Survey of Physical Fitness Levels of Badminton Athletes in Binjai City, Indonesia

Athletes aged 16-19 years is a period towards the peak of achievement that is important to be evaluated from various components including the level of physical fitness. Especially in the sport of badminton, the physical fitness aspect is an important component that must be owned for single and doubles athletes. This research aims to find out the level of physical fitness of badminton athletes in Binjai City, Indonesia. Participants in this study were 10 athletes (ages 16-19 years) at Pusdiklat PB Rada Kota Binjai Indonesia in 2021. The design of this study is descriptive quantitative. The instruments used are physical fitness tests which include a 60-meter running test, elbow hanging test, sitting baring test, upright jump test and 1200-meter running test. Research data collection techniques using test and measurement provisions in physical fitness test guidelines. Data analysis techniques that are through quantitative data obtained are analyzed descriptive statistics, further interpreted in the category of assessment of the physical fitness component of athletes. The results showed that the level of physical fitness with a range of results of 14-17 showed a good category of 7 people (85%) and with a range of results of 10-13 showed a category of less than 3 people (25%). So based on the results of research it can be concluded that the level of physical fitness of Badminton Pusdiklat PB Rada Kota Binjai in 2021 is categorized as Good. This research has implications for badminton coaches determining physical exercise programs, techniques, and tactics so that they can be optimal in improving the achievement of their athletes. The contribution of this research is to provide an overview of future research to be able to provide a variety of exercise programs to the optimization of physical fitness of athletes. Keywords: Physical Fitness, Athlete, Badminton, Survey

Genetic architecture and lifetime dynamics of inbreeding depression in a wild mammal

Inbreeding depression is ubiquitous, but we still know little about its genetic architecture and precise effects in wild populations. Here, we combine long-term life-history data with 417 K imputed SNP genotypes for 5952 wild Soay sheep to explore inbreeding depression on a key fitness component, annual survival. Inbreeding manifests in long runs of homozygosity (ROH), which make up nearly half of the genome in the most inbred individuals. The ROH landscape varies widely across the genome, with islands where up to 87% and deserts where only 4% of individuals have ROH. The fitness consequences of inbreeding are severe; a 10% increase in individual inbreeding FROH is associated with a 60% reduction in the odds of survival in lambs, though inbreeding depression decreases with age. Finally, a genome-wide association scan on ROH shows that many loci with small effects and five loci with larger effects contribute to inbreeding depression in survival.

The smell of success: Reproductive success related to rub behavior in brown bears

Several species of bears are known to rub deliberately against trees and other objects, but little is known about why bears rub. Patterns in rubbing behavior of male and female brown bears (Ursus arctos) suggest that scent marking via rubbing functions to communicate among potential mates or competitors. Using DNA from bear hairs collected from rub objects in southwestern Alberta from 2011–2014 and existing DNA datasets from Montana and southeastern British Columbia, we determined sex and individual identity of each bear detected. Using these data, we completed a parentage analysis. From the parentage analysis and detection data, we determined the number of offspring, mates, unique rub objects where an individual was detected, and sampling occasions during which an individual was detected for each brown bear identified through our sampling methods. Using a Poisson regression, we found a positive relationship between bear rubbing behavior and reproductive success; both male and female bears with a greater number of mates and a greater number of offspring were detected at more rub objects and during more occasions. Our results suggest a fitness component to bear rubbing, indicate that rubbing is adaptive, and provide insight into a poorly understood behaviour.

Physiology of Basketball – Field Tests. Review Article

The game of basketball is characterized by short and intense bouts of activity at medium to high frequency. Basketball entails specific types of movements, physiological requirements and energy sources. The duration of physiological responses involving ATP, CP and glycolysis responses to this type of activity is 5-6 seconds for a single sprint, and a contribution of the aerobic system is of less than 10%. Recovery periods in basketball, as a rule, are not long enough to fill the gap for such high intensity activities. It is hard to achieve the same level of performance consistently over time in repeated sprints. This means that basketball players need great athletic ability in order to demonstrate speed, strength and power required to produce a successful performance most proficiently. Therefore, tests are needed to help coaches to monitor their players and ensure that they have the physiological capacity required for the game. The aim of fitness tests is to assess the condition of athletes in terms of each fitness component, in order to determine what needs to be improved through the training program and to conduct retests at set times to assess whether their condition has changed. The literature offers a number of widely used tests to measure aerobic and anaerobic fitness. This article reviews the physiological demands of basketball and analyzes the field tests commonly used at present. The article emphasizes the need for a specific test that will serve coaches and physical fitness trainers in monitoring their players.

Birth order as a source of within-genotype diversification in the clonal duckweed, Spirodela polyrhiza (Araceae: Lemnoideae)

Organismal persistence attests to adaptive responses to environmental variation. Diversification bet hedging, in which risk is reduced at the cost of expected fitness, is increasingly recognized as an adaptive response, yet mechanisms by which a single genotype generates diversification remain obscure. The clonal greater duckweed, Spirodela polyrhiza (L.), facultatively expresses a seed-like but vegetative form, the ‘turion’, that allows survival through otherwise lethal conditions. Turion reactivation phenology is a key fitness component, yet little is known about turion reactivation phenology in the field, or sources of variation. Here, using floating traps deployed in the field, we found a remarkable extent of variation in natural reactivation phenology that could not be explained solely by spring cues, occurring over a period of ≥ 200 days. In controlled laboratory conditions, we found support for the hypothesis that turion phenology is influenced jointly by phenotypic plasticity to temperature and diversification within clones. Turion ‘birth order’ consistently accounted for a difference in reactivation time of 46 days at temperatures between 10 and 18 °C, with turions early in birth order reactivating more rapidly than turions late in birth order. These results should motivate future work to evaluate the variance in turion phenology formally as a bet-hedging trait.

Adaptation of turnip mosaic potyvirus to a specific niche reduces its genetic and environmental robustness

Robustness is the preservation of the phenotype in the face of genetic and environmental perturbations. It has been argued that robustness must be an essential fitness component of RNA viruses owed to their small and compacted genomes, high mutation rates and living in ever-changing environmental conditions. Given that genetic robustness might hamper possible beneficial mutations, it has been suggested that genetic robustness can only evolve as a side-effect of the evolution of robustness mechanisms specific to cope with environmental perturbations, a theory known as plastogenetic congruence. However, empirical evidences from different viral systems are contradictory. To test how adaptation to a particular environment affects both environmental and genetic robustness, we have used two strains of turnip mosaic potyvirus (TuMV) that differ in their degree of adaptation to Arabidopsis thaliana at a permissive temperature. We show that the highly adapted strain is strongly sensitive to the effect of random mutations and to changes in temperature conditions. In contrast, the non-adapted strain shows more robustness against both the accumulation of random mutations and drastic changes in temperature conditions. Together, these results are consistent with the predictions of the plastogenetic congruence theory, suggesting that genetic and environmental robustnesses may be two sides of the same coin for TuMV.

PROFIL DAYA TAHAN JANTUNG PARU, FLEKSIBILTAS, KELINCAHAN DAN KESEIMBANGAN MAHASISWA ILMU KEOLAHRAGAAN FIK UNY

Setiap orang menginginkan status kebugaran jasmani yang baik. Untuk mendapatkan kebugaran jasmani yang baik, salah satu alternatif cara yang paling efektif dan aman adalah dengan olahraga atau latihan. Status kebugaran jasmani seseorang dapat dikategorikan baik atau tidak, maka perlu dilakukan suatu pengukuran. Studi ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan profil kebugaran jasmani mahasiswa IKOR A 2017 yang meliputi: daya tahan jantung paru, fleksibilitas, kelincahan dan keseimbangan. Subjek dalam studi ini adalah mahasiswa IKOR A angkatan tahun 2017 sejumlah 23 mahasiswa. Instrument yang digunakan dalam studi ini adalah multistage fitness test (MFT) untuk mengukur daya tahan jantung paru, sit and reach untuk mengukur fleksibilitas, Illinois agility run test untuk mengetahui kelincahan, dan standing stork untuk mengetahui keseimbangan. Hasil studi pada multistage fitness test menunjukkan 43,6% memiliki kategori kebugaran jantung paru yang kurang. Hanya satu mahasiswa (4,3%) yang indeks kebugaran jantung parunya dalam kategori sangat baik, Pada komponen fleksibilitas hasil menunjukkan bahwa 52,2% memiliki tingkat fleksibilitas yang sangat baik. Hasil pengukuran komponen kelincahan menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada mahasiswa yang meliliki tingkat kelincahan yang baik dan sangat baik. Sebagian besar mahasiswa memiliki tingkat kelincahan yang sedang yaitu sebesar 87%, dan pada kategori keseimbangan didapatkan hasil 43,6% mahasiswa memiliki tingkat keseimbangan yang sangat baik. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa komponen kebugaran jasmani daya tahan jantung paru dan kelincahan pada mahasiswa IKOR 2017 masih perlu ditingkatkan. CARDIORESPIRATORY ENDURANCE, FLEXIBILITY, AGILITY AND BALANCE PROFILE OF SPORT SCIENCE STUDENT IN SPORT SCIENCE FACULTY UNIVERSITAS NEGERI YOGYAKARTAAbstractEvery person wants a good physical fitness status. To get good physical fitness, one of the most effective and safe alternatives is exercise. Physical fitness status can be categorized as good or poor if measurement is needed. This study aims to describe the physical fitness profile of sport science student class A 2017, which include: cardiorespiratory endurance, flexibility, agility and balance. The subjects in this study were sport science student class A 2017, who were 23 students. The instrument used in this study is a multistage fitness test (MFT) to measure cardiorespiratory endurance, sit and reach to measure flexibility, Illinois agility run test to determine agility, and standing stork to determine balance. The results of studies on the multistage fitness test showed 43.6% had a category of poor cardiorespiratory endurance fitness. Only one student (4.3%) had an excellent cardiorespiratory endurance fitness index. The flexibility component showed that 52.2% had a excellent level of flexibility. The results of the agility showed that there were no students who have good and excellent agility levels. Most students have a moderate level of agility that is equal to 87%, and in the balance category the results obtained are 43.6% students have a excellent level of balance. The study results showed that the physical fitness component of cardiorespiratory endurance and agility in sport science student class A 2017 needs to be improved.

Complex interactions between sperm viability and female fertility

Sperm viability is a major male fitness component, with higher sperm viability associated with enhanced sperm competitiveness. While many studies have focussed on sperm viability from the male fitness standpoint, its impact on female fitness is less clear. Here we used a panel of 32 isogenic Drosophila simulans lines to test for genetic variation in sperm viability (percentage of viable cells). We then tested whether sperm viability affected female fitness by mating females to males from low or high sperm viability genotypes. We found significant variation in sperm viability among genotypes, and consistent with this, sperm viability was highly repeatable within genotypes. Additionally, females mated to high sperm viability males laid more eggs in the first seven hours after mating, and produced more offspring in total. However, the early increase in oviposition did not result in more offspring in the 8 hours following mating, suggesting that mating with high sperm-viability genotypes leads to egg wastage for females shortly after copulation. Although mating with high sperm-viability males resulted in higher female fitness in the long term, high quality ejaculates would result in a short-term female fitness penalty, or at least lower realised fitness, potentially generating sexual conflict over optimal sperm viability.

Capacidades físicas y su relación con la memoria, cálculo matemático, razonamiento lingüístico y creatividad en adolescentes (Physical capacities and their relation with memory, mathematical calculation, linguistic reasoning, and creativity in adolescents

El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la asociación del nivel de condición física con variables de rendimiento cognitivo como memoria, cálculo matemático, velocidad de razonamiento lingüístico y creatividad. La muestra estaba formada por 163 adolescentes (78 chicas y 85 chicos) de 13,9 ±1,4 años. La memoria se evaluó mediante una adaptación propia basada en la prueba RIAS. Para el cálculo matemático y el razonamiento lingüístico se usaron tests ad hoc y para la creatividad el test CREA. Los análisis mostraron que la resistencia cardiorrespiratoria de los jóvenes se asocia a mejores niveles de memoria (p = ,027), cálculo matemático (p = ,035), razonamiento lingüístico (p = ,014) y creatividad (p = ,005), independientemente de la edad, sexo e índice de masa corporal de los jóvenes. Sin embargo, mejores niveles de velocidad-agilidad, fuerza y flexibilidad no se relacionaron con mejoras en ninguna de las variables dependientes analizadas (todos p > ,05). Se concluye que la resistencia cardiorrespiratoria es el componente de la condición física que en mayor medida se relaciona con altas capacidades cognitivas de los jóvenes. Se sugiere, que desde la Educación Física se implementen programas específicos para incrementar el nivel de capacidad cardiorrespiratoria, con prácticas sistemáticas especialmente durante el periodo extraescolar. Abstract: The aim of the present study was to analyze the association of the level of physical fitness with variables of cognitive performance such as memory, mathematical calculation, speed of linguistic reasoning, and creativity. The sample consisted of 163 adolescents (78 girls and 85 boys) aged 13.9 ± 1.4 years old. Memory was evaluated through an own adaptation based on the RIAS test. Ad hoc tests were used for mathematical calculation and linguistic reasoning, and the CREA test for creativity. The analyses showed that youth’s cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with better levels of memory (p = ,027), mathematical calculation (p = ,035), linguistic reasoning (p = ,014), and creativity (p =,005) regardless of age, sex, and body mass index. However, better levels of speed-agility, strength, and flexibility were not related with improvements in any of the dependent variables analyzed (all p > ,05). Cardiorespiratory fitness is the physical fitness component with the highest relation with cognitive abilities in youngsters. We suggest the implementation of specific programs aimed at increasing cardiorespiratory fitness levels through Physical Education, especially employing systematic physical activity practices during the extracurricular period.