scholarly journals Effects of Root Morphology on Nursery and First-Year Field Growth of Rooted Cuttings of Loblolly Pine

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 231-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry Goldfarb ◽  
Scott E. Surles ◽  
Mack Thetford ◽  
Frank A. Blazich
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Root System Architecture ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Root Number ◽  
Growth Data ◽  
Rooted Cuttings ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Rooted Cutting

Abstract Stem cuttings of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) were rooted in a greenhouse and then scored for the number of roots per rooted cutting, the number of vertically oriented roots per rooted cutting, and symmetry of the arrangement of adventitious roots on the lower stem. Rooted cuttings were transplanted to a nursery bed, grown for 7 months, lifted and rescored, transplanted to a field location, and then measured after 1 yr in the field. Shoot height after the rooting period was correlated weakly with the number of roots per rooted cutting, but not with the number of vertical roots or root system symmetry. Nursery culture slightly reduced the number of roots per cutting and root system symmetry. Root orientation changed dramatically as roots elongated, with 94% of all roots scored as vertical after nursery growth. Shoot height after the period of nursery growth was still correlated weakly with root number, but not with the number of vertical roots. Rooted cuttings with symmetrical root systems were slightly taller than cuttings with asymmetrical root systems after growth in the nursery. After 1 yr in the field, shoot height was no longer correlated with root number. On average, cuttings with symmetrical root systems were only 2 mm taller than cuttings with asymmetrical root systems. These early growth data suggest it is not beneficial to impose culling criteria for cuttings rooted in a greenhouse and transplanted to a nursery based on the root system architecture at the time of rooting. However, growth and stability of rooted cuttings over a longer time period must be assessed. South. J. Appl. For. 22(4): 231-234.

scholarly journals Propagation of Ulmus parvifolia ‘Emerald Prairie’ by Stem Cuttings

2004 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-57
Author(s):  
Jason J. Griffin ◽  
Kenneth R. Schroeder
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Root Number ◽  
Stock Plant ◽  
Rooted Cuttings ◽  
Rooted Cutting ◽  
Ulmus Parvifolia ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Terminal Shoot

Abstract Stem cuttings of Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. ‘Emerald Prairie’ (‘Emerald Prairie’ lacebark elm), consisting of 7.5 to 10 cm (3 to 4 in) terminal shoot portions, were collected four times throughout the year from mature stock plants and treated with the potassium (K) salt of indole-3-butyric acid (K-IBA) ranging from 0 to 20,000 ppm (2.0%). Rooting percentages were affected greatly by K-IBA treatment and stock plant growth stage. Little to no rooting was observed without K-IBA application, whereas overall rooting for treated softwood, early semi-hardwood, late semi-hardwood, and hardwood, cuttings was 92, 86, 87, and 8%, respectively. Mean root number varied by growth stage and K-IBA concentration. Higher concentrations of K-IBA increased the number of roots on rooted cuttings except for hardwood cuttings. In general, rooting percentage and mean root number were highest at the softwood stage with 15,000 or 20,000 ppm (1.5 or 2.0%) K-IBA, resulting in 97% rooting and 15 or 22 roots per rooted cutting, respectively. However, leaf abscission was high on softwood cuttings. Semi-hardwood cuttings achieved similar rooting percentages and may exhibit better survival and growth due to greater leaf retention.

scholarly journals TopoRoot: a method for computing hierarchy and fine-grained traits of maize roots from 3D imaging

Plant Methods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Zeng ◽  
Mao Li ◽  
Ni Jiang ◽  
Yiwen Ju ◽  
Hannah Schreiber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
System Architecture ◽  
3D Imaging ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Root System Architecture ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Root Number ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Maize Roots

Abstract Background 3D imaging, such as X-ray CT and MRI, has been widely deployed to study plant root structures. Many computational tools exist to extract coarse-grained features from 3D root images, such as total volume, root number and total root length. However, methods that can accurately and efficiently compute fine-grained root traits, such as root number and geometry at each hierarchy level, are still lacking. These traits would allow biologists to gain deeper insights into the root system architecture. Results We present TopoRoot, a high-throughput computational method that computes fine-grained architectural traits from 3D images of maize root crowns or root systems. These traits include the number, length, thickness, angle, tortuosity, and number of children for the roots at each level of the hierarchy. TopoRoot combines state-of-the-art algorithms in computer graphics, such as topological simplification and geometric skeletonization, with customized heuristics for robustly obtaining the branching structure and hierarchical information. TopoRoot is validated on both CT scans of excavated field-grown root crowns and simulated images of root systems, and in both cases, it was shown to improve the accuracy of traits over existing methods. TopoRoot runs within a few minutes on a desktop workstation for images at the resolution range of 400^3, with minimal need for human intervention in the form of setting three intensity thresholds per image. Conclusions TopoRoot improves the state-of-the-art methods in obtaining more accurate and comprehensive fine-grained traits of maize roots from 3D imaging. The automation and efficiency make TopoRoot suitable for batch processing on large numbers of root images. Our method is thus useful for phenomic studies aimed at finding the genetic basis behind root system architecture and the subsequent development of more productive crops.

scholarly journals Pertumbuhan Stek Batang Pohpohan (Pilea trinervia Wight.) pada Umur Tanaman, Bagian Batang, dan Media Tanam yang Berbeda

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
Nicha Muslimawati ◽  
Ketty Suketi ◽  
Anas D. Susila
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Mountain Areas ◽  
Growing Media ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Rooted Cutting ◽  
Stem Base ◽  
Indigenous Media

<p>ABSTRACT</p><p>Pohpohan (Pilea trinervia Wight.) is one of indigenous vegetables that grows in the mountain areas of West Java. Propagule availability in large quantities and in a short time can be done with cuttings. However, propagation of Pohpohan by cutting  has  not  been  developed  presently.  The objective  of  the research was  to  obtain  the  best  plant  age,  stem  part,  and growing media  for the growth  of  pohpohan  stem  cuttings.  The  research  was conducted  at the Center  of  Tropical Horticulture Studies Experimental Field Tajur-Bogor, from January to July 2013. The cuttings were taken  from  mother plants  of  3,  4, 5,  and  6  months,  then the  cuttings  were  cut  to  stem tips  (B1), central stem  (B2),  and  stem  base  (B3).  The  were  five  cuttings  per experimental  unit. Experiment were replicated 3 times. Cuttings  were planted in polybag containing topsoil media (M0), rockwool (M1), husk  and  compost (M2),  and  vermicompost  (M3).  The  experiment  was  arranged in Randomized Completely Block Design.  Result of experiment  showed that pohpohan from 4 monthmother plant cut  at  stem  base  grow  in husk and compost  grow  best  (99.06% of living percentages, 100% percentage of rooted cutting  and 11-12 number of leaves).  The cutting of stem tips grown  in husk and compost showed the highest mean for the increase of stem length, 3.94 cm. There were no interaction between growing media of stem cuttings and part of stem in the growth of shoot height, number of branch, leaf width, and diameter of stem. Key words: growing media, indigenous, pohpohan, stem cuttings ABSTRAKPohpohan  (Pilea  trinervia  Wight.)  merupakan salah  satu sayuran  indigenous  yang  banyak tumbuh  di  daerah  pegunungan Jawa Barat. Pemenuhan  kebutuhan  bibit  pohpohan  dalam  jumlah yang  banyak dan dalam  waktu  yang  singkat  dapat  dilakukan  dengan  perbanyakan vegetatif stek. Namun  demikian  perbanyakan  stek  pada  pohpohan  belum  banyak dikembangkan  untuk  saat  ini. Tujuan penelitian ini ialah  memperoleh umur bahan tanaman, bagian batang, dan media tanam yang terbaik  untuk pertumbuhan  stek  batang  pohpohan.  Penelitian  dilaksanakan  di  Kebun Percobaan Pusat Kajian Hortikultura Tropika (PKHT) Tajur-Bogor, dari Januari sampai Juli 2013. Pohpohan yang digunakan yaitu berumur 3, 4, 5, dan 6 bulan, kemudian dilakukan stek batang pada bagian pucuk (B1), tengah (B2), dan pangkal (B3).  Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan ialah rancangan kelompok lengkap teracak.  Setiap satuan percobaan  terdiri  atas lima  stek,  percobaan terdiri atas tiga ulangan.  Stek  dimasukkan  ke  dalam  polibag  dengan  media tanam  topsoil  (M0),  rockwool  (M1), arang  sekam  dan  kompos  (M2), serta kascing  (M3).  Hasil  penelitian  menunjukkan  bahwa  stek pohpohan yang berasal dari tanaman 4 bulan,  bagian pangkal batang dan ditanam pada media arang sekam dan kompos memiliki pertumbuhan yang terbaik dengan rata-rata persentase hidup 99.06%, persentase berakar 100%, dan jumlah daun 11-12 helai. Stek pada pucuk batang yang ditanam pada media arang sekam dan kompos memiliki penambahan panjang batang stek 3.94 cm. Tidak terdapat interaksi antara perlakuan stek pada media tanam dengan bagian batang terhadap perumbuhan tinggi tunas, jumlah cabang, lebar daun, dan diameter batang.</p><p>Kata kunci: indigenous, media tanam, pohpohan, stek batang</p>

scholarly journals Response of Mungbean Root System Architecture to Phosphorus Application Methods

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 173
Author(s):  
Vijaya Singh ◽  
Marisa Collins ◽  
Colin Andrew Douglas ◽  
Michael Bell
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
System Architecture ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Root System Architecture ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Coarse Root ◽  
Root Parameters ◽  
P Application ◽  
Application Methods ◽  
Phosphorus Application

In recent years phosphorus application methods have become an important management strategy for optimising the uptake of the immobile nutrient phosphorus (P). Root system architecture (RSA) could play a particularly important role in the uptake of P by grain legumes, due to their relatively coarse root systems. The objective of this study was to understand the response of mungbean root systems to P application methods. Four mungbean varieties were grown in purpose-built soil filled root chambers that received five P application methods. Phosphorus treatments consisted of a control (no application of P) compared with 30 mg P/kg soil throughout the soil volume (high P treatment) or restricted to 10cm deep layers in the topsoil or in a layer from 20-30cm deep. A fifth treatment consisted of the same amount of P as applied in deeper dispersed layer applied in a concentrated band at 25cm depth. After 50 days of growth, plant were destructively harvested and shoot and root parameters were measured. Mungbean varieties responded differently to P application methods, with Jade and Berken varieties showing greater root proliferation at depth and greater shoot growth in response to banded and deeper dispersed P applications, relative to the late maturing variety Putland. Shallow dispersed P and the no-P control both resulted in poor root growth in all the genotypes except Celera II, which did not respond to P application from any placement strategy. Results suggest that P application strategies may need to vary with variety to maximize the uptake of P.

Alginate gel entrapped ectomycorrhizal inoculum promoted growth of cuttings of Eucalyptus clones under nursery conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (8) ◽  
pp. 978-985 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lidiomar Soares da Costa ◽  
Paulo Henrique Grazziotti ◽  
Alexandre Christófaro Silva ◽  
Arley José Fonseca ◽  
Ângela Laís Fernandes Gomes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Alginate ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Vegetative Mycelium ◽  
Rooted Cuttings ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Rooted Cutting ◽  
Alginate Gel ◽  
Productive Potential ◽  
Calcium Alginate Gel

Plant inoculation with ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) maximizes the productive potential of forest stands. Thus, the inoculation efficiency of calcium alginate gel entrapped EMF vegetative mycelium was evaluated in a commercial nursery using cuttings of Eucalyptus clones GG100 and GG680. The cuttings were inoculated with Pisolithus microcarpus G. Cunn. (Cooke & Massee), Hysterangium gardneri E. Fisch., and Scleroderma areolatum Ehrenb. The cuttings were cultivated under low phosphate fertilization and compared with uninoculated control treatments with reduced phosphate (low P control) and full phosphate (high P control) fertilization. Pisolithus microcarpus inoculation increased shoot height, root collar diameter, shoot dry mass, total dry mass, and frequency of maximum score for root ball formation of the two clones compared with the low P control treatment. Also, in relation to the low P control treatment, H. gardneri inoculation increased shoot dry mass in GG100 rooted cuttings. Scleroderma areolatum inoculation did not enhance any characteristic of Eucalyptus rooted cuttings. Inoculation of vegetative mycelium with EMF impregnated in calcium alginate gel intensified rooted cutting growth in a commercial Eucalyptus nursery and decreased the phosphate dose required. Based on the comparison of two Eucalyptus clones, efficiency of the inoculants in promoting benefits depends on the fungus and the Eucalyptus clone. Pisolithus microcarpus is most promising for inoculation in Eucalyptus cuttings.

scholarly journals Container Type and Volume Influences Adventitious Rooting and Subsequent Field Growth of Stem Cuttings of Loblolly Pine

2006 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 123-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony V. LeBude ◽  
Barry Goldfarb ◽  
Frank A. Blazich ◽  
Jeff A. Wright ◽  
Ben Cazell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Root Mass ◽  
System Quality ◽  
Rigid Plastic ◽  
Plastic Container ◽  
Rooted Cuttings ◽  
Field Growth ◽  
Lower Root ◽  
Container Type

Abstract Container type and size can influence rooting success, development, and subsequent field growth of loblolly pine rooted cuttings. To evaluate differences between containers, a series of two experiments were conducted comparing rooting in commercially available Jiffy forestry peat pelletsof various sizes to a rigid plastic container system considered to represent a commercially obtainable optimum. A third experiment was conducted to compare the effect of three volumes of Ray Leach Cone-tainers on rooting percentage and root system quality. The same three families were usedin experiments 1 and 2 where dormant and succulent cuttings were rooted, respectively. Succulent cuttings from a different set of three families were used in experiment 3. Rooted cuttings from experiments 2 and 3 also were field planted and evaluated for the effect of container type and sizeon 1st-year growth. In the first two experiments, rooting percentages of the best treatments (Jiffy pellets, 25–65, 30–65, 36–65, 36–75, and 42–65 mm) were equal to the controls, indicating that the peat pellets offer a practical alternative to rooting in rigidcontainers. Rooting percentages, however, declined in larger Jiffy pellets (42–80 mm and 50–95 mm pellets), but root masses of rooted cuttings were quite large. In the smaller Jiffy pellets, roots tended to grow into adjacent pellets resulting in lower root mass after the pelletswere harvested for planting. Lower root mass at preplanting equated to less root mass after 1 year in the field, despite the fact that the root systems were more horizontally developed than those produced in rigid containers. Rooting percentages and morphology were under genetic control andthere were statistically significant family × container interactions. Because these interactions were caused primarily by changes in magnitude rather than changes in ranks, a few of the containers could be used to optimize production for the limited number of genotypes tested here. Alternativemethods of producing rooted cuttings in Jiffy pellets are compared briefly with production systems in rigid containers and some important considerations are discussed. South. J. Appl.For. 30(3):142–146.

Novel 3D imaging of root systems grown in slab-shaped rhizotrons

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Bereswill ◽  
Nicole Rudolph-Mohr ◽  
Christian Tötzke ◽  
Nikolay Kardjilov ◽  
André Hilger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Root System ◽  
3D Imaging ◽  
Neutron Radiography ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Root System Architecture ◽  
Moisture Distribution ◽  
Ph Gradients ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Soil Moisture Distribution

&lt;p&gt;Complex plant-soil interactions can be visualized and quantified by combined application of different non-invasive imaging techniques. Oxygen, carbon dioxide and pH gradients in the rhizosphere can be observed with fluorescent planar optodes, while neutron radiography detects small-scale heterogeneities in soil moisture and its dynamics. Respiration and exudation rates can vary between roots of different types, such as primary and lateral roots, as well as along single roots among the same plant. The 3D root system architecture is therefore a key information when studying rhizosphere processes. It can be captured in detail with neutron tomography, but so far only for plants grown in small, cylindrical containers.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Combined non-invasive imaging of biogeochemical dynamics, soil moisture distribution and 3D root system architecture is a technical challenge. Thin, slab-shaped rhizotrons with relatively large vertical and lateral extension are well suited for optical fluorescence imaging, allowing for spatially extended observation of biogeochemical patterns. This rhizotron geometry is, however, unfavorable for standard 3D tomography due to reconstruction artefacts triggered by insufficient neutron transmission when the long side of the sample is aligned parallel to the beam direction.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We therefore applied neutron laminography, a method where the rotational axis is tilted, to measure the root systems of maize and lupine plants grown in slab-shaped glass rhizotrons (length&amp;#160;=&amp;#160;150&amp;#160;mm, width&amp;#160;=&amp;#160;150 mm, depth&amp;#160;=&amp;#160;15 mm) in 3D. In parallel, we investigated rhizosphere oxygen dynamics and pH value via fluorescence imaging and assessed soil moisture distribution with neutron radiography.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Neutron laminography enabled the 3D reconstruction of the root systems with a nominal spatial resolution of 100 &amp;#181;m/pixel. Reconstruction quality strongly depended on root-soil contrast and hence soil moisture level. After reconstruction of the root system and co-registration with the fluorescence images, first results indicate that observed oxygen concentrations and pH gradients depend on root type and individual distance of the roots from the planar optode.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In conclusion, neutron laminography is a novel 3D imaging method for root-soil systems grown in slab-shaped rhizotrons. The method allows for determining the precise 3D position of individual roots within the rhizotron and can be combined with 2D imaging approaches. Following experiments will address X-ray laminography as a possible attractive further application.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Shading and IBA Treatment Do Not Improve Rooting of Stem Cuttings of Quercus phillyraeoides ‘Emerald Sentinel’

1999 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 123-125
Author(s):  
Jason J. Griffin ◽  
Frank A. Blazich ◽  
Thomas G. Ranney
Keyword(s):  
Solar Irradiance ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Shoot Tip ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Root Number ◽  
Indolebutyric Acid ◽  
Rooted Cutting ◽  
Quercus Phillyraeoides

Abstract Shoot tip cuttings of Quercus phillyraeoides A. Gray ‘Emerald Sentinel’ (‘Emerald Sentinel’ oak), in a transitional growth stage between softwood and semi-hardwood, were collected from containerized plants growing under uniform fertility on June 4, 1998. Cuttings were treated with talc formulations of indolebutyric acid (IBA), ranging from 0 to 8000 ppm (0.8%), and placed under intermittent mist with shade levels excluding 0%, 30%, 60% or 90% of full solar irradiance. After 14 weeks, percent rooting averaged 18% and was unaffected by either IBA concentration or shading regime. Similarly, both mean root number per rooted cutting and mean root length were unaffected by IBA concentration or shading. Roots per rooted cutting and mean root length averaged 2.6 and 41 mm (1.6 in), respectively. Results suggest that shading stem cuttings of ‘Emerald Sentinel’ during propagation does not affect rooting.

scholarly journals Controlling The Root System Architecture In Rice: Impact of Genes, Phytohormones And Root Microbiota

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pankaj K Verma ◽  
Shikha Verma ◽  
Nalini Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
System Architecture ◽  
Hormonal Regulation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Root System Architecture ◽  
World Food Security ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Root Microbiota

Abstract BackgroundIn order to feed expanding population, new crop varieties were generated which significantly contribute to world food security. However, the growth of these improved plants varieties relied primarily on synthetic fertilizers, which negatively affect the environment as well as human health. Plants adapt to adverse environmental changes by adopting root systems through architectural changes at the root-type and tissue-specific changes and nutrient uptake efficiency. ScopePlants adapt and operate distinct pathways at various stages of development in order to optimally establish their root systems, such as change in the expression profile of genes, changes in phytohormone level and microbiome induced Root System Architecture (RSA) modification. Many scientific studies have been carried out to understand plant response to microbial colonization and how microbes involved in RSA improvement through phytohormone level and transcriptomic changes.ConclusionIn this review, we spotlight the impact of genes, phytohormones and root microbiota on RSA and provide specific, critical new insights that have been resulted from recent studies on rice root as a model. First, we discuss new insights into the genetic regulation of RSA. Next, hormonal regulation of root architecture and the impact of phytohormones in crown root and root branching is discussed. Finally, we discussed the impact of root microbiota in RSA modification and summarized the current knowledge about the biochemical and central molecular mechanisms involved.

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