scholarly journals Production performance of cows raised with different post-weaning growth patterns

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harvey C Freetly ◽  
Robert A Cushman ◽  
Gary L Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Genetic Population ◽  
Breed Type ◽  
Genetic Types ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Step Growth

Abstract The period of heifer development is a relatively small fraction of a cow’s life; however, her pattern of growth may have permanent effects on her productivity as a cow. We hypothesized that altering the growth pattern during the peri-pubertal period would increase life-time productivity across genetic types of Bos taurus cows. The objective was to determine the stayability, calf production, and weight of calf weaned across six calf crops. Heifers (n = 685) were placed on one of two developmental programs at 256 ± 1 d of age. Control heifers received a diet that provided 228 kcal ME·(BW, kg) -0.75 daily, and Stair-Step heifers were allocated 157 kcal ME·(BW, kg) -0.75 daily for 84 or 85 d, and then the daily allocation was increased to 277 kcal ME·(BW, kg) -0.75. Stair-Step heifers (0.33 ± 0.02 kg/d) had a lower ADG than Control heifers (0.78 ± 0.02 kg/d; P < 0.001) during Period 1, and Stair-Step heifers (0.93 ± 0.03 kg/d) had a greater ADG than Controls (0.70 ± 0.03 kg/d; P < 0.001) during Period 2. There were no treatment (P = 0.28) or breed type differences (P = 0.42) for the proportion of cows weaning a calf; however, the proportion of cows weaning a calf decreased with cow age (P < 0.001). Calves from Stair-Step dams had heavier weaning weights (193 ± 1 kg) compared to Control calves (191 ± 1 kg; P = 0.007). There was not a treatment (P = 0.25) or breed type differences in cumulative BW weaned (P = 0.59). A diverse genetic population of cattle within Bos taurus was tested and responses in calf production did not differ between Stair-Step growth pattern and a more constant non-obese growth pattern.

scholarly journals Influence of Vertical Facial Growth Pattern on Herbst Appliance Effects in Prepubertal Patients: A Retrospective Controlled Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Maria Rita Giuca ◽  
Marco Pasini ◽  
Sara Drago ◽  
Leonardo Del Corso ◽  
Arianna Vanni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Class Ii Malocclusion ◽  
Facial Growth ◽  
Herbst Appliance ◽  
Lateral Cephalograms ◽  
Vertical Growth Pattern

Introduction. The Herbst device is widely used for correction of class II malocclusions; however, most of the researches carried out on the Herbst appliance in literature do not take into account patients with a different mandibular divergence. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Herbst on dental and skeletal structures and to evaluate possible influence of vertical facial growth patterns. Methods. A retrospective study was conducted on lateral cephalograms of 75 growing patients (mean age: 9.9 ± 1.9 years) with class II malocclusion treated with Herbst. Subjects were divided into 3 groups using the mandibular divergence index (SN and GoMe angle). Cephalometric parameters were evaluated using the modified SO (sagittal occlusion) Pancherz’s analysis. A statistical analysis was conducted to evaluate differences among groups using ANOVA. Results. Our study showed differences in response to treatment depending on patient’s facial vertical growth pattern. Cranial base angle and mandibular rotation were significantly different (p<0.05) between hypodivergent patients and normodivergent patients and between hypodivergent and hyperdivergent subjects. Conclusion. Hypodivergent patients increased their mandibular divergence during treatment to a greater extent than normodivergents; moreover, hyperdivergent patients exhibited a decreased mandibular divergence at the end of the treatment.

scholarly journals Urban Growth: From pixel to reality

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Shyamantha Subasinghe
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Urban Growth ◽  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Open Space ◽  
Spatial Configuration ◽  
Urban Land ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Zone Model ◽  
Spatial Pattern Analysis ◽  
Ancillary Data

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Urban growth is a complex process created through the interaction of human and environmental conditions. The spatial configuration and dynamic process of urban growth is an important topic in contemporary geographical studies (Thapa and Murayama, 2010). However, urban growth pattern recognition is a challengeable task and it has become one of the major fields in Cartography. Since classical era of cartography, several methods have been employed in modelling and urban growth pattern recognition. It shows that there is no agreement among cartographer or any other spatial scientists on how to map the diverse patterns of urban growth.</p><p>Typical urban theories such as von Thünen’s (1826) bid-rent theory, Burgess’s (1925) concentric zone model, Christaller’s (1933) central place theory, and Hoyt’s (1939) sector model explain the urban structure in different manner. Most of them do not contribute to visualize the urban growth pattern spatiotemporally. Recently, by addressing this limitations, several sophisticated methods are used in urban growth visualization. Among them, morphological spatial pattern analysis (MSPA) is one of emerging raster data analysis methods which allows us to integrate neighbourhood interaction rules in urban growth pattern recognition and visualization. Angel et al. (2010) developed urban land classification (urban, suburban, rural, fringe open space, exterior open space, and rural open space) based on built and non-built land categories and detected three major types of urban growth (infill, extension, and leapfrog). However, developing urban land classifications using binary land use type and recognising only three types of urban growth pattern may be insufficient due to the existence of a higher complexity of urban growth. In such context, the present study introduce a geovisualization approach to map spatial patterns of urban growth using multiple land categories and develops three sub-levels of urban growth pattern for each major urban growth pattern.</p><p>The entire process of urban growth pattern recognition developed in this study can be summarized into three steps (Figure 1): (1) urban land mapping &amp;ndash; Landsat imageries representing two time points (2001 and 2017) were classified into two land categories (built and non-built) and developed into multiple classes using ancillary data, (2) recognizing three major patterns of urban growth (infill, extension, and leapfrog) &amp;ndash; the raster overlay method based on neighbourhood interaction rules, (3) development of sublevels of urban growth &amp;ndash; major three patterns were further developed and visualized nine urban growth patterns, namely low infill (LI), moderate infill (MI), high infill (HI), low extension (LE), moderate extension (ME), high extension (HE), low leapfrog (LL), moderate leapfrog (ML), and high leapfrog (HL). The developed procedure of this study in urban growth pattern recognition was tested using a case study of Colombo metropolitan area, Sri Lanka.</p>

THE GROWTH AND DISTRIBUTION OF MUSCLE IN BULLS AND HEIFERS OF TWO BREEDS

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 669-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. M. JONES ◽  
M. A. PRICE ◽  
R. T. BERG
Keyword(s):  
Weight Distribution ◽  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Growth Coefficient ◽  
Breed Type ◽  
Breed Differences

A trial is reported comparing muscle growth and distribution in 12 bulls and 12 heifers of each of two breed-types: Hereford (HE) and Dairy Synthetic (DY). Serial slaughter was carried out from weaning (163 ± 15.1 days) to approximately 15 mo of age. After slaughter, the left side of each carcass was broken into quarters and then eight wholesale cuts, which were separated into fat, muscle and bone. The growth pattern of muscle in each cut relative to total side muscle was estimated from the growth coefficient, b, in the allometric equation (Y = aXb). Growth coefficients were homogeneous among breeds and sexes, indicating that neither breed nor sex influenced relative muscle growth. Some significant (P < 0.05), though minor, sex and breed differences were found when muscle weight distribution was adjusted to constant side muscle weight. Notably DY heifers had significantly (P < 0.05) more muscle in the high-priced cuts (sum of round, sirloin, loin and rib) than either HE heifers or bulls of either breed-type. When muscle weight was adjusted to constant side weight, bulls were found to have a greater weight of muscle in the high-priced cuts than heifers, and DY animals to have more than HE animals.

scholarly journals Growth Curve of Selectively Bred Tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) Reared in Different Environments

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 585
Author(s):  
Rebeca Marcos ◽  
Ruy Alberto Caetano Corrêa Filho ◽  
Janessa Sampaio de Abreu ◽  
Guilherme Do Nascimento Seraphim ◽  
Ana Carla Carvalho Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Curve ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Morphometric Traits ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Colossoma Macropomum ◽  
Genotype Environment Interaction ◽  
The Family

The objective of this study was to obtain the growth curve of selectively bred tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) reared in different environments. The experiment was carried out in the municipalities of Santo Antônio de Leverger (Mato Grosso – MT) and Campo Grande (Mato Grosso do Sul – MS), Brazil, over 431 days. Weight and morphometric traits of two families (A and B) from the second generation of selective breeding (G2) were measured every 30-45 days. The Gompertz regression model was used to obtain the growth curves. The production performance of both families and the interaction between families and locations (genotype × environment) were evaluated by analysis of variance considering the family (A and B), location (MT and MS), family × location interaction and error as variation factors. The asymptotic value (parameter A) obtained for weight and morphometric traits (except head length) was higher (P<0.05) in MT (weight of families A and B: 2279.6 g) than in MS (weight of family A: 1400.0 g; weight of family B: 1600.0 g). Family B showed better production performance in MS. There was a genotype × environment interaction effect on weight, body length and standard length. The two families have distinct growth patterns in different production environments. Family B has better growth performance in the environment with lower temperatures (MS).

A Parsimonious Number of Growth Curves

1993 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 132-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris Zeide
Keyword(s):  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Construction Methods ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Site Index Curve ◽  
Index Curve

Abstract Construction of new site index curves is often justified by a lack of growth information for a given species and site. This justification presumes that there is a one-to-one correspondence between growth pattern and stand conditions which are determined by numerous genetic and ecological factors together with their complex interactions. Because these factors are combined in an infinite number of ways, each stand is unique and needs its own site index curve. The effort required for collecting growth information would be prohibitive. This effort is also unnecessary because many existing curves coincide with each other and are, therefore, redundant. Differences in species, site, and construction methods do not prevent the appearance of the same growth patterns. These facts indicate that unique growth conditions do not mean that each stand has a unique growth pattern. Therefore, a more productive approach to growth modeling consists of distilling these patterns from existing curves and yield tables rather than piling up more new site index curves. Earlier investigations showed that the diversity in growth curves can be reduced to a small number (15-30) of growth types. The present study demonstrates that the number of types can be further reduced to 3-5 without sacrificing accuracy of growth predictions. North. J. Appl. For. 10(3):132-136.

scholarly journals Pola dan Parameter Pertumbuhan Ikan Tangkapan Dominan (Oreochromis niloticus, Osteochilus sp. dan Xiphophorus helleri) di Danau Buyan Bali

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 204 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Made Suma Krisna Sravishta ◽  
I Wayan Arthana ◽  
Made Ayu Pratiwi
Keyword(s):  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Oreochromis Niloticus ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Macrobrachium Rosenbergii ◽  
Growth Parameter ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
K Value ◽  
Xiphophorus Helleri ◽  
L Value

Bali Province has four lakes one of them is Buyan Lake. The benefits of Buyan Lake are as a reserve of water used to flow agriculture, settlements and for tourism attraction. In addition there is also the potential of Buyan Lake natural resources of fish is quite abundant. But there are threats arising from the utilization in Buyan Lake so it is feared to disrupt the growth of fish. Therefore it is necessary to do research concern with growth pattern and parameter of dominant catch fish in Buyan Lake. The aimed of this research was to determined the composition of fish catches, estimate the frequency distribution of fish catches and estimate growth patterns and growth parameters of dominant catch fish in Buyan Lake. This research was conducted from February to March 2017. There were nine species captured during observation such as Oreochromis niloticus, Osteochilus sp., Xiphophorus helleri, Rasbora lateristriata, Cyprinus carpio L, Amatitlania nigrofasciata, Puntius sp., Clarias gariepinus and Macrobrachium rosenbergii. The growth pattern of Oreochromis niloticus, Osteochilus sp. and Xiphophorus helleri in Lake Buyan have the same growth pattern that were allometric negative (b <3).  Oreochromis niloticus growth parameter obtained L? of 255.1926 mm, K value of 0.2833, t0 value of -0.3260, Osteochilus sp. growth parameter obtained L? value of 251.3837 mm, K value of 0.5261 t0 value of -0.1697, Xiphophorus helleri growth parameter obtained L? value of 82.5826 mm, K value of 0.2379, t0 value of -0.5338. Osteochilus sp. had the highest growth coefficient of 0.5261.

The growth pattern of the African tortoise Geochelone pardalis and other chelonians

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Hailey ◽  
Ian M Coulson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Pattern ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
The North ◽  
Body Sizes ◽  
Biased Sex Ratio ◽  
The Difference ◽  
North And South

Growth rings were measured in dead African leopard tortoises, Geochelone pardalis, collected in the seasonal tropics of Zimbabwe over an 11-year period. A series of Ford-Walford plots using growth measured from annuli showed that growth fitted a logistic by mass curve best, logistic by length and Gompertz curves less well, and a Bertalanffy curve least well. The Bertalanffy curve, often fitted to growth of chelonians, is characterised by particularly high growth rates of juveniles compared with larger individuals. It is suggested that this growth pattern is likely to be found in species showing a marked decrease in diet quality with size. This hypothesis is supported by a review of growth patterns in chelonians: Bertalanffy curves are associated with an omnivorous (and thus potentially variable) diet and other growth patterns with an obligate carnivorous or herbivorous diet. Geochelone pardalis in Zimbabwe showed significant sexual size dimorphism, the mean asymptotic mass of females being 1.7 times that of males, unlike populations with larger body sizes to the north and south. Annual survival estimated from age-frequency distributions was significantly higher in males (0.80) than in females (0.72), the difference being sufficient to account for the male-biased sex ratio of live animals.

Stepping-stones to One-step Growth: Frank Macfarlane Burnet's Role in Elucidating the Viral Nature of the Bacteriophages

2008 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neeraja Sankaran
Keyword(s):  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Stepping Stones ◽  
Bacterial Origin ◽  
Considerable Debate ◽  
One Step ◽  
Viral Nature ◽  
Step Growth ◽  
The One ◽  
Phage Growth

The demonstration of the one-step growth pattern of the bacteriophages is generally regarded as the key evidence that bacteriophages were viruses rather than enzymes of bacterial origin, a matter of considerable debate among scientists since the bacteriophage was first described in 1917. While the credit for this demonstration is usually accorded to a 1939 paper on phage growth by Emory Ellis and Max Delbr�ck, closer scrutiny of phage research conducted in the intervening two decades reveals that these papers did not present a new idea, but rather extended and refined a line of investigation about the phages that had its conceptual antecedents in the earlier work. Of particular note is the work of the Australian, Frank Macfarlane Burnet, during the late 1920s and early 1930s. Burnet's work also furnished other important reasons besides one-step growth—derived from experiments on lysogeny—for favouring the virus theoryand discarding the enzyme theory of phage. This paper examines Burnet's contributions towards understanding of the nature of phage and makes the case that it was a tacit acceptance of the evidence and arguments that he presented that allowed Ellis and Delbr�ck to make assumptions about the bacteriophage, presented as fact in their papers.

scholarly journals Height Growth Pattern of Lodgepole Pine in Relation to Natural Subregions in Alberta

2004 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 154-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Geoff Wang ◽  
Shongming Huang ◽  
David J. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Quantitative Measure ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Volume Estimation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Variable Site

Abstract Based on the provincial stem analysis and permanent sample plot (PSP) data of 1,580 felled dominant and codominant trees, height growth patterns of lodgepole pine were compared among the three major natural subregions [Sub-Alpine (SAL), Upper Foothills (UFH), and Lower Foothills (LFH)] in Alberta. The comparison used the ratio of heights at 70 and 30 years of breast height age (Z ratio) as a quantitative measure of height growth pattern (i.e., the response variable), site index (height at breast height age of 50 years) as the covariate, and natural subregion as the factor. Results indicated that: (1) the height growth pattern in the SAL natural subregion was significantly different from other natural subregions; and (2) no significant differences in height growth pattern were found between other natural subregions. Two polymorphic height and site index curves were developed: one for the SAL natural subregion and the other for the UFH and LFH natural subregions. Comparisons between the two curves and the previously developed provincial curve indicated that, for the same site index, trees in the SAL subregion grow consistently slower after 50 years. When the provincial height and site index curve was applied to the SAL natural subregion, large differences (≤14%) in gross volume estimation were found. However, volume estimation differences were very small (<2%) when the provincial curve was applied to the other two natural subregions. It is recommended that the natural subregion-based curves should be used for predicting lodgepole pine site index or height at any age in the SAL natural subregion. West. J. Appl. For. 19(3):154–159.

Tubular Entrapment May Be Inconspicuous in Clear Cell Sarcoma of the Kidney in Early Infancy, Compared to Childhood: An In-Depth Case Comparison

2019 ◽  
Vol 152 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S59-S60
Author(s):  
Krutika Patel ◽  
Sara Avalos Hernandez ◽  
S Shawn Liu ◽  
J Elliot Carter ◽  
Elizabeth Manci
Keyword(s):  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Clear Cell ◽  
Wilms Tumor ◽  
Clear Cell Sarcoma ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Early Infancy ◽  
Renal Tumors ◽  
Cell Sarcoma

Abstract Introduction Clear cell sarcoma of kidney (CCSK) is a rare malignancy accounting for <0.5% of all primary renal tumors, commonly diagnosed between 2 and 4 years of age and rarely occurring in early infancy. The challenging differentiation between CCSK and blastemal Wilms tumor is important because of the distinct clinical pattern of CCSK to recur and metastasize to bone and brain. The aim of this study is to discern subtle features that could assist pathologists in diagnosing CCSK in infancy. Method In-depth comparison of clinical, histological, and immunohistochemical findings in a case of CCSK diagnosed at 5 months of age with two cases of CCSK diagnosed at 2 and 3 years of age. Results Both groups were male, and each presented with an abdominal mass. Grossly, a single, firm, well-demarcated tumor, morphologically comprising monotonous small primitive round-to-polygonal/spindle cells, was seen in both groups. The major differences between the study groups were growth patterns and stromal reactions. In infancy, the growth pattern was diffusely uniform sheets of malignant cells with no entrapment of tubules and inconspicuous stromal changes. However, in childhood cases, the growth pattern included well-defined tubular entrapment, as well as focal microcyst formation, myxomatous stroma, palisading bodies, and anaplastic and/or rhabdoid histology. In both study groups, the immunohistochemistry showed strong immunoreactivity with cyclin D1 and nonspecific positivity for vimentin, CD99, and BAF47. Conclusion CCSK has notoriously diverse histological heterogeneity and mimics other pediatric renal tumors, making diagnosis treacherous, and commonly erroneous as Wilms tumor with unfavorable histology. Despite the advent of immunohistochemical and molecular techniques, a thorough morphologic analysis remains key in accurately diagnosing CCSK at any age, especially in early infancy. This small in-depth comparison of CCSK by age groups suggests that tubular entrapment and stromal changes may be less conspicuous in CCSK in early infancy than at older ages.

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