scholarly journals The influence of Megasphaera elsdenii on rumen morphometrics of cull cows immediately stepped up to a high-energy finishing diet

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 194-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan C DeClerck ◽  
Nathan R Reeves ◽  
Mark F Miller ◽  
Bradley J Johnson ◽  
Gary A Ducharme ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Finishing Diets ◽  
Ruminal Acidosis ◽  
Cull Cows ◽  
Feeding Duration ◽  
Megasphaera Elsdenii ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Ruminal Epithelium

Abstract Forty-five beef cull cows [body weight (BW) = 503 ± 58 kg; body condition score (BCS) = 2.1 ± 0.6] were randomized into two treatments to compare the effects of oral drenching of no probiotic vs. 100 mL of Megasphaera elsdenii NCIMB 41125 (M. elsdenii culture; Lactipro Advance; 2 × 108 cfu/mL; MS Biotec, Inc., Wamego, KS) on the realimentation of cull cows. The study featured a rapid 0-d step-up of concentrate-naïve cull cows to a 90% concentrate diet (1.43 Mcal/kg of NEg). The cows were finished for 35 d and were fitted with a wireless rumination tag (Allflex Flex Tag; SCR Engineers, Ltd, Netanya, Israel), which tracked head movement to record eating and chewing activity. Rumen morphometrics was recorded on the harvest floor, with each carcass assigned a rumenitis score, and a fragment of the cranial sac removed for further papillae analysis. An additional 23, thin, non-fed cull cows were harvested at the same abattoir to compare the effects of concentrate realimentation on ruminal morphometrics. Megasphaera elsdenii culture-drenched cattle registered a 13.3% increase in rumination time (39.27 min/d, P = 0.03) during the first week of the trial compared to controls. A numerical rumination advantage for M. elsdenii culture-administered cattle was observed during week 2 of trial (P = 0.17), with no differences between treatments from weeks 3 to 5 (P ≥ 0.40). Subjective rumenitis evaluations approached a tendency (P = 0.12), with non-M. elsdenii culture-drenched concentrate-fed cattle logging twice the score of their day 0 cohorts (2.52 vs. 1.17) suggesting considerable lactic insults occurred to the ruminal epithelium in the short 35-d trial. Despite the short feeding duration, concentrate realimentation prompted a significant improvement in mean papillae area (P < 0.01). Among concentrate-fed treatments, M. elsdenii culture-drenched cattle posted superior absorptive surface area (P = 0.01) and a greater ratio of papillae area of absorptive surface area (P = 0.05), suggesting that M. elsdenii culture is favorably altering the ecology of the rumen and promoting papillae growth perhaps by mitigating lactate-driven pH drops. In conclusion, M. elsdenii culture application in a 0-d step-up protocol to finishing diets can help mitigate the effects of ruminal acidosis.

scholarly journals Influence of dietary roughage level and Megasphaera elsdenii on feedlot performance and carcass composition of thin cull beef cows fed for a lean market

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-169
Author(s):  
Jonathan C DeClerck ◽  
Nathan R Reeves ◽  
Mark F Miller ◽  
Bradley J Johnson ◽  
Gary A Ducharme ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Finishing Diets ◽  
Caloric Density ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Megasphaera Elsdenii ◽  
Compensatory Gain

Abstract One hundred forty-four cull cows (body condition score = 2.10 ± 0.61; BW = 456 ± 47 kg) were organized into a 2 × 2 factorial design (48 pens, 12 pens/treatment, and 3 cows/pen) to evaluate the effect of dietary roughage level and oral drenching of Megasphaera elsdenii NCIMB 41125 (M. elsdenii culture; Lactipro Advance; MS Biotec Inc., Wamego, KS) on performance and carcass characteristics. Cattle were finished over a 42-day realimentation period, and aggressively stepped up over a 10-day period to either a high roughage finisher (HRF; 25% roughage) or a low roughage finisher (LRF; 10% roughage). Within diet, cattle were administered no probiotic or 100 mL of M. elsdenii culture (M. elsdenii NCIMB 41125, 2 108 cfu/mL) on day 0. No diet × probiotic interactions were detected (P ≥ 0.15), suggesting that the magnitude of the response was not influenced by the concentrate level of the diet. The main effect of diet triggered several significant responses. Decreasing roughage level tended to improve average daily gain (ADG) by 9.7% (0.26 kg, P = 0.08), while decreasing dry matter intake (DMI) by 0.9 kg (P = 0.09), provoking a 19.7% enhancement of feed efficiency (0.036 units, P < 0.01). However, interim data revealed declines of performance parameters among both diets with a significant difference between treatments only documented during the final phase of the realimentation period. During the final 14 days, LRF posted a 0.68 kg increase in ADG (P = 0.05) and a 2.0 kg decrease in DMI (P = 0.01), translating to improved feed efficiency (0.054 units, P = 0.03). This suggests that increasing the caloric density of finishing diets may help offset the regression of performance typically observed following a compensatory gain. No carcass traits were impacted by either diet or M. elsdenii culture (P ≥ 0.08). Overall, oral drenching of M. elsdenii culture tended to augment ADG (0.26 kg, P = 0.08) and carcass ADG (0.20 kg, P = 0.10). Implying that M. elsdenii culture was effective at alleviating the acidosis risk prompted by the rapid step-up period employed in the trial and may help capitalize on the narrow timeline of compensatory gain in cull cow realimentation.

229 INFLUENCE OF HIGH OR LOW INTAKE OF DRY MATTER AND ENERGY ON IN VIVO PRODUCTION OF BOVINE EMBRYOS

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 227 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Surjus ◽  
A. B. Prata ◽  
M. Borsato ◽  
M. C. Martins da Silveira ◽  
M. C. C. Mattos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Embryo Quality ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Fertilization Rate ◽  
Energy Group ◽  
Condition Score

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of high or low dry matter (DM) intake and/or energy on embryo quality and production in vivo. Nonlactating Nelore cows (n = 32, 4 to 10 years old) weighing 489.5 ± 11.3 kg and with a body condition score of 3.25 (1 to 5) were used. After 15 days on the adaptation diet, cows were blocked by initial body weight (BW) and randomly divided in 4 experimental groups. The maintenance group (M) received a diet to provide 1.2% of DM/kg of BW. The restriction group (0.7M) received the equivalent of 70% of the group M diet (0.84% of DM per kg of BW). The high intake group (1.5M) received the equivalent of 150% of the M group (1.8% of DM/kg of BW). The energy group (E) received a diet with a DM similar to the M group but with an energy level equivalent to the 1.5 M group. All cows were submitted to aspiration of follicles >2 mm for ovum pick-up (OPU). Recovered oocytes were used in another experiment. The embryo donors received an intravaginal device (IVD) of progesterone release (Sincrogest®, Ouro Fino, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil), soon after OPU. Two days after OPU, the cows received 8 decreasing doses of FSH (100 mg, IM, Folltropin-V®, Bioniche Animal Health, Belleville, Ontario, Canada) and concomitant with the fifth and sixth treatments of FSH, PGF2α (500 μg each, IM, cloprostenol, Sincrocio®, Ouro Fino) was administered. The IVD was removed at the time of the last FSH injection. Twelve hours after IVD removal ovulation was induced with GnRH (0.01 mg, IM, Buserelin acetate, Sincroforte®, Ouro Fino). Cows were inseminated 12 and 24 h later. Embryo collection was performed 7 or 8 days after GnRH injection. The cows were offered all diets in a crossover design study. There were 4 sessions of embryos flushing, each 42 days apart. Data were analysed by PROC GLIMMIX of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA) and the results are presented as least-squares means ± SE, always following the order of treatments 0.7 M, M, 1.5 M and E. There were differences in the superstimulatory response (12.6 ± 1.4b; 14.6 ± 1.6a; 13.6 ± 1.5ab; and 11.0 ± 1.2c follicles >6 mm; P < 0.01) and superovulatory response (9.8 ± 1.3ab; 11.0 ± 1.4a; 10.2 ± 1.3a; and 8.6 ± 1.3b CL; P < 0.01) among groups. Despite the lower responses observed especially in the high-energy group, no difference among groups was observed for total embryos/ova (4.5 ± 0.7; 5.0 ± 0.8; 5.0 ± 0.8; and 4.7 ± 0.7; P = 0.60), viable embryos (2.0 ± 0.4; 2.3 ± 0.5; 2.6 ± 0.6; and 2.2 ± 0.5; P = 0.40), or freezable embryos (1.7 ± 0.4; 2.0 ± 0.4; 2.1 ± 0.5; and 1.9 ± 0.4; P = 0.60). There was also no difference among groups for fertilization rate (75.8 ± 9.6; 82.3 ± 8.0; 87.8 ± 6.6; and 81.1 ± 8.4%; P = 0.71) and percentage of viable embryos (54.5 ± 10.8; 50.8 ± 10.6; 50.5 ± 10.9; and 54.4 ± 10.7%; P = 0.98). In conclusion, in contrast to our initial hypothesis, a period of 42 days under high feed/energy intake in nonlactating zebu cows apparently did not compromise in vivo embryo production. This may be because cows had a moderate body condition score or because the feeding period was not long enough to compromise oocyte/embryo quality. Financial support from FAPESP and CNPq is acknowledged.

Effects of prepartal body condition score and peripartal energy supply of dairy cows on postpartal lipolysis, energy balance and ketogenesis: an animal model to investigate subclinical ketosis

2014 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsten Schulz ◽  
Jana Frahm ◽  
Ulrich Meyer ◽  
Susanne Kersten ◽  
Dania Reiche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Subclinical Ketosis ◽  
Energy Group ◽  
Condition Score

Subclinical ketosis is a metabolic disorder which often goes undiagnosed and leads to constricted performance and an impairment of general condition. In the current study subclinical ketosis was characterised by a β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentration of >1·2 mmol/l in blood serum. To generate this metabolic situation, an animal model was created. The model, based on group-specific interaction of dietary energy supply and body condition, is appropriate for testing the medical effectiveness of treating this kind of ketosis and its concomitants. During the trial, 18 dairy cows (primiparous and pluriparous) were assigned, according to their body condition score (BCS) 6 weeks before expected parturition, to a normal [6·78 MJ net energy for lactation (NEL)/kg dry matter; 20% concentrate] or to a high-energy feeding group (7·71 MJ NEL/kg dry matter; 60% concentrate). Therefore cows with the highest BCS were allocated to the high-energy group to enhance the contrast with the control group. Statistical analysis was done using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Effects were declared significant when P-values were ⩽0·05. Owing to the higher energy concentration and dry matter intake, the energy intake and balance was significantly higher in the high-energy feeding group, with strong effects on lipid metabolism and health in blood and liver post partum. Within the first 2 weeks after calving, 8 out of 9 cows (89%) of the high-energy group had BHB values indicative of subclinical ketosis. These cows also had significantly higher values of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), aspartate transaminase (AST) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) post partum, as well as a raised total lipid content of the liver. RQUICKI, a calculated parameter which is based on serum concentrations of glucose, insulin and NEFA to assess the insulin sensitivity, was not affected by treatment. Therefore, RQUICKI does not seem to be the right parameter for diagnosing decreased insulin sensitivity in cows affected by subclinical ketosis. The milk fat and the fat:protein ratio of the high-energy group was also higher, even though there was no decrease in milk yield for cows with subclinical BHB values.

scholarly journals Effect of black ginseng and silkworm supplementation on obesity, the transcriptome, and the gut microbiome of diet-induced overweight dogs

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Miey Park ◽  
Ki Hyun Kim ◽  
Varun Jaiswal ◽  
Jihee Choi ◽  
Ju Lan Chun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Control ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Normal Diet ◽  
Beagle Dogs ◽  
Dietary Interventions ◽  
Diet Induced Obesity ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Black Ginseng ◽  
Differential Genes

AbstractLike humans, weight control in overweight dogs is associated with a longer life expectancy and a healthier life. Dietary supplements are one of the best strategies for controlling obesity and obesity-associated diseases. This study was conducted to assess the potential of black ginseng (BG) and silkworm (SW) as supplements for weight control in diet-induced overweight beagle dogs. To investigate the changes that occur in dogs administered the supplements, different obesity-related parameters, such as body condition score (BCS), blood fatty acid profile, transcriptome, and microbiome, were assessed in high energy diet (HD) and HD with BG + SW supplementation (HDT) groups of test animals. After 12 weeks of BG + SW supplementation, total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were reduced in the HDT group. In the transcriptome analysis, nine genes (NUGGC, EFR3B, RTP4, ACAN, HOXC4, IL17RB, SOX13, SLC18A2, and SOX4) that are known to be associated with obesity were found to be differentially expressed between the ND (normal diet) and HD groups as well as the HD and HDT groups. Significant changes in some taxa were observed between the HD and ND groups. These data suggest that the BG + SW supplement could be developed as dietary interventions against diet-induced obesity, and obesity-related differential genes could be important candidates in the mechanism of the anti-obesity effects of the BG + SW supplement.

Net Returns from Feeding Cull Beef Cows: The Influence of Initial Body Condition Score

2014 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zakou Amadou ◽  
Kellie Curry Raper ◽  
Jon T. Biermacher ◽  
Billy Cook ◽  
Clement E. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Native Grass ◽  
Low Input ◽  
Cull Cows ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Body Condition Scores

The impact of initial body condition scores on net returns from retaining beef cull cows for delayed marketing was investigated in a three-year experiment. Cows were retained either on native grass pasture or in a low-input dry lot setting. Net returns are examined across five alternative marketing periods, including culling. Sensitivity of net returns to changes in retention cost is also examined. Although a native grass pasture system was generally more profitable than a low-input dry lot system, thin and medium cows were typically more profitable than cows with higher initial body condition score regardless of the feeding system.

Production response to increased calcium salts of palm fatty acids in dairy cows

2003 ◽  
Vol 2003 ◽  
pp. 125-125
Author(s):  
T. Goodman ◽  
N. Gardner ◽  
C. Lord ◽  
A. Nickson ◽  
J. Long
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Feed Ingredient ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Production Response ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Effect Of Feeding

High levels of dietary concentrates are often used to support milk production and it is important to investigate ways to feed them efficiently. Fats have the greatest energy density of any feed ingredient and the inclusion of protected fats in the dairy cow ration enables a high energy but balanced ration to be fed. The aim of this trial was to investigate the effect of feeding different levels of Megalac (Volac International Ltd, Herts) to dairy cows and to compare milk yield, milk composition, fertility and body condition score (BCS).

scholarly journals Evaluation of slaughter cattle grades and standards of cull cows

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 162-167
Author(s):  
A. P. Palii ◽  
N. G. Admina ◽  
S. A. Mihalchenko ◽  
I. M. Lukyanov ◽  
S. A. Denicenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Cull Cows ◽  
Slaughter Cattle ◽  
Widespread Implementation ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Production Technologies ◽  
Limb Posture ◽  
Economic Use

Recently, due to the widespread implementation of intensive milk production technologies, the requirements for the type of animal physique have increased, because the theory and practice of breeding have proved that the economic and long-term use of cows is not possible without taking into account their exterior features and type of the constitution. The influence of the traits of the animals’ physique on the duration of their economic use was studied, and the main slaughter grades and standards minimum percentage of cows determined beaf cow culling were determined. We selected the criteria mainly caused the cattle removing from the herd: growth scale of score 4, sacral inclination – score 6, limb posture from rear and side views - score 5. The percentage of cattle culling with body condition score score ranged from 7 to 9 was determined.

Effects of level of feeding of concentrates during early lactation on the yield and composition of milk from grazing dairy cows with varying body condition score at calving

2004 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Stockdale
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Grazed Pasture ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Grazing Dairy Cows ◽  
Body Condition Scores

An experiment was undertaken to establish the influence of body condition at calving on milk production and composition using diets typical of those currently used in Victoria. Seventy-two cows were fed differently from April 2001 to achieve target body condition scores (BCS) by 1 month before calving of about 4�(3.5–4.5), 5 (4.5–5.5) or 6 (5.5–6.5) units on an 8-point scale. The actual mean BCS at calving for the 3 treatments were 3.8, 5.2 and 5.7 units (P<0.05). After calving, cows grazed at pasture allowances of about 35 kg DM/cow.day and received 1 of 2 levels of supplementation (1 or 6 kg DM of pelleted concentrates per day) for about the first 10�weeks of lactation. The low BCS cows lost less body condition (0.35 v. 1.27 units; P<0.05) for a shorter period (4.8 v. 7.9 weeks; P<0.05) than did the medium and high BCS cows. The low BCS cows also ate more pasture than the other 2 BCS groups, but only when expressed as a percentage of liveweight (2.91 v. 2.73%; P<0.05). Improvements in BCS at calving resulted in higher milk fat percentages in early lactation (3.31% for low BCS cows v. 3.60% for the 2 higher BCS groups; P<0.05), while milk protein and lactose were not affected (P>0.05). At the lower level of feeding in early lactation, milk production increased (P<0.05) linearly as BCS at calving increased, by 1.0 kg milk per unit of body condition per day. However, when energy intake was increased by feeding 6 kg of concentrates, milk production increased as body condition increased (P<0.05) from the low to medium BCS, but there was no significant benefit beyond the medium BCS. Therefore, the hypothesis, that providing that cows are fed well with grazed pasture supplemented with high-energy concentrates in early lactation, BCS at calving will have no effect on subsequent milk production, was at least partially disproved, and it may be that it is never possible for cows at pasture to be sufficiently well fed.

scholarly journals Effects of Subacute Ruminal Acidosis (SARA) on Epidemiological and Clinicopathological Parameters of Dairy Cattle

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Nawid Mirzad ◽  
Mohammad Hussain Haidary ◽  
M. Nasim Sohail ◽  
Mohammad Nasim Sahab ◽  
Hamidullah Alizada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Subacute Ruminal Acidosis ◽  
Ruminal Acidosis ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
The Mean

Background: Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) is one of the most important metabolic disease of dairy cattle which decrease milk production, dry matter intake, productivity and increase culling rate and even cause death.Methods: In this study the epidemiological status of SARA namely age, breed, stage of lactation, lactation number, general health condition, body condition score, daily milk production, milk fat content and biochemical alteration were investigated.Result: Out of 100 cows examined 20 were found to be positive for SARA and the mean age of dairy cows suffering from SARA was found to be 6.53 ±0.68 years. The prevalence of SARA was 70 and 30 per cent in Jersey and HF breed of cows respectively and was high in mid lactation and the lactation number ranged from 2 to 6. 65 per cent. SARA affected cows were in poor body condition score, milk production and milk fat content was significantly low (P≤ 0.05). The mean GGT (Gamma Glutamyl Transferase) and AST (Asparate aminotransferase) values were significantly increased in SARA affected dairy cows. SARA seems to be a common problem in dairy cattle and it has to be considered when dealing with herd level problems like low milk fat, low milk production, poor body condition and appropriate management measures should be implemented to prevent it.

scholarly journals Effects of feed energy and protein level on growth and pelt parameters in blue foxes (Vulpes lagopus) in the late growing-furring period

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vappu Ylinen ◽  
Maarit Mohaibes ◽  
Jussi Peura ◽  
Jarmo Valaja
Keyword(s):  
Energy Content ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
High Protein Diets ◽  
Protein Diets

The aim of the present study was to determine whether a decrease in feed energy content would prevent extreme body weight (BW) gain and fatness in blue foxes in the late growing-furring period, without compromising pelt quality or pelt size. BW gain, body mass index (BMI), body condition score (BCS), and pelt characteristics were studied in 60 blue foxes divided into four equal-sized groups from mid-October until pelting (50 days). Experimental diets in were “high energy – high protein”, “high energy – low protein”, “low energy – high protein”, and “low energy – low protein”. High-energy diets contained 19.3 MJ metabolisable energy (ME) in kg dry matter (DM) and high-protein diets contained digestible crude protein (DCP) 20% of ME. Low-energy diets contained 16.3 MJ ME in kg DM and low-protein diets DCP 17% of ME. Feeding was gradually increased towards ad libitum. Reduced ME intake had no effect on pelt size or pelt quality. High-energy feeds resulted in heavier animals with higher BMI. However, the final BW exceeded 20 kg and BCS was “fat” or “extremely fat” in all groups.

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