Growth of a Group of Low Income Infants in the First Year of Life

Background: Diarrhoea is one of the major and most frequently encounter problem by the paediatrician. Diarrhoeal disease is the second leading cause of death n children under 5 yrs and is responsible for killing around 5,25,000 children every year. In low income counties, children under three years old, experience on an average three episodes of diarrhoea every year. Each episode deprives the child of the nutrition necessary for growth. Current study was conducted to assess maternal knowledge, attitude over practice regarding diarrhoeal disease.Methods: The present study is a prospective study, carried out at department of paediatrics, at Sri Guru Ram Das University of Medical Sciences and Research Amritsar from Jan 2016—Jan 2018 over period of 2 years. Total 25-0 mothers were intervened to assess their knowledge, attitude and practices during episodes of diarrhoea on basis of educational qualification of mothers, data were divided into three categories: Illiterate, moderately educated including mothers having qualification up to graduation, highly educated-mothers who did post-graduation or some professional education.Results: Total 250 mothers were included in the study with prior informed consent and question were asked as per preformed questionnaire and vernacular language and English too. In present study, it was observed that maximum number of diarrhoea causes 77.76% were seen in first year of life and there was higher incidence (74.4%) among male children. Incidence of diarrhoea was 67.6% among children of illiterate mother in contrast to 12% among a mother of having higher qualification.Conclusions: Finding of present study indicated low proportion of maternal knowledge and practice about etiologies and management of diarrhoeal disease among children under 5 years of age. Programme should focus on provided awareness to patients and education of mother should focus on symptoms of dehydration, knowledge on ORS, hoe to prepare an ORS, prevention on danger sign and diseases. rural population.

Download Full-text

The Changing Face of Anemia in Infancy

Pediatrics in Review ◽

10.1542/pir.15.5.175 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 15 (5) ◽

pp. 175-183

Author(s):

Elinor A. Graham

Keyword(s):

Iron Deficiency ◽

Psychosocial Development ◽

Low Income ◽

Pediatric Population ◽

Work Force ◽

The United States ◽

Iron Nutrition ◽

First Year ◽

Major Factors ◽

First Year Of Life

Introduction The pattern of anemia in infancy is changing in North America. The major factors contributing to anemia include iron endowment at birth, adequacy of dietary iron, frequency of infection, and the genetic background of a child. The characteristics of all of these factors are changing in the pediatric population. As more premature infants survive, their inadequate birth endowment of iron results in iron deficiency at an earlier age. Because of widespread use of iron-fortified formulas or iron supplementation with breastfeeding, iron deficiency now causes less anemia in the first year of life. As iron nutrition of infants has improved, anemia associated with infection has been identified more frequently. Increased work force participation of mothers has resulted in more exposure to infections by infants in child care. An increase in the percentage of children who are of Asian and African genetic backgrounds has increased the prevalence of inherited hemoglobin disorders among children. Newborn screening for hemoglobinopathies has resulted in more frequent identification of these disorders. Decline in the socioeconomic status of children in the United States adds to the complexity of this picture. More than one factor often produces anemia in an infant from a poor family, and the anemia may have a greater impact on the psychosocial development of a child from a low-income background.

Download Full-text

Rapid Weight Gain During the First Year of Life Predicts Obesity in 2–3 Year Olds from a Low-income, Minority Population

Journal of Community Health ◽

10.1007/s10900-009-9164-6 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 34 (5) ◽

pp. 370-375 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

L. Suzanne Goodell ◽

Dorothy B. Wakefield ◽

Ann M. Ferris

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Low Income ◽

First Year ◽

Minority Population ◽

Rapid Weight Gain ◽

First Year Of Life

Download Full-text

Maternal pre-pregnancy weight and early life lower respiratory tract infections in a low-income urban minority birth cohort

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-88360-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Maria J. Gutierrez ◽

Gustavo Nino ◽

Xiumei Hong ◽

Xiaobin Wang

Keyword(s):

Birth Cohort ◽

Low Income ◽

Lower Respiratory Tract ◽

Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Maternal Obesity ◽

First Year ◽

Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Urban Minority ◽

Tract Infections ◽

First Year Of Life

AbstractThe prevalence of maternal obesity has increased dramatically with adverse consequences on infant health. Prior studies have reported associations between maternal obesity and childhood wheeze, asthma as well as lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI). However, studies examining the association of obesity with early-life LRTIs in low-income urban minority populations are still lacking. This is a critical gap because both obesity and infant respiratory morbidity are more prevalent and severe in these communities. We examined mother‐child dyads from the Boston Birth Cohort (BBC) to define the longitudinal association of maternal pre‐pregnancy BMI and LRTI in infancy, defined as the presence of bronchiolitis, bronchitis, or pneumonia during the first year of life (< 12 months of age). A total of 2,790 mother‐child dyads were included in our analyses. Infants born to pre-pregnancy obese mothers (n = 688, 25%) had 1.43 increased odds (adjOR = 1.43, 95% CI 1.08–1.88, p = 0.012) of developing LRTI during the first year of life when compared with newborns born to normal-weight mothers after adjusting by relevant LRTI risk factors. Notably, infants born to overweight mothers (n = 808, 29%) followed a similar trend (adjOR = 1.31, 95% CI 1.00–1.72, p = 0.048). Our study demonstrated that maternal pre-pregnancy obesity is an independent risk factor for the development of LRTI during infancy in a low-income urban minority birth cohort.

Download Full-text

Risk factors during the prenatal period and the first year of life associated with overweight in 7-year-old low-income Chilean children

Maternal and Child Nutrition ◽

10.1111/mcn.12024 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 595-605 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Israel Rios-Castillo ◽

Sheila Cerezo ◽

Camila Corvalán ◽

Mario Martínez ◽

Juliana Kain

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Low Income ◽

First Year ◽

Prenatal Period ◽

First Year Of Life

Download Full-text

Feeding practices, healthcare and kinship during the first year of life

Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas) ◽

10.1590/0103-166x2014000300011 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 31 (3) ◽

pp. 425-435 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Vania Bustamante ◽

Cecilia McCallum

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Health Program ◽

Family Health ◽

First Year ◽

Family Health Program ◽

The Social ◽

Income Neighborhood ◽

First Year Of Life ◽

Kinship Ties ◽

Selection Of

This paper reports a study of how babies are fed during their first year of life as practiced by families living in a low-income neighborhood of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil and served by the state's Family Health Program. Two families were followed up over a year using the Bick method for the observation of mother-infant relationships. The results showed that although the families appreciated the recommendations of health professionals regarding the need to practice exclusive breastfeeding until the child reached six months, in practice during their first few weeks of life the babies were started on complementary food in addition to breast milk. The mothers made decisions regarding feeding the babies taking into consideration the following: The opinions of a selection of relatives; food availability; ideas about what is suitable for the developing baby; and finally, their observations of the child's responses. The results show that food is part of the mutually imbricated processes of the social construction of the person and the constitution of kinship ties. The conclusion reflects on the implications of these findings for health practices.

Download Full-text

The use of maternal and child health services in three population-based cohorts in Southern Brazil, 1982-2004

Cadernos de Saúde Pública ◽

10.1590/s0102-311x2008001500008 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 24 (suppl 3) ◽

pp. s427-s436 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Juraci A. Cesar ◽

Alicia Matijasevich ◽

Iná S. Santos ◽

Aluísio J. D. Barros ◽

Juvenal S. Dias-da-Costa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antenatal Care ◽

Low Income ◽

Care Delivery ◽

Universal Coverage ◽

Population Based ◽

Child Health Services ◽

First Year ◽

Immunization Rates ◽

Mothers And Children ◽

First Year Of Life

This study aimed to describe indicators of health care assistance during antenatal care, delivery and in the first year of life in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. In 1982, 1993, and 2004, all hospital newborns from the urban area of Pelotas were enrolled in a cohort study. In this period, the number of pregnant women that did not attend antenatal care fell from 4.9% to 1.9%; the mean number of appointments increased from 6.7 to 8.1; and the number of women who began antenatal care in the third trimester of pregnancy decreased from 14.8% to 7%; caesarean sections increased from 27.7% to 45.2% and the proportion of deliveries assisted by physicians increased from 61.2% to 89.2%. Improvements in immunization rates during the first year of life mainly occurred between 1982 and 1993, while the number of preventive medical appointments improved among those born in 2004. This increase in coverage was greater for low-income mothers and children, which may reflect the implementation of universal coverage in Brazil; however, coverage levels in 1982 were already high for wealthy mothers and children, reducing the scope for further gains.

Download Full-text

Oral Candida Predicts Streptococcus mutans Emergence in Underserved US Infants

Journal of Dental Research ◽

10.1177/00220345211012385 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 002203452110123

Author(s):

N. Alkhars ◽

Y. Zeng ◽

N. Alomeir ◽

N. Al Jallad ◽

T.T. Wu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Low Income ◽

Employment Status ◽

Racial Minority ◽

First Year ◽

Minority Children ◽

Oral Colonization ◽

Education And Employment ◽

Oral Candida ◽

First Year Of Life

Despite the cariogenic role of Candida suggested from recent studies, oral Candida acquisition in children at high risk for early childhood caries (ECC) and its association with cariogenic bacteria Streptococcus mutans remain unclear. Although ECC disproportionately afflicts socioeconomically disadvantaged and racial-minority children, microbiological studies focusing on the underserved group are scarce. Our prospective cohort study examined the oral colonization of Candida and S. mutans among 101 infants exclusively from a low-income and racial-minority background in the first year of life. The Cox hazard proportional model was fitted to assess factors associated with the time to event of the emergence of oral Candida and S. mutans. Oral Candida colonization started as early as 1 wk among 13% of infants, increased to 40% by 2 mo, escalated to 48% by 6 mo, and remained the same level until 12 mo. S. mutans in saliva was detected among 20% infants by 12 mo. The emergence of S. mutans by year 1 was 3.5 times higher (hazard ratio [HR], 3.5; confidence interval [CI], 1.1–11.3) in infants who had early colonization of oral Candida compared to those who were free of oral Candida ( P = 0.04) and 3 times higher (HR, 3.0; CI, 1.3–6.9) among infants whose mother had more than 3 decayed teeth ( P = 0.01), even after adjusting demographics, feeding, mother’s education, and employment status. Infants’ salivary S. mutans abundance was positively correlated with infants’ Candida albicans ( P < 0.01) and Candida krusei levels ( P < 0.05). Infants’ oral colonization of C. albicans was positively associated with mother’s oral C. albicans carriage and education ( P < 0.01) but negatively associated with mother’s employment status ( P = 0.01). Future studies are warranted to examine whether oral Candida modulates the oral bacterial community as a whole to become cariogenic during the onset and progression of ECC, which could lead to developing novel ECC predictive and preventive strategies from a fungal perspective.

Download Full-text

Do cash transfer programmes yield better health in the first year of life? A systematic review linking low-income/middle-income and high-income contexts

Archives of Disease in Childhood ◽

10.1136/archdischild-2017-314301 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 103 (10) ◽

pp. 920-926 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Arjumand Siddiqi ◽

Akshay Rajaram ◽

Steven P Miller

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Low Income ◽

High Income ◽

Socioeconomic Disadvantage ◽

Cash Transfer ◽

Global Perspective ◽

First Year ◽

Middle Income ◽

Positive Effects ◽

First Year Of Life

IntroductionDecades of research unequivocally demonstrates that no matter the society, socioeconomic resources are perhaps the most fundamental determinants of health throughout the life course, including during its very earliest stages. As a result, societies have implemented ‘cash transfer’ programmes, whichprovide income supplementation to reduce socioeconomic disadvantage among the poorest families with young children. Despite this being a common approach of societies around the world, research on effects of these programmes in low-income/middle-income countries, and those in high-income countries has been conducted as if they are entirely distinct phenomena. In this paper, we systematically review the international literature on the association between cash transfer programmes and health outcomes during the first year of life.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses protocol. Using a variety of relevant keywords, we searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Reviews, EconLit and Social Sciences Citations Index.ResultsOur review yielded 14 relevant studies. These studies suggested cash transfer programmes that were not attached to conditions tended to yield positive effects on outcomes such as birth weight and infant mortality. Programmes that were conditional on use of health services also carried positive effects, while those that carried labour-force participation conditionalities tended to yield no positive effects.DiscussionGiven several dynamics involved in determining whether children are healthy or not, which are common worldwide, viewing the literature from a global perspective produces novel insights regarding the tendency of policies and programmes to reduce or, to exacerbate, the effects of socioeconomic disadvantage on child health.

Download Full-text