scholarly journals Adaptation of turnip mosaic potyvirus to a specific niche reduces its genetic and environmental robustness

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anamarija Butković ◽  
Rubén González ◽  
Inés Cobo ◽  
Santiago F Elena
Keyword(s):  
Mutation Rates ◽  
Permissive Temperature ◽  
Fitness Component ◽  
Temperature Conditions ◽  
Environmental Perturbations ◽  
Genetic Robustness ◽  
Congruence Theory ◽  
The Face ◽  
Environmental Robustness ◽  
Two Sides

Abstract Robustness is the preservation of the phenotype in the face of genetic and environmental perturbations. It has been argued that robustness must be an essential fitness component of RNA viruses owed to their small and compacted genomes, high mutation rates and living in ever-changing environmental conditions. Given that genetic robustness might hamper possible beneficial mutations, it has been suggested that genetic robustness can only evolve as a side-effect of the evolution of robustness mechanisms specific to cope with environmental perturbations, a theory known as plastogenetic congruence. However, empirical evidences from different viral systems are contradictory. To test how adaptation to a particular environment affects both environmental and genetic robustness, we have used two strains of turnip mosaic potyvirus (TuMV) that differ in their degree of adaptation to Arabidopsis thaliana at a permissive temperature. We show that the highly adapted strain is strongly sensitive to the effect of random mutations and to changes in temperature conditions. In contrast, the non-adapted strain shows more robustness against both the accumulation of random mutations and drastic changes in temperature conditions. Together, these results are consistent with the predictions of the plastogenetic congruence theory, suggesting that genetic and environmental robustnesses may be two sides of the same coin for TuMV.

Ambidexterity [L'Homme droit et l'Homme gauche: les Ambidextres]. (Revue philosophique, October, 1901.) Biervliet, J. J. van.

1902 ◽  
Vol 48 (201) ◽  
pp. 348-349
Author(s):  
Havelock Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Uniform Method ◽  
Careful Study ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Right ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
Careful Investigation

Professor van Biervliet has now completed his very careful study of right-sidedness and left-sidedness (already summarised in the Journal) by a still more careful investigation of ambidextrous persons. In the first place by photography, according to a special and uniform method, he finds that in the ambidextrous the two sides of the face, as well as the arms, are fairly alike, the face being slightly more developed on the right side, as among left-sided people, but not in so marked a degree. They occupy much the same position, indeed, throughout the investigation. When compared with right-sided and left-sided people as regards sensory acuteness, it is found that while the right-sided have predominant sensory acuteness on the right side, both the left-sided and the ambidextrous can see further, hear better, possess more acute tactile and muscular sense, on the left side, so that ambidexterity may be regarded as a variety of left-sidedness of more symmetrical anatomical type. In all respects the ambidextrous almost or quite resembled the left-sided.

scholarly journals Phenotypic states become increasingly sensitive to perturbations near a bifurcation in a synthetic gene network

eLife ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Axelrod ◽  
Alvaro Sanchez ◽  
Jeff Gore
Keyword(s):  
Gene Network ◽  
Environmental Variability ◽  
Synthetic Gene ◽  
Phenotypic Switching ◽  
Proper Function ◽  
Critical Transition ◽  
Environmental Perturbations ◽  
The Face ◽  
Synthetic Gene Network ◽  
Open Question

Microorganisms often exhibit a history-dependent phenotypic response after exposure to a stimulus which can be imperative for proper function. However, cells frequently experience unexpected environmental perturbations that might induce phenotypic switching. How cells maintain phenotypic states in the face of environmental fluctuations remains an open question. Here, we use environmental perturbations to characterize the resilience of phenotypic states in a synthetic gene network near a critical transition. We find that far from the critical transition an environmental perturbation may induce little to no phenotypic switching, whereas close to the critical transition the same perturbation can cause many cells to switch phenotypic states. This loss of resilience was observed for perturbations that interact directly with the gene circuit as well as for a variety of generic perturbations-such as salt, ethanol, or temperature shocks-that alter the state of the cell more broadly. We obtain qualitatively similar findings in natural gene circuits, such as the yeast GAL network. Our findings illustrate how phenotypic memory can become destabilized by environmental variability near a critical transition.

scholarly journals There are Two Sides to Every COIN

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Ruzza
Keyword(s):  
Turning Point ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
National Union ◽  
Continuity And Change ◽  
The Face ◽  
Peripheral Areas ◽  
The Government ◽  
Current Transition ◽  
Two Sides

The capacity of Myanmar’s government to effectively rule and administer peripheral areas of the country has been challenged since independence by a vast array of non-state armed groups (NSAGs), and the country is home to the most long-lasting insurgencies still active today. The core interest of this article rests on analysing the degree of continuity and change in the strategy enacted by Myanmar’s government in order to counter, contain and re-absorb insurgencies in the wake of the recent liberalisation process. The government activity vis-à-vis insurgencies is assessed in two core dimensions: economic and military. The analysis is developed in diachronic perspective, spanning three key phases. The first, meant to provide the essential historical background and benchmark, is the post-1989 period, characterised by the implementation of the ceasefires. The other two focus on the current transition, splitting it into two (2008–2011 and 2011–2015), taking Thein Sein’s new peace plan as a turning point. Moving through these three phases the paper assesses how Myanmar’s government achieves a balance between military pressure and economic incentives in the face of three major insurgencies: in Shan state, versus various NSAGs; against the Kachin Independence Organisation (KIO); and against the Karen National Union (KNU).

Fundamental Considerations on New Technology Evolution in Latest Network Development

2014 ◽  
Vol 596 ◽  
pp. 847-851
Author(s):  
Yuan Jun Luo
Keyword(s):  
New Technology ◽  
Network Development ◽  
Technical Issue ◽  
Stream Network ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
The Face ◽  
Point To Point ◽  
Technology Level ◽  
Media Stream ◽  
Two Sides

Under the background of that NGN is coming into practice,the article uphold the scientific recognition spirit and external developing attitude to describe the distinct viewpoint about latest network development in two sides on different technology level. First,Based on the analysis of the key technical issue of the NGN,discover the essential substance of integration of the unified network,and point out the truth that the independent media-stream network ,not the integration network,to be the future one that lead the video service to the user in coming future. Following,starting from more fundamental position,the article state that the current technology architecture , which based on the point-to-point linear thoughts, has leads the network into a unbroken bottleneck. We must take a new and more society-suitable way,the face-to-face transfer architecture to fulfill revolution of the network communication technology.

scholarly journals Positive interactions support complex networks

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianalberto Losapio ◽  
Marcelino de la Cruz ◽  
Adrián Escudero ◽  
Bernhard Schmid ◽  
Christian Schöb
Keyword(s):  
Complex Networks ◽  
Network Architecture ◽  
Biotic Interactions ◽  
Positive Interactions ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Network Analyses ◽  
Environmental Perturbations ◽  
Alpine Plant Communities ◽  
The Face ◽  
Living Organisms

Ecologists have recognised the effects of biotic interactions on the spatial distribution of living organisms. Yet, the spatial structure of plant interaction networks in real-world ecosystems has remained elusive so far. Using spatial pattern and network analyses, we found that alpine plant communities are organised in spatially variable and complex networks. Specifically, the cohesiveness of complex networks is promoted by short-distance positive plant interactions. At fine spatial scale, where positive mutual interactions prevailed, networks were characterised by a large connected component. With increasing scale, when negative interactions took over, network architecture became more hierarchical with many detached components that show a network collapse. This study highlights the crucial role of positive interactions for maintaining species diversity and the resistance of communities in the face of environmental perturbations.

After. Economics and politics of the post-pandemic world

2020 ◽  
pp. 25-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gr. W. Kolodko
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Gradual Transition ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Neoliberal Capitalism ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Face ◽  
Ecologically Sustainable ◽  
Two Sides

The coronavirus pandemic that has shaken the world will lay a long shadow for many years. It puts humanity in the face of incredible challenges that coincide with other negative mega-trends and unresolved economic, social and political problems. The enormous consequences and costs of the pandemic — human and social, economic and financial — will be known only ex post. While some lose nothing, others lose everything, sometimes even their lives. The heterogeneous, post-pandemic future — in which under the conditions of irreversible globalization various political and economic systems will interact with each other — will follow many paths, with the position of highly developed countries becoming relatively weaker. Tensions on the US—China line will increase, geopolitics and geoeconomics will change. The confrontation between democracy and authoritarianism will intensify, the synergy of the market and the state will be transformed. It will be particularly dangerous to turn two sides of the same counterfeit coin as an alternative: neoliberal capitalism versus populist capitalism. Chances for the better future may be created by a gradual transition to new pragmatism. It is a strategy of moderation in economic activities and a triple — economically, socially and ecologically — sustainable development based on the outline of an innovative, unorthodox and holistic economic theory. Pandemic is also an immense challenge for social sciences, not only for economics, because old manner of thinking will often occur to be useless for analyzing and explaining new situations.

Development of Air Combat Effectiveness Simulation and Analysis Scheme for beyond Visual Range (BVR) Case

2016 ◽  
Vol 842 ◽  
pp. 329-336
Author(s):  
Prasetyo A.P. Suseno ◽  
Rianto A. Sasongko
Keyword(s):  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Simulation Program ◽  
Analysis Scheme ◽  
Air Combat ◽  
The Face ◽  
Envelope Model ◽  
One And Many ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
Visual Range ◽  
Realistic Prediction

This paper focuses on the simulation of Beyond Visual Range (BVR) Air Combat using calculation of Probability of Kill (PK) and Supremacy to analyze the effectivity of the tactics and strategies. The developed simulation program is expected to be used as a means of developing tactics, weapons systems evaluation and to support other air combat system applications. The simulation system can be utilized so that strategy for using weapons and better tactics for maneuver can be determined and formulated in the face of an aerial battle. The simulation illustrates how an aerial battle in a 2D plane took place. The battle occurs between two sides and can also cover case of many against many air battle. Fighters maneuver will be generated based on logic and defined tactic by providing input in the form of initial conditions. Formulation / functions, parameters and variables influencing the fighter effectiveness will be taken into account. These elements are modelled using a dynamic and open scenario approach. The simulation used a method called 'Missile Launch Envelope Model' for computing PK of missile along its way to the target. Simulation results for one versus one and many versus many cases show that the developed system can produce good and relatively realistic prediction of the outcome. Further modification of simulation program include fly out modeling to the missile.

scholarly journals Different Signals of Personality and Health from the Two Sides of the Face

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p6856 ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 549-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin S S Kramer ◽  
Robert Ward
Keyword(s):  
The Face ◽  
Two Sides

scholarly journals How does crisis affect the conflict between technocracy and populism? Lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic

Politics ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 026339572110499
Author(s):  
Anders Esmark
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Case ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
State Of Exception ◽  
First Year ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Contemporary Politics ◽  
The Face ◽  
Decisive Action ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Two Sides

The article focuses on the relationship between technocracy and populism during the first year of the COVID-19 crisis. On one hand, this relationship has been defined by populist denial, displacement of crisis, and rejection of the technocratic consensus on the need for urgent and decisive action in the face of the global pandemic. On the other hand, COVID-19 has also led to convergence between the two sides and populist approximation to technocracy more akin to ‘technopopulist’ compromises and politics. The article shows that this pattern of antagonism and approximation has been shaped by three constitutive features of the state of exception and emergency during the COVID-19 crisis: (1) discursive securitization of the threat, (2) the use of extraordinary tools and measures under the licence of precautionary principle, and (3) institutional concentration of power. While COVID-19 is an extreme case in all three respects, the lessons learned from the pandemic advance our general understanding of technocracy and populism as constitutive features of contemporary politics.

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