scholarly journals ‘These Are the Medicines That “Make” Monsters’: Thalidomide in Southern Africa, 1958–1962

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 898-923
Author(s):  
Julie Parle ◽  
Ludger Wimmelbücker
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Distribution Channels ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The Political ◽  
World War ◽  
The West ◽  
World War 2 ◽  
Political Economies ◽  
Colonial Legacies ◽  
Extensive Damage

Summary Thalidomide is amongst the most notorious drugs of all time. The majority of accounts of its distribution to the early 1960s focus on those countries where thalidomide caused the most extensive damage, most notably in economically developed countries. This article raises, however, questions about intended, explored, initiated or sometimes thwarted markets for thalidomide-containing preparations outside ‘the West’. It does so by focusing on Southern African markets for thalidomide, particularly those in Angola, Mozambique, (now) Zimbabwe, Namibia and South Africa. We place differences in the drug’s distribution channels in the context of the political economies of pharmaceuticals markets in the region in the decades after World War 2 and argue that colonial legacies and circuits of commerce can contribute to an understanding of why some regions ‘escaped a thalidomide disaster’. Finally, from late 1961 through 1962, we chart Southern African attempts to establish, or deny, the local presence of the teratogen.

Choice in the West

1953 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-167
Author(s):  
S. Bernard
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Political ◽  
World War ◽  
The West ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Working Out

The advent of a new administration in the United States and the passage of seven years since the end of World War II make it appropriate to review the political situation which has developed in Europe during that period and to ask what choices now are open to the West in its relations with the Soviet Union.The end of World War II found Europe torn between conflicting conceptions of international politics and of the goals that its members should seek. The democratic powers, led by the United States, viewed the world in traditional, Western, terms. The major problem, as they saw it, was one of working out a moral and legal order to which all powers could subscribe, and in which they would live. Quite independently of the environment, they assumed that one political order was both more practicable and more desirable than some other, and that their policies should be directed toward its attainment.

scholarly journals The Third Soviet Emigration, 1948-91

Refuge ◽  
1993 ◽  
pp. 5-13
Author(s):  
Sidney Heitman
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
The Political ◽  
World War ◽  
The West ◽  
The Third ◽  
International Importance

Since the end of World War II, more than one and a half million citizens of the U.S.S.R. have emigrated to the West in a unique and unprecedented movement called the "the Third Soviet Emigration." Notwithstanding the political and international importance of this exodus, it is not weIl known or understood today because it has not been adequately studied until now. This article is intended to improve our understanding of the Third Soviet Emigration by examining its background, evolution and dynamics.

National, supranational, international: New Belgrade and the symbolic construction of a socialist capital

2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Kulić
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Soviet Bloc ◽  
Federal State ◽  
The Political ◽  
World War ◽  
The West ◽  
The Third ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Communist Government

The construction of New Belgrade as the new capital of socialist Yugoslavia was the most symbolic modernizing act initiated by the country's communist government. Yet, its precise meanings were suspended between the complicated and permanently transitory concepts of socialist Yugoslavia's federalism and its international aspirations. Focusing on three characteristic “snapshots” of the city's physical development, this paper analyzes how New Belgrade and its most important buildings represented the shifting concepts of socialist Yugoslavia as a multiethnic community and its even more changeable place in the world. The first snapshot deals with the years immediately following World War II, during which New Belgrade was conceived as the seat of a centralized Stalinist state in close alliance with the USSR. The second deals with the effects of Yugoslavia's break from the Soviet bloc in 1948, especially its rapprochement with the West and the start of the decentralization of the federal state. Finally, the third explores the late socialist period: the dwindling of New Belgrade's role as the political heart of the federation, and at the same time its emergence as a locus of Yugoslavia's ambition to play a leading role in international relations, especially through its activity in the Non-Aligned Movement.

2. World War II begins

2014 ◽  
pp. 20-32
Author(s):  
Gerard L. Weinberg
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
World War ◽  
The West ◽  
The Soviet Union

The German attack on Poland began on September 1 1939, and triggered the declaration of war on Germany by Britain, France, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the Union of South Africa. Germany and the Soviet Union were agreed on a dual attack on Poland from the West and East, which left Poland unable to defend itself. An important aspect of the war between Germany and the Allies was the war of the oceans. The battles between warships, targets on merchant ships, and the use of submarines in the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans continued from 1939 up until Germany's surrender in May 1945 and drew in many Baltic and Scandinavian countries.

Military-Inspired Anti-Bureaucratic Corruption Campaigns: an Appraisal of Niger's Experience

1986 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kunle Amuwo
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
West African ◽  
The Political ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
World War ◽  
Local Section ◽  
Bureaucratic Corruption ◽  
Political Independence ◽  
French Speaking

The French colony of Niger gained republican status on 18 December 1958 and political independence on 3 August 1960. This vast country, twice the size of its ex-metropole, and which figures amongst the 25 least-developed countries in the world, was under the political direction of the Parti progressiste nigérien for over 15 years. The P.P.N. had come to power in September 1958, after capturing 78 per cent of the votes cast in favour of continued membership of the now defunct French Community, and was headed by Hamani Diori, the leader of the local section of the Rassemblement démocratique africain, the more or less common platform for French-speaking West African politicians after World War II. However, President Diori formed his first cabinet only after the independence constitution had been promulgated on 8 November 1960.

scholarly journals Political and Economic Situation in the Republic of South Africa and its Influence on Immigration

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaudia Łodejska
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Political System ◽  
Racial Segregation ◽  
The Political ◽  
World War ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Political Economic

Migration processes have accompanied man since the dawn of time. In the case of migration currents to South Africa after World War II, there are several factors influencing the decisions to migrate. There were several waves of migration, depending on the changing in the second half of the Twentieth century South Africa’s economic and political situation. To properly present the issue of migration to South Africa, both from Poland and other countries of the world, it is first necessary to focus on the events that enabled the development of a policy of racial segregation. Then focus on economic development during this period that determined the successive waves of migrants. The last, crucial element is focusing on emigrants and the reasons for their emigration. In the case of the Polish diaspora in South Africa, many people decided to leave Poland due to the political system that was in the communist period; they wanted to give their children a better start in life or simply wanted to develop professionally, which was not possible at that time in the country. The aim of this article is to present the political, economic, demographic and social factors that influenced migration to South Africa.

scholarly journals The Second World War in the Political Discourse of Contemporary Georgia

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-59
Author(s):  
Ghia Nodia
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Second World War ◽  
The Political ◽  
World War ◽  
Public Attention ◽  
The West ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
Public Discussion ◽  
Second World ◽  
Political Decisions

This article deals with political decisions and public discussion related to the memory of World War II in Georgia. This issue does not attract much public attention, which may be explained by the fact that the war was not fought on Georgia’s territory and did not lead to any change in its status. The few debates that are there are linked to the contemporary political issues, such as attitudes to the West and Russia. As the Russian leadership under Putin has intensified its efforts to use the memory of World War II to project its ‘sharp power’ in Georgia and in other places, the pro-western part of the society responded by demands to make the commemoration of the war more ‘European’, for instance, by moving the date of the official Day of the Victory over Nazism from 9 to 8 May. The Georgian origin of Joseph Stalin, the architect of the Soviet victory over Nazism, further complicates the issue.

scholarly journals A Magyar Orvosi Kamara, mint első polgári mozgalom újraalakításának szubjektív története. Az újkori orvostörténelem egyik nagy eseménye

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (21) ◽  
pp. 37-46
Author(s):  
Iván Birtalan
Keyword(s):  
Health Policy ◽  
Economic System ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Political ◽  
Medical Doctors ◽  
World War ◽  
World War 2 ◽  
The World ◽  
Medical Chamber

“General of Hungarian Medical Chamber (MOK), recalled my memory, about the history, purpose and goals of the MOK.” Re-founded in 1988, the MOK has previously been prohibited for decades since it ceased to exist after the World War 2, because 1945 it was deemed a fascist corporation. In its newly founded structure between 1988 and 1989, the MOK became soon the body for representing ethical, professional, social and health policy interests of medical doctors. Efforts of the MOK re-foundation turned out as a historical victory of the medical doctors’ community during the political changes of the socio-economic system in Hungary.

Shaping a Racially Divided Society: State Housing Policy in South Africa, 1920–50

1989 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Parnell
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Residential Segregation ◽  
Relative Advantage ◽  
World War ◽  
Housing Assistance ◽  
Geographical Isolation ◽  
Poor Whites ◽  
World War 2 ◽  
Economic Considerations

Public housing assistance for poor whites in South Africa was introduced to ensure social and geographical isolation for the voting minority. The policy of relative advantage of housing needs of whites over those of the rest of the working class remained unchallenged until the consummation of residential segregation was achieved under the Group Areas Act of 1950. Although endorsed as an instrument for social and residential cleavage, efforts by the state to give residential assistance to working-class whites prior to the imposition of separate group areas are shown to have been restricted by wider political and economic considerations. Efforts to upgrade and separate the housing of working-class whites from the black urban community met with limited success in the interwar years. After World War 2, fiscal restrictions and the politics that surrounded the rapid urbanisation of Africans challenged the practice, if not the policy, of housing advantage for whites.

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