200 among Black Americans (BA), 189,200 among Hispanics, and 86,800 among Asian Americans (AS). Mid–COVID-19, 736,100 conversations about depression occurred among NHW, 131,800 among BA, 78,300 among Hispanics, and 32,800 among AS. Conversations among all racial/ethnic groups had a negative tone, which increased pre– to mid–COVID-19; finding support from others was seen as a benefit among most groups. Hispanics had the highest rate of any racial/ethnic group of conversations showing an avoidant mindset toward their depression. Conversations related to external barriers to seeking treatment (eg, stigma, lack of support, and lack of resources) were generally more prevalent among Hispanics, BA, and AS than among NHW. Being able to benefit others and building a support system were key drivers to seeking help or treatment for all racial/ethnic groups. CONCLUSIONS Applying concepts of the HBM to data on digital conversation about depression allowed organization of the most frequent themes by race/ethnicity. Individuals of all groups came online to discuss their depression. There were considerable racial/ethnic differences in drivers and barriers to seeking help and treatment for depression pre– and mid–COVID-19. Generally, COVID-19 has made conversations about depression more negative, and with frequent discussions of barriers to seeking care. These data highlight opportunities for culturally competent and targeted approaches to address areas amenable to change that might impact the ability of people to ask for or receive mental health help, such as the constructs that comprise the HBM.

Abstract P259: Smoking Increases Risks of Death and Stroke in Both Men and Women. Absolute Risk Difference of Stroke is Likely to be Larger in Women

Circulation ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 135 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaki Ohsawa ◽  
Kuniaki Ogasawara ◽  
Shinichi Omama ◽  
Kozo Tanno ◽  
Kazuyoshi Itai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Status ◽  
Absolute Risk ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Risk Difference ◽  
Current Smoker ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Adjusted Rate ◽  
Never Smokers ◽  
Rate Ratios

Background: Smoking is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease, however, to what extent smoking increases excessive deaths and strokes in a general population has not been sufficiently examined especially in women. Methods: A total of 10,382 female and male participants aged 65 years or older were divided into two groups according to smoking status (current smoker; never smoker). Past smokers were excluded. Main outcomes were all-cause death and incident stroke. Age-adjusted mortality and incidence rates were estimated in the groups using Poisson’s regression analysis. Age-adjusted rate ratios (RR) and excess events (EE per 1000 person-years) attributable to smoking were determined using the rate in never smokers as a reference. Results: There were 1410 deaths and 735 strokes during the 9.0-year observation period (90,099 person-years). Smoking contributed to a 2.3-fold higher risk of death in women and 1.8-fold higher risk in men. It contributed to 12 excess deaths per 1000 person-years in both men and women. The rate ratio and excessive events of stroke were likely to be higher in women than those in men (RR: 2.6 vs. 1.6; EE: 9.3 vs 5.0, see table). Conclusion: Smoking significantly increases risks of death and stroke not only in men but also in women. Absolute risk difference of stroke attributable to smoking is likely to be larger in women than in men.

scholarly journals Behaviour of albino and melanic variants of Biomphalaria glabrata Say, 1818 (Mollusca: Planorbidae) following infection by Schistosoma mansoni Sambon, 1907

2009 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 217-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
SM. Allegretti ◽  
JF. Carvalho ◽  
LA. Magalhães ◽  
EM. Zanotti-Magalhães
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Schistosoma Mansoni ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Biomphalaria Glabrata ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Susceptibility To Infection ◽  
Belo Horizonte

The behaviour of the albino and melanic variants of Biomphalaria glabrata of Belo Horizonte (MG. Brazil) was studied comparatively, in terms of their respective susceptibilities to infection by Schistosoma mansoni of the same origin, through observation of the elimination of cercariae for a three-month period and the calculation of mortality and infection rates, in control and in infected snails. The number of amoebocytes, granulocytes and hyalinocytes in the circulating hemolymph during different periods of infection was analyzed. The evolution of the infection in the tissues was observed by means of histological cross-sections. The melanic variant showed greater susceptibility to infection and a higher mortality rate. The albino variant showed a higher number of circulating amoebocytes, both granulocytes and hyalinocytes. A higher number of degenerated sporocysts were seen in the histological cross-sections of the albino variant. The results suggest that the melanic variant of B. glabrata was more susceptible to infection by S. mansoni than was the albino variant.

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