scholarly journals In Planta Localization of a β-1,4-Endoglucanase Secreted by Heterodera glycines

1999 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaohong Wang ◽  
Diane Meyers ◽  
Yitang Yan ◽  
Thomas Baum ◽  
Geert Smant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Soybean Cyst Nematode ◽  
Heterodera Glycines ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Root Cortex ◽  
Western Blots ◽  
Soybean Root ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Gland Cells ◽  
Esophageal Gland

Polyclonal sera specific to β-1,4-endoglucanases (cellulases) synthesized in the subventral esophageal gland cells of the soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines, were used to provide the first identification of a nematode esophageal gland protein that is secreted into host plant tissue. Sera generated to proteins encoded by Hg-eng-1 and Hg-eng-2 (endoglucanases) did not cross-react with soybean root proteins on Western blots (immunoblots) or in immunofluorescence microscopy of noninoculated (control) soybean root sections. In cross sections of soybean roots at 24 h after inoculation of roots with second-stage juveniles of H. glycines, HG-ENG-1 was localized within the nematode's subventral gland cells and was not detected in root tissue. HG-ENG-2 was localized within the subventral gland cells and was secreted from the juvenile's cortical tissue at 24 h after inoculation of roots with second-stage juveniles of H. glycines. HG-ENG-2 was localized along the juvenile's migratory path through the root cortex.

scholarly journals Eighteen New Candidate Effectors of the Phytonematode Heterodera glycines Produced Specifically in the Secretory Esophageal Gland Cells During Parasitism

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 (10) ◽  
pp. 1362-1372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason B. Noon ◽  
Tarek Hewezi ◽  
Thomas R. Maier ◽  
Carl Simmons ◽  
Jun-Zhi Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Cyst Nematode ◽  
Gland Cell ◽  
Heterodera Glycines ◽  
Effector Proteins ◽  
Feeding Site ◽  
Gland Cells ◽  
Esophageal Gland ◽  
Mining Projects ◽  
In Situ Hybridizations

Heterodera glycines, the soybean cyst nematode, is the number one pathogen of soybean (Glycine max). This nematode infects soybean roots and forms an elaborate feeding site in the vascular cylinder. H. glycines produces an arsenal of effector proteins in the secretory esophageal gland cells. More than 60 H. glycines candidate effectors were identified in previous gland-cell-mining projects. However, it is likely that additional candidate effectors remained unidentified. With the goal of identifying remaining H. glycines candidate effectors, we constructed and sequenced a large gland cell cDNA library resulting in 11,814 expressed sequence tags. After bioinformatic filtering for candidate effectors using a number of criteria, in situ hybridizations were performed in H. glycines whole-mount specimens to identify candidate effectors whose mRNA exclusively accumulated in the esophageal gland cells, which is a hallmark of many nematode effectors. This approach resulted in the identification of 18 new H. glycines esophageal gland-cell-specific candidate effectors. Of these candidate effectors, 11 sequences were pioneers without similarities to known proteins while 7 sequences had similarities to functionally annotated proteins in databases. These putative homologies provided the bases for the development of hypotheses about potential functions in the parasitism process.

scholarly journals Signal Peptide-Selection of cDNA Cloned Directly from the Esophageal Gland Cells of the Soybean Cyst Nematode Heterodera glycines

2001 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 536-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaohong Wang ◽  
Rex Allen ◽  
Xiongfei Ding ◽  
Melissa Goellner ◽  
Tom Maier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signal Peptide ◽  
Soybean Cyst Nematode ◽  
Gland Cell ◽  
Heterodera Glycines ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Extracellular Proteins ◽  
Cdna Clones ◽  
Gland Cells ◽  
Esophageal Gland ◽  
Selection Of

Secretions from the esophageal gland cells of plantparasitic nematodes play critical roles in the nematodeparasitic cycle. A novel method to isolate cDNA encoding putative nematode secretory proteins was developed that utilizes mRNA for reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction derived from microaspiration of the esophageal gland cell contents of parasitic stages of the soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines. The resulting H. glycines gland cell cDNA was cloned into the pRK18 vector, and plasmid DNA was transformed into a mutated yeast host for specific selection of cDNA inserts that encode proteins with functional signal peptides. Of the 223 cDNA clones recovered from selection in yeast, 97% of the clones encoded a predicted signal peptide. Fourteen unique cDNA clones hybridized to genomic DNA of H. glycines on Southern blots and, among them, nine cDNA clones encoded putative extracellular proteins, as predicted by PSORT II computer analysis. Four cDNA clones hybridized to transcripts within the dorsal esophageal gland cell of parasitic stages of H. glycines, and in situ hybridization within H. glycines was not detected for eight cDNA clones. The protocol provides a direct means to isolate potential plant-parasitic nematode esophageal gland secretory protein genes.

Nematicidal activity of ethanol solutions on soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines

Nematology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-121
Author(s):  
Luma A. Pedroso ◽  
Vicente P. Campos ◽  
Aline F. Barros ◽  
Julio C.P. Silva ◽  
Gustavo M. Assis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Content ◽  
Sustainable Management ◽  
Soybean Cyst Nematode ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Heterodera Glycines ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Low Concentrations

Summary The cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines, is a major pathogen of soybean in tropical regions, which demands novel sustainable management practices. In this work, the use of ethanol against H. glycines was evaluated as both a solution and a fumigant. On second-stage juveniles (J2) of H. glycines, ethanol at low concentration was more effective by direct dipping than by only fumigating the J2. Hatching was significantly reduced by direct dipping in ethanol solutions. Fumigation of H. glycines-infested soil with ethanol reduced infectivity by almost 100% and the number of eggs by about 67% at ethanol concentrations of 48% and 72%, respectively. Only the ethanol at 48% concentration significantly reduced the J2 lipid content, while J2 infectivity and the number of eggs were reduced by dipping at 6% ethanol. The J2 were internally altered by the ethanol solutions. Therefore, ethanol is toxic to H. glycines at low concentrations and affects its pathogenic behaviour rather than simply reducing the lipids.

scholarly journals Immunoreactive Proteins in the Esophageal Gland Cells of Anisakis Simplex Sensu Stricto Detected by MALDI-TOF/TOF Analysis

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 683
Author(s):  
Lee Robertson ◽  
Susana C. Arcos ◽  
Sergio Ciordia ◽  
Noelia Carballeda-Sanguiao ◽  
María del Carmen Mena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Anisakis Simplex ◽  
2D Electrophoresis ◽  
Western Blots ◽  
Gland Cells ◽  
Maldi Tof ◽  
Nematode Parasites ◽  
Esophageal Gland ◽  
Allergenic Potential ◽  
Phylogenetic Origin

In plant and animal nematode parasites, proteins derived from esophageal gland cells have been shown to be important in the host-nematodes relationship but little is known about the allergenic potential of these proteins in the genus Anisakis. Taking into account the increase of anisakiasis and allergies related to these nematodes, immunoreactive properties of gland cell proteins were investigated. Two hundred ventricles were manually dissected from L3 stage larvae of Aniskakis simplex s.s. to allow direct protein analysis. Denaturing gel electrophoresis followed by monochromatic silver staining which revealed the presence of differential (enriched) proteins when compared to total nematode extracts. Such comparison was performed by means of 1D and 2D electrophoresis. Pooled antisera from Anisakis spp.-allergic patients were used in western blots revealing the presence of 13 immunoreactive bands in the ventricular extracts in 1D, with 82 spots revealed in 2D. The corresponding protein bands and spots were excised from the silver-stained gel and protein assignation was made by MALDI-TOF/TOF. A total of 13 (including proteoforms) were unambiguously identified. The majority of these proteins are known to be secreted by nematodes into the external environment, of which three are described as being major allergens in other organisms with different phylogenetic origin and one is an Anisakis simplex allergen.

Distribution, population density, race and type determination of soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines, in Iran

Nematology ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 919-924 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mansour Salati ◽  
Robert Riggs ◽  
Zahra Tanha Maafi
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Cyst Nematode ◽  
Heterodera Glycines ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Northern Iran ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
The World

AbstractThe soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines, found in most soybean growing regions in the world, is considered the most economically damaging pathogen of soybean worldwide. A survey conducted in the northern provinces of Mazandaran and Golestan, the main soybean-producing areas in Iran, revealed SCN was widespread in different localities of these regions. Of the 55 and 88 soil samples collected from soybean fields in Mazandaran and Golestan provinces, respectively, ten (18.8%) and 23 (26%) samples were infested with H. glycines; the population densities of second-stage juveniles (J2) and eggs ranged from 500 to 60 000 and 500 to ≥100 000 per 250 cm3 soil, respectively. These population densities of H. glycines are indicative of reductions in soybean yield. HG Type tests were conducted on 16 field populations. HG Type 0 (race 3) was the most common with 94% frequency, whereas HG Type 7 (race 6) was found in 6% of tested populations. Most populations of H. glycines parasitised PI88788 and PI548316. Eight of the most commonly used soybean cultivars were tested against H. glycines HG Type 0; seven of them, Sepideh, Sahar (Pershing), Gorgan 3, Williams 82, JK (Sari), BP (Telar) and Hill, had high female indices and were considered susceptible to HG Type 0. Only the cultivar DPX showed low female indices and was resistant to race 3. The initial observations showed that the first life cycle of SCN required 30-34 days in early-planted fields (late May and early June), whereas in late-planted fields (early July), white females were visible 20 days after planting. Several generations could be expected in a single growing season under field conditions in northern Iran.

Yield loss caused by soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines, in Iran

Nematology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 589-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramin Heydari ◽  
Zahra Tanha Maafi ◽  
Ebrahim Pourjam
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Cyst Nematode ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Heterodera Glycines ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Resistant Cultivar ◽  
Reproduction Rate ◽  
Seed Composition ◽  
Second Stage

The soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines, is of major economic importance and widely distributed throughout the world. The effect of H. glycines HG Type 0 on seed yield of susceptible and resistant soybean cultivars was assessed with and without nematicide application in two naturally infested fields in Iran. Soybean cvs BP (susceptible) and DPX (resistant) were arranged in a randomised complete block design and fenamiphos 10G was used in-furrow as a treatment. The population levels of eggs and second-stage juveniles of H. glycines were determined in soil samples collected at planting and harvesting time. Although no above-ground symptoms of nematode infection were visible, mean yield was 48% greater for the resistant cultivar compared with the susceptible cultivar. The yield of cv. BP increased by 16% in plots treated with fenamiphos compared with untreated plots. The resistant cultivar suppressed the reproduction rate of H. glycines. Seed composition, including protein and oil, did not show significant differences between resistant and susceptible cultivars. This is the first demonstration of the yield loss caused by the soybean cyst nematode in Iran.

scholarly journals First Report of Soybean Cyst Nematode (Heterodera glycines) on Soybean in North Dakota

Plant Disease ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 88 (11) ◽  
pp. 1287-1287 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Bradley ◽  
C. R. Biller ◽  
B. D. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
North Dakota ◽  
Soybean Cyst Nematode ◽  
Heterodera Glycines ◽  
Plant Introduction ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Diagnostic Laboratory ◽  
First Report ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
The North ◽  
Pi 88788

During August 2003, soybean (Glycine max) plants from Richland County, North Dakota with white-to-yellow, lemon-shaped structures on the roots were brought to the North Dakota State University Plant Diagnostic Laboratory. To confirm that the structures were females of a cyst nematode, they were crushed and observed microscopically to determine if nematode eggs and second-stage juveniles were present. Morphology of the second-stage juveniles was consistent with Heterodera glycines, the soybean cyst nematode (SCN). A survey was conducted in soybean fields in 34 km2 around the field in which the samples originated. Ten of twenty fields surveyed had visible females on the roots of plants. Symptoms observed in those fields included patches of stunted, chlorotic, and dead plants. Soil samples were collected from selected areas within eight fields, eggs were extracted using standard soil sieving techniques, and egg numbers were determined. Egg numbers ranged from 550 to 20,000 eggs per 100 cm3 of soil. SCN collected from two different fields, designated as Dwight and LaMars, were used to determine their HG Type. Standardized procedures (1) were used in a growth chamber set at 27°C with 16-h days. Pots in the test were organized in a completely randomized design with three replicates; the test was repeated over time. After 30 days, females were extracted from roots and counted, and a female index (FI) was calculated for each indicator line (1). The mean number of females on susceptible standard cv. Lee 74, was 110. The Dwight SCN population had an FI of 5.3 on plant introduction (PI) 88788, 1.5 on PI 209332, 5.8 on PI 548316 (Cloud), and 0 on all other indicator lines. The LaMars population had an FI of 1.0 on PI 88788, 3.1 on PI 548316 (Cloud), and 0 on all other indicator lines. These results indicate that both SCN populations tested are HG Type 0. To our knowledge, this is the first report of SCN on soybean in North Dakota. Because other hosts of SCN, as well as soybean, are economically important in North Dakota, such as dry edible bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and dry pea (Pisum sativum), this disease could adversely impact several commodities throughout the state. Reference: (1) T. L. Niblack et al. J. Nematol. 34:279, 2002.

scholarly journals Developmental Expression of Secretory β-1,4-endoglucanases in the Subventral Esophageal Glands of Heterodera glycines

1999 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 663-669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan M. de Boer ◽  
Yitang Yan ◽  
Xiaohong Wang ◽  
Geert Smant ◽  
Richard S. Hussey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Cyst Nematode ◽  
Heterodera Glycines ◽  
Developmental Expression ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Root Cells ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Embryonic Life ◽  
Immunofluorescence Labeling

Two β-1,4-endoglucanases (EGases), Hg-eng-1 and Hg-eng-2, were recently cloned from the soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines, and their expression was shown in the subventral esophageal glands of hatched second-stage juveniles (J2). We examined the expression of these EGases in the subventral glands of all post-embryonic life stages of H. glycines by in situ hybridization and immunolocalization. The first detectable accumulation of EGase mRNAs occurred in the subventral glands of unhatched J2. EGase transcripts remained detectable in J2 after hatching and during subsequent root invasion. However, in late parasitic J2 and third-stage juveniles (J3), the percentage of individuals that showed EGase transcripts decreased. In female fourth-stage juveniles and adult females, EGase transcripts were no longer detected in the subventral glands. EGase hybridization signal reappeared in unhatched males coiled within the J3 cuticle, and transcripts were also present in the subventral glands of migratory adult males. Immunofluorescence labeling showed that EGase translation products are most abundantly present in the subventral glands of preparasitic J2, migratory parasitic J2, and adult males. The presence of EGases predominantly in the migratory stages suggests that the enzymes are used by the nematodes to soften the walls of root cells during penetration and intracellular migration.

Effect of the rhg1 gene on penetration, development and reproduction of Heterodera glycines race 3

Nematology ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 729-736 ◽  
Author(s):  
Senyu Chen ◽  
Yuhong Li ◽  
Nevin Young
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Cyst Nematode ◽  
Heterodera Glycines ◽  
Lower Number ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Near Isogenic Lines ◽  
Inoculum Level ◽  
Soybean Seedlings ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Juvenile Stages ◽  
Nematode Development

AbstractPenetration, development, and reproduction of Heterodera glycines (soybean cyst nematode, SCN) were compared in the roots of near-isogenic lines (NIL) differing at the rhg1 locus. Soybean seedlings were inoculated with newly hatched second-stage juveniles (J2) of an SCN race 3 inbred population. At an inoculum level of 2500 J2 per plant, similar numbers of J2 were detected in both NIL sampled daily up to 4 days after inoculation (DAI), although juvenile numbers in roots varied among experiments and over the sampling points. Samples were collected at 1, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 21 DAI to observe nematode development. All life stages of the nematode were detected in both NIL. No significant differences were observed between the NIL in the number of nematodes at juvenile stages or the adult male stage in the roots. By contrast, significant differences were detected in the number of mature females. Adult females were first seen at 12 DAI. A significantly lower number of females was consistently detected on the NIL-R line than on the NIL-S line at both 16 and 21 DAI. The number of females per plant on the NIL-R line was about 31 and 23% of those on the NIL-S line at 16 and 21 DAI, respectively. On average, the number of females at 21 DAI represented 7% of the number of J2 at 1 DAI on the NIL-R line, compared to 28% on the NIL-S line. Significantly fewer eggs were produced per female from the NIL-R line than from the NIL-S line at 21 DAI. At 28 DAI, the females on the NIL-R line were also significantly smaller than those from the NIL-S line. This study demonstrated that the presence of the rhg1 gene did not stop the nematode from penetrating. Instead, the effect of the rhg1 gene was to slowly suppress SCN growth, development and fecundity of females.

Assessing the effects of water extract of Narcissus tazetta bulb on hatching, mortality, chemotaxis and reproduction of the soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines

Nematology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanfeng Hu ◽  
Jia You ◽  
Chunjie Li ◽  
Fengjuan Pan ◽  
Congli Wang
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Cyst Nematode ◽  
Heterodera Glycines ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Narcissus Tazetta ◽  
Nematode Reproduction ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Soybean Roots ◽  
The Impact

Summary The aim of this study was to examine the impact of water extracts of Narcissus tazetta bulb on hatching, behaviour and mortality of second-stage juveniles (J2) and reproduction of the soybean cyst nematode (SCN; Heterodera glycines) in laboratory and glasshouse assays. Results demonstrated that N. tazetta bulb extracts did not affect hatching but significantly reduced J2 motility and nematode attraction to the soybean root tip, and resulted in considerable nematode mortality relative to the control. J2 exposure to different concentrations of bulb extracts caused 59-93% reduction in nematode reproduction on soybean roots. Compared with the monoculture control, soybean-N. tazetta intercropping in a pot trial reduced SCN reproduction by 37%. In addition, N. tazetta bulb powder as a soil amendment is effective in controlling SCN reproduction. Thus, the results suggest that N. tazetta bulb extract or derived active compounds may be considered as potential natural nematicides against SCN.

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