scholarly journals Higher mortality in men from COVID19 infection-understanding the factors that drive the differences between the biological sexes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swaminathan P. Iyer ◽  
Joe Ensor ◽  
Kartik Anand ◽  
Patrick Hwu ◽  
Vivek Subbiah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rates ◽  
Human Coronavirus ◽  
Male Mortality ◽  
Proximate Cause ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Susceptibility To Infection ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
Males And Females

AbstractThe emergent global pandemic caused by the rapid spread of Severe Acute Respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to increased mortality and negatively impacted day to day activities of humankind within a short period of time. As the data is rapidly emerging from earlier outbreak locations around the world, there are efforts to assimilate this with the knowledge from prior epidemics and find rapid solutions for this. One of the observations and a recurring theme is the disproportionate differences in the incidence of infection and the consequent mortality between males and females. We, therefore, analyzed retrospective datasets from the previous epidemics and the ongoing pandemic in order to address these differences in clinical outcomes. The data shows that even though the infection rates are similar, the odds ratio of male mortality remains high, indicating a divergence in the crosstalk between the three pathogenic human Coronavirus (hCoVs)-the SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and the SARS-CoV-2 and immune effectors in the two sexes. One proximate cause is the sex-specific modulation of the X-linked genes that can influence susceptibility to infection. Future studies are needed to confirm these findings, which can form the basis for developing rational strategies for ending the current and preventing future pandemics.

scholarly journals Complex differences in infection rates between ethnic groups in Scotland: a retrospective, national census-linked cohort study of 1.65 million cases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
L D Gruer ◽  
G I Cézard ◽  
L A Wallace ◽  
S J Hutchinson ◽  
A F Douglas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Ethnic Differences ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Susceptibility To Infection ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Adjusted Rate ◽  
Rate Ratios ◽  
National Databases ◽  
Ethnic Variations

Abstract Background Ethnicity can influence susceptibility to infection, as COVID-19 has shown. Few countries have systematically investigated ethnic variations in infection. Methods We linked the Scotland 2001 Census, including ethnic group, to national databases of hospitalizations/deaths and serological diagnoses of bloodborne viruses for 2001–2013. We calculated age-adjusted rate ratios (RRs) in 12 ethnic groups for all infections combined, 15 infection categories, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV) viruses. Results We analysed over 1.65 million infection-related hospitalisations/deaths. Compared with White Scottish, RRs for all infections combined were 0.8 or lower for Other White British, Other White and Chinese males and females, and 1.2–1.4 for Pakistani and African males and females. Adjustment for socioeconomic status or birthplace had little effect. RRs for specific infection categories followed similar patterns with striking exceptions. For HIV, RRs were 136 in African females and 14 in males; for HBV, 125 in Chinese females and 59 in males, 55 in African females and 24 in males; and for HCV, 2.3–3.1 in Pakistanis and Africans. Conclusions Ethnic differences were found in overall rates and many infection categories, suggesting multiple causative pathways. We recommend census linkage as a powerful method for studying the disproportionate impact of COVID-19.

EVALUATION OF OCCURRENCE OF HYPERDONTIA IN NON-SYNDROMIC POPULATION FROM BIHAR REGION

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Minti Kumari ◽  
Dr. Madhuri Kumari ◽  
Dr Anurag Rai ◽  
Dr. Navin Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Panoramic Radiograph ◽  
Permanent Dentition ◽  
Dental Anomalies ◽  
Supernumerary Teeth ◽  
Panoramic Radiographs ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Asian Populations ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Clinical Records

It is evident that hyperdontia is more common in the permanent dentition than in the primary. There is a considerable difference between males and females in the prevalence of these teeth in permanent dentition; hyperdontia is twice as common in males as in females. However, this approximation varies in terms of location, other associating syndromes that may be present, and the ethnicity of the individual. In terms of ethnicity, it can be seen that hyperdontia is in fact less common in Caucasian than in Asian populations. There is evidence to show that an individual is more likely to have hyperdontia if other members of their family also have the condition. Hence the present study was planned for evaluation of occurrence of hyperdontia in non-syndromic  population from Bihar Region. The present study was planned in Public Health Dentistry, Patna Dental College and Hospital, Patna, Bihar. Total 195 patients referred to Department of Dentistry were evaluated in the present study. Panoramic radiographs and clinical records of patients above the age of 18 years and without any syndromic features were selected for the study.  All the radiographs were examined for the presence of supernumerary teeth, their location, morphology, and number. Morphologically, teeth were classified as conical, tuberculate, supplemental, and odontoma. Early diagnosis of dental anomalies can prevent some esthetic, orthodontic, and periodontal problems, and knowledge of the prevalence and distribution of the anomalies may help clinicians to the detection of these anomalies at early stages. Our study evaluated the prevalence of selected dental anomalies; future studies should investigate the prevalence of dental anomalies of all types. Keywords: Hyperdontia, non-syndromic, panoramic radiograph, supernumerary teeth, etc.

MICROSCOPIC AND MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS OF Ascaridia spp. IN DOMESTIC PIGEONS(Columba livia domestica) IN BAGHDAD CITY,IRAQ

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 1220-1225
Author(s):  
Faraj & Al- Amery
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Diagnosis ◽  
Columba Livia ◽  
Ascaridia Galli ◽  
Molecular Assay ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Conventional Pcr ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pcr Products ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Domestic Pigeons

Ascaridiosis is a very important parasitic disease of birds, it is caused by Ascaridia. This study was conducted to identify the Ascaridia species by microscopic and molecular assay in Baghdad city. One hundred and sixty fecal samples were collected from domestic pigeons during the period from 1/1/ 2019 to 31/3/ 2019.  Results showed that the rate of infection for Ascaridia spp. 15.62% by microscopic examination.  Significant difference was observed in infection rates between males and females pigeons. Fifty samples randomly selected and subjected to molecular diagnosis of Ascaridia  spp.. Molecular examination results, the total infection rate showed 16%(8/50). The eight  positive PCR products were sequenced and deposited in Gene bank data base, phylogenic analysis demonstrated that 4 sequences belongs to Ascaridia galli ( MK918635.1, MK918636.1, MK918847.1, MK919081.1), while 2 (MK919199.1, MK919200.1) belong to  Ascaridia nymphii and 2 (MK919207.1, MK919264.1)  belong to Ascaridia numidae. It is the first study in Iraq to diagnosis of  Ascaridia nymphii and Ascaridia numidae  in domesticed pigeons by using conventional PCR.

Biomedical Perspectives of Acute and Chronic Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Sequelae of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
George B. Stefano ◽  
Pascal Büttiker ◽  
Simon Weissenberger ◽  
Radek Ptacek ◽  
Fuzhou Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Poor Mental Health ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Neurological Dysfunction ◽  
Neurocognitive Deficits ◽  
Multiple Parameters ◽  
Susceptibility To Infection ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Poor Mental Health Status ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Manifestations

: The incidence of infections from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiologic agent for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has dramatically escalated following the initial outbreak in China in late 2019, resulting in a global pandemic with millions of deaths. Although the majority of infected patients survive, and the rapid advent and deployment of vaccines have afforded increased immunity against SARS-CoV-2, long term sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection have become increasingly recognized. These include, but are not limited to, chronic pulmonary disease, cardiovascular disorders, and proinflammatory-associated neurological dysfunction that may lead to psychological and neurocognitive impairment. A major component of cognitive dysfunction is operationally categorized as “brain fog” which comprises difficulty with concentration, forgetfulness, confusion, depression, and fatigue. Multiple parameters associated with long-term neuropsychiatric sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection have been detailed in clinical studies. Empirically elucidated mechanisms associated with the neuropsychiatric manifestations of COVID-19 are by nature complex, but broad based working models have focused on mitochondrial dysregulation leading to systemic reductions of metabolic activity and cellular bioenergetics within CNS structures. Multiple factors underlying the expression of brain fog may facilitate future pathogenic insults leading to repetitive cycles of viral and bacterial propagation. Interestingly, diverse neurocognitive sequelae associated with COVID-19 are not dissimilar from those observed in other historical pandemics, thereby providing a broad and integrative perspective on potential common mechanisms of CNS dysfunction subsequent to viral infection. Poor mental health status may be reciprocally linked to compromised immune processes and enhanced susceptibility to infection by diverse pathogens. By extrapolation, we contend that COVID-19 may potentiate the severity of neurological/neurocognitive deficits in patients afflicted by well-studied neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson’s disease. Accordingly, the prevention, diagnosis, and management of sustained neuropsychiatric manifestations of COVID-19 are pivotal health care directives and provide a compelling rationale for careful monitoring of infected patients, as early mitigation efforts may reduce short- and long-term complications.

scholarly journals Behaviour of albino and melanic variants of Biomphalaria glabrata Say, 1818 (Mollusca: Planorbidae) following infection by Schistosoma mansoni Sambon, 1907

2009 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 217-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
SM. Allegretti ◽  
JF. Carvalho ◽  
LA. Magalhães ◽  
EM. Zanotti-Magalhães
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Schistosoma Mansoni ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Biomphalaria Glabrata ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Susceptibility To Infection ◽  
Belo Horizonte

The behaviour of the albino and melanic variants of Biomphalaria glabrata of Belo Horizonte (MG. Brazil) was studied comparatively, in terms of their respective susceptibilities to infection by Schistosoma mansoni of the same origin, through observation of the elimination of cercariae for a three-month period and the calculation of mortality and infection rates, in control and in infected snails. The number of amoebocytes, granulocytes and hyalinocytes in the circulating hemolymph during different periods of infection was analyzed. The evolution of the infection in the tissues was observed by means of histological cross-sections. The melanic variant showed greater susceptibility to infection and a higher mortality rate. The albino variant showed a higher number of circulating amoebocytes, both granulocytes and hyalinocytes. A higher number of degenerated sporocysts were seen in the histological cross-sections of the albino variant. The results suggest that the melanic variant of B. glabrata was more susceptible to infection by S. mansoni than was the albino variant.

scholarly journals The effects of a national highway on the Endangered golden-brown mouse lemur Microcebus ravelobensis in Ankarafantsika National Park, Madagascar

Oryx ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 727-731 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malcolm S. Ramsay ◽  
Andriamahery Razafindrakoto ◽  
Shawn M. Lehman
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Mouse Lemur ◽  
Population Subdivision ◽  
Empirical Testing ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
North West ◽  
Mouse Lemurs ◽  
Interior Forest ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Dispersal Events

AbstractAlthough roads are often assumed to be barriers to the dispersal of arboreal species, there has been little empirical testing of this assumption. If arboreal animals are unable to cross roads, population subdivision may occur, or resources may become inaccessible. We tested the hypothesis that Route Nationale 4 (RN4), a paved highway, was a barrier to movement and dispersal of the Endangered golden-brown mouse lemur Microcebus ravelobensis in Ankarafantsika National Park, in north-west Madagascar. During June–August 2015 we conducted a capture–mark–recapture study at three sites: two adjacent to RN4 and one within intact forest without a potential barrier. During 2,294 trap nights we captured 120 golden-brown mouse lemurs 1,032 times. In roadside habitats we captured significantly more males than females, whereas the opposite was the case in interior forest habitat. We detected eighteen crossings of highway transects by nine individuals; however, all potential dispersal events involved males. In roadside habitat, movement was significantly inhibited in both males and females. We present some of the first data on the effects of roads on movement patterns in arboreal Malagasy mammals, showing species- and sex-biased effects of roads as dispersal barriers. Our findings indicate that roads may not be complete barriers to dispersal in lemurs. We recommend that conservation managers and scientists examine explicitly the effects of roads and natural arboreal bridges in Madagascar in future studies.

scholarly journals Shape-shifting connections, relationships and Pacific education in the uncharted waters of a global pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 168-174
Author(s):  
Cherie Chu-Fuluifaga
Keyword(s):  
Online Learning ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The World ◽  
Face To Face Learning

The importance of maintaining connections and relationships across tertiary education for students is discussed as a way of examining the nature of Pacific education in challenging times, particularly in terms of fractured face-to-face learning. Universities have been thrust into an unpredictable time of remote/distance/online learning in a short period of time. The process has been unsettling and challenging for people across the world. As Pacific students and staff experience the unchartered waters of Covid-19 and global disturbances, they are searching out ways to build purposeful connections, shape-shifting and ways to maintain communities of academic togetherness while harnessing the tools of their knowledge trajectories in research. This article will focus on four key principles: valuing personal and academic connections beyond the textbook; discovering heart-warming methods of connection; and connecting for growth and wellbeing.

scholarly journals The incidence of left-handedness: a meta-analysis [1993]

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Christopher McManus
Keyword(s):  
Sex Difference ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Left Handedness ◽  
Left Handed ◽  
Method Of Measurement ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Older Subjects ◽  
Unpublished Manuscripts

A meta-analysis is reported of 88 studies, examining 100 study populations, in which the handedness of 284665 individuals has been assessed. The overall incidence of left-handedness was 7.78%. The incidence of left-handedness was not related to the method of measurement, or the length or number of response items included in inventories. Study populations with lower response rates and smaller study populations showed some evidence of higher incidences of left-handedness, presumably due to response biasses. There was no evidence that the incidence of left-handedness was related to the year of publication of studies; however the incidence of left-handedness was lower in older subjects and in those from earlier birth cohorts, the two effects not being statistically distinguishable.Information was available from 64 study populations concerning the incidence of left-handedness in males and females; overall 8.52% of males were left-handed compared with 6.69% of females, the male incidence being 27.4% higher than that in females. Although there was some suggestion that the sex difference was greater in larger studies, and in studies whose main purpose was not the study of handedness, these differences were not significant. It is concluded that the size of the sex difference is unrelated to any of the moderator variables we have studied.It was not possible to carry out a meta-analysis of degree of handedness due to wide-spread differences in the method of reporting of degree of handedness.We recommend that future studies of handedness should, as a minimum, use one of three standard methods of assessment, so that comparison of studies is facilitated. Note: This manuscript was originally prepared in 1993 but due to problems at a major journal, described briefly, was never eventually published. It has however been cited on a number of occasions, and has been available at https://www.ucl.ac.uk/medical-education/publications/unpublished-manuscripts/meta-analysis-of-handedness . A major meta-analysis of handedness in 2019 by another author has now been submitted which cites this manuscript, and therefore it needs to be available in a more archivable format.

scholarly journals Wellness Constraints Among International University Students Transitioning Through Covid 19

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 3444-3456
Author(s):  
Mr J Dorasamy, Et. al.
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
World Health ◽  
Social Emotional ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
The World ◽  
International University ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

The World Health Organization (Who) In March 2020 Declared Covid 19 A Pandemic, Due To The  Global And Rapid Spread Of A Novel Coronavirus (Who, 2020). The Covid 19 Pandemic Being Highly Infectious And Unpredictable, Has  Disrupted  Social, Economic, Environmental And Political Spheres Of Life. Globally, People Have Ventured Into A “Lockdown World”, Increasing Uncertainty About Their Future Amidst The Covid 19 Pandemic. As A Result Of The Pandemic, Social Alteration Has Taken The Form Of Social Distancing, Self-Isolation And Self-Quarantine.  Many Were Unprepared For The Shift From The “Normal”, Propelling  Undue  Stress Under The New Normal Way Of Doing Things During The Current Global Pandemic Crisis. This Has Been Accompanied By Social, Emotional And Mental Effects, As The Ongoing And Fluid Nature Of The Pandemic Has Created Uncertainty For Many People. The Covid 19 Pandemic, As A Multidimensional Stressor Affecting Wellbeing, Has Affected Individuals, Families, Educational, Occupational, And Broader Societal Systems.  

scholarly journals Duration of viral detection in throat and rectum of a patient with COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Le Van Tan ◽  
Nghiem My Ngoc ◽  
Bui Thi Ton That ◽  
Le Thi Tam Uyen ◽  
Nguyen Thi Thu Hong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infection Control ◽  
Patient Management ◽  
Ho Chi Minh City ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Viral Detection ◽  
Oral Transmission ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Clinical Recovery ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Rapid Spread

AbstractThe rapid spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) raises concern about a global pandemic. Knowledge about the duration of viral shedding remains important for patient management and infection control. We report the duration of viral detection in throat and rectum of a COVID-19 patient treated at the Hospital for Tropical Diseases in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Despite clinical recovery, SARS-CoV-2 RNA remained detectable by real time RT-PCR in throat and rectal swabs until day 11 and 18 of hospitalization, respectively. Because live SARS-CoV-2 has been successfully isolated from a stool sample from a COVID-19 patient in China, the results demonstrate that COVID-19 patients may remain infectious for long periods, and fecal-oral transmission may be possible. Therefore, our finding has important implications for infection control.

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