Distribution and Incidence of Some Aphid and Leafhopper Transmitted Viruses Infecting Sugar Beets in Iran

The main areas for field-grown sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) production in Iran were surveyed to study the occurrence and incidence of Alfalfa mosaic virus (AlMV), Beet curly top virus (BCTV), Beet mosaic virus (BtMV), Beet western yellows virus (BWYV), Beet yellows virus (BYV), Chickpea chlorotic dwarf virus (CpCDV), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), and Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) during the growing season of 2001. A total of 5,292 random leaf samples in addition to 1,294 symptomatic leaves were collected from nine commercial sugar beet growing provinces of Iran and tested by tissue-blot immunoassay (TBIA). Serological diagnoses were confirmed by electron microscopy and host range studies. The highest virus incidence among the surveyed provinces was recorded in Qazvin, followed by Fars, Esfahan, Azarbayejan-e-gharbi, Khorasan, Kermanshah, Semnan, and Hamedan. According to the TBIA results, viruses in decreasing order of incidence in sugar beet were BCTV (27.9%), followed by BWYV (17.4%), CpCDV (12.5%), BYV (10.6%), BtMV (7.4%), TuMV (2.9%), AlMV (1.3%), and CMV (1.2%). Nearly 35% of sugar beets in Iran were infected by one or both of the two leafhopper-transmitted viruses (BCTV and CpCDV). Moreover, about 28% were infected by at least one of the six aphid-transmitted viruses (AlMV, BWYV, BtMV, BYV, CMV, and TuMV). Overall, one or more of the eight viruses assayed were detected in 45.5% of the plants surveyed. Several plants (35%) displaying virus-like symptoms did not react with the virus antisera used, suggesting that more viruses or virus-like agents are infecting sugar beets in Iran. In reference to the earlier reports, this is the first report of AlMV and TuMV in sugar beet fields of Iran. Also, this is the first detection of CpCDV as a pathogen of sugar beet.

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The effect of plant spacing, nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation on the appearance of symptoms and spread of virus yellows in sugar-beet crops

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s002185960005022x ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 82 (1) ◽

pp. 53-60 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

G. D. Heathcote

Keyword(s):

Sugar Beet ◽

Plant Density ◽

N Fertilizer ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Plant Spacing ◽

Virus Diseases ◽

Potential Yield ◽

Virus Incidence ◽

Beet Yellows Virus ◽

Yellowing Virus

SUMMARYSatisfactory comparisons of the incidence of virus yellows in sugar-beet fields or experimental plots with different amounts of N fertilizer can be made from visual symptoms early in the growing season, but not later because dressings of N fertilizer may then mask or delay the appearance of symptoms. Sugar-beet plants in the field infected with beet mild yellowing virus (BMYV) are less likely to show symptoms than those with beet yellows virus (BYV), and plants with BMYV in the glasshouse often fail to show clear symptoms.Crop yield will be affected by the spread of viruses and colonization of plants by aphids, which in turn are affected by such factors as plant density, nitrogen supply and irrigation. The presence or absence of virus diseases and of aphids should therefore be considered during studies on the effects of these agronomic factors on the growth and yield of sugar beet. Where ample rather than little N fertilizer is used a small increase in the percentage of plants infected with yellows can be expected, and aphids will be more numerous, if plants are not treated with insecticide. Irrigation may also increase yellows incidence (e.g. from 16% to 20% of plants at Broom's Barn in 1967), but any loss of potential yield from increased virus incidence will be small compared with that gained from the use of fertilizer or irrigation. However, plant density can appreciably affect yellows incidence. For example, at Broom's Barn in 1972, 51% of plants in crops with 17500 plants/ha contracted BMYV but only 15 % of plants in crops with 126500 plants/ha. The less dense crop lost 3–4% more of its potential yield due to yellows than the dense crop; this represents a difference due to virus of about 0·25 t sugar/ha.

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Occurrence of the alfalfa mosaic virus in sugar beet in California

Journal of Sugarbeet Research ◽

10.5274/jsbr.13.4.374 ◽

1965 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 374-377 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

R.J. Shepard ◽

D.H. Hall ◽

D.E. Purcifull

Keyword(s):

Sugar Beet ◽

Mosaic Virus ◽

Alfalfa Mosaic Virus

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Crop and Non-Crop Plants as Potential Reservoir Hosts of Alfalfa mosaic virus and Cucumber mosaic virus for Spread to Commercial Snap Bean

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-02-11-0089 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 96 (4) ◽

pp. 506-514 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

E. E. Mueller ◽

R. L. Groves ◽

C. Gratton

Keyword(s):

Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽

Mosaic Virus ◽

Alfalfa Mosaic Virus ◽

Inoculum Potential ◽

Field Margins ◽

Snap Bean ◽

Virus Incidence ◽

Potential Reservoir ◽

Adjacent Field ◽

Project Objectives

Diseases caused by aphid-transmitted viruses such as Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) have increased in snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in the Midwestern United States. Plants immediately surrounding agricultural fields may serve as primary virus inocula for aphids to acquire and transmit to bean crops. The project objectives were to (i) identify potentially important AMV and CMV reservoirs among naturally infected plants and (ii) determine the relationship between the virus inoculum potential (VIP) in adjacent crop field margins and virus incidence in P. vulgaris. From 2006 to 2008, surveys were conducted to quantify the virus incidence and percentage cover (2008 only) of plants present within 5 m of the P. vulgaris crop. In all, 4,350 individual plants representing 44 species were assayed, with overall AMV and CMV incidences averaging 12 and 1.5%, respectively. A VIP index was developed and used to rank the importance of virus-susceptible plants in adjacent field margins. The overall VIP index for AMV in field margins was weakly associated with AMV incidence in P. vulgaris and no relationship was observed between local CMV inoculum and P. vulgaris incidence, suggesting that factors additional to local inoculum sources may influence CMV epidemics in P. vulgaris.

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Occurrence of virus infection in seed stocks and 3-year-old pastures of lucerne (Medicago sativa)

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar04011 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 55 (7) ◽

pp. 757 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

R. A. C. Jones

Keyword(s):

Virus Infection ◽

Medicago Sativa ◽

Mosaic Virus ◽

Leaf Roll ◽

Alfalfa Mosaic Virus ◽

Subterranean Clover ◽

Yellow Mosaic Virus ◽

Grain Legume ◽

Beet Western Yellows Virus ◽

Turnip Yellows Virus

In tests on seed samples from 26 commercial seed stocks of lucerne (Medicago sativa) to be sown in south-western Australia in 2001, infection with Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) was found in 21 and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) in 3 of them. Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) and Pea seed-borne mosaic virus (PSbMV) were not detected in any. Incidences of infection within individual affected seed samples were 0.1–4% (AMV) and 0.1–0.3% (CMV), and the infected seed stocks were from 3 (CMV) and at least 11 (AMV) different lucerne cultivars. In a survey of 31 three-year-old lucerne pastures in the same region in 2001, in randomly collected samples, AMV was found in 30 and luteovirus infection in 11 pastures. Pastures in high, medium, and low rainfall zones were all infected. Incidences of AMV within individual infected pastures were high, with 50–98% of plants infected in 20 of them and only 3 having <10% infection, but luteovirus incidences were only 1–5%. In addition to various cultivar mixtures, at least 8 (AMV) and 3 (luteoviruses) different individual lucerne cultivars were infected. When the species of luteovirus present were identified, they were Bean leaf roll virus, Beet western yellows virus ( = Turnip yellows virus), or Subterranean clover red leaf virus ( = Soybean dwarf virus). CMV and legume-infecting potyviruses (BYMV, PSbMV, and Clover yellow vein virus) were not detected in any of the lucerne samples. Acyrthosiphon kondoi infestation was common in the samples collected, and A. pisum and Aphis craccivora were also found. Widespread infection in lucerne stands, and their frequent colonisation by aphid vectors, are cause for concern not only because of virus-induced production losses in lucerne itself but also because they provide virus infection reservoirs for spread to nearby grain legume crops and annual legume pastures.

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First Report of Soybean Dwarf Virus Infecting Lentil and Beet Western Yellows Virus Infecting Lentil and Chickpea Crops in Ethiopia

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.1999.83.6.589b ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 83 (6) ◽

pp. 589-589 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

N. Tadesse ◽

K. Ali ◽

D. Gorfu ◽

A. Abraham ◽

A. Lencho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Broad Bean ◽

Dwarf Virus ◽

Pathology Laboratory ◽

Beet Western Yellows Virus ◽

Virus Incidence ◽

Tissue Blot Immunoassay ◽

Cucumber Mosaic Cucumovirus ◽

Low Incidence ◽

Single Field ◽

Soybean Dwarf Virus

A survey conducted during November 14–23, 1998, to identify viruses infecting chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and lentil (Lens culinaris) crops in the Shewa province of Ethiopia covered 33 chickpea and 32 lentil fields randomly selected. Identity of the viruses present and virus incidence were determined on the basis of laboratory testing of 100 to 200 randomly collected samples in addition to 15 to 20 symptomatic samples from each field. A total of 5,427 lentil and 3,836 chickpea samples were collected and tested for the presence of 12 different viruses by tissue blot immunoassay (1) at the Plant Pathology Laboratory in Debre Zeit Agriculture Research Center, Ethiopia. All antisera were virus specific, including those for beet western yellows virus (BWYV; ATCC PVAS-647) and soybean dwarf virus (SbDV; ATCC PVAS-650). More than 21% of the samples from 5 chickpea fields were infected; the most common virus was BWYV. Also, at least 21% of the samples from 11 lentil fields were virus positive; the most widespread virus was PSbMV. Highest rates of infection: of lentil in a single field, PSbMV in 58.5% of the samples; in a chickpea field, 41.3% of the samples positive for BWYV. Other viruses such as faba bean necrotic yellows nanovirus (FBNYV) and broad bean wilt fabavirus in chickpea and FBNYV, broad bean stain comovirus, bean yellow mosaic potyvirus, and cucumber mosaic cucumovirus in lentil were detected at very low incidence. Reference: (1) K. M. Makkouk and A. Comeau. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 100:71, 1994

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Viröse Vergilbung in Zuckerrübe – Biologie und Befallsrisiko

Sugar Industry ◽

10.36961/si23793 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 665-672

Author(s):

Roxana Hossain ◽

Wulf Menzel ◽

Mark Varrelmann

Keyword(s):

Mosaic Virus ◽

Myzus Persicae ◽

Beet Western Yellows Virus ◽

Beet Yellows Virus ◽

Beet Mild Yellowing Virus ◽

Yellowing Virus

Seit der Entdeckung, dass Zucker aus dem Wurzelkörper von Rüben extrahiert werden kann, ist die Zuckerrübe bis heute zur wichtigsten Zuckerpflanze der gemäßigten Breiten geworden. Die Zuckererträge werden jedoch erheblich durch Krankheiten und Schädlinge beeinflusst. Zu den wirtschaftlich relevantesten Erkrankungen zählen u. a. Viruserkrankungen, die über Bodenorganismen und sehr häufig auch von an den Blättern saugenden Insekten, wie Blattläusen und Zikaden, auf die Pflanzen übertragen werden. Die viröse Vergilbung, verursacht durch einen Komplex aus unterschiedlichen Virusspezies, wird hauptsächlich durch die Blattlausart Myzus persicae übertragen und kann zu Ertragsverlusten bis zu 50 % führen. In Deutschland treten das Beet yellows virus (BYV), das Beet mild yellowing virus (BMYV), das Beet chlorosis virus (BChV) vermehrt und das Beet mosaic virus (BtMV) seltener auf. Das Beet western yellows virus (BWYV) konnte bisher nur in den USA und Asien nachgewiesen werden. Die Symptome sind sehr variabel. Es können sich Chlorosen, Nekrosen und im Falle des BtMV mosaikartige Aufhellungen an den älteren Blättern ausprägen. Die Schwere des Befalls im Bestand unterliegt natürlichen Schwankungen der Blattlauspopulationen und hängt zudem mit dem Infektionszeitpunkt sowie klimatischen Bedingungen, vor allem in den Wintermonaten, zusammen. So bricht die Erkrankung zunächst nesterweise aus, bis sie sich im gesamten Bestand ausbreitet. Bisher ist in der Gattung Beta keine vollständige Resistenz gegenüber Vertretern des Vergilbungsvirus-Komplexes bekannt. Resistente Sorten sind also bisher nicht verfügbar. Die Vergilbungsviren konnten viele Jahre mithilfe von Saatgutbeizmitteln aus der Wirkstoffgruppe der Neonicotinoide zur Bekämpfung von Virusvektoren sehr gut kontrolliert werden. Für diese gibt es seit 2019 nun ein Einsatzverbot in Deutschland. Die einseitige Nutzung der verbliebenen Insektizide erhöht jedoch den Selektionsdruck auf die Blattlauspopulationen und wird zukünftig vermehrt zu Resistenzproblemen führen. Eine dauerhafte Kontrolle der Virusvektoren und indirekt der Virusspezies ist daher nur über Resistenzzüchtung möglich, die durch die veränderten Rahmenbedingungen bezüglich des Pflanzenschutzmittel-einsatzes im Zuckerrübenanbau zeitnah und mit entsprechender Intensivität durchgeführt werden muss.

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First Report of Pea Enation Mosaic Virus Affecting Lentil (Lens culinaris) in Syria

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.1999.83.3.303a ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 83 (3) ◽

pp. 303-303 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Khaled M. Makkouk ◽

Safaa G. Kumari ◽

Bassam Bayaa

Keyword(s):

Mosaic Virus ◽

Lens Culinaris ◽

Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽

First Record ◽

Growth Reduction ◽

Virus Incidence ◽

Tissue Blot Immunoassay ◽

Disease Agent ◽

Plant Pathol ◽

Pea Enation Mosaic Virus

Symptoms suggestive of virus infection in lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) fields in Dara'a in southern Syria have been observed, in epidemic proportions, almost annually since 1994. A similar epidemic was observed on many lentil genotypes at the ICARDA farm, near Aleppo, as well as in other locations in northern Syria during 1998. Symptoms included growth reduction and rolling of leaves, accompanied by mottling with tip wilting or necrosis. Field symptoms were reproduced on lentil cv. Syrian Local upon mechanical inoculation of plants with inoculum from symptomatic field plants. Transmission tests showed that the disease agent can be transmitted from lentil to lentil, pea (Pisum sativum L.), and faba bean (Vicia faba L.) plants by the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris) in a persistent manner. More than 500 symptomatic lentil plants were collected and tested for the presence of 14 different viruses by the tissue-blot immunoassay (TBIA) (2). Around 80% of the samples reacted only with antiserum to pea enation mosaic virus (PEMV), a Dutch isolate (E1540) provided by L. Bos, Wageningen, The Netherlands (1). Surveys conducted during the 1997/1998 growing season showed that PEMV was widely distributed in the major lentil-growing areas of Syria: some lentil fields had more than 50% virus incidence. This is the first record of PEMV naturally infecting lentil in Syria. References: (1) K. Mahmood and D. Peters. Neth. J. Plant Pathol. 79:138, 1973. (2) K. M. Makkouk and A. Comeau. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 100:71, 1994.

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First Report on the Natural Occurrence of Beet chlorosis virus in Poland

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-91-3-0326c ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 91 (3) ◽

pp. 326-326 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

A. Kozlowska-Makulska ◽

M. S. Szyndel ◽

J. Syller ◽

S. Bouzoubaa ◽

M. Beuve ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sugar Beet ◽

Beta Vulgaris ◽

Amino Acid Sequences ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Natural Occurrence ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

First Report ◽

Beet Western Yellows Virus ◽

Access Period ◽

Commercial Sugar

Yellowing symptoms on sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) are caused by several viruses, especially those belonging to the genus Polerovirus of the family Luteoviridae, including Beet mild yellowing virus (BMYV) and Beet western yellows virus (BWYV), and recently, a new species, Beet chlorosis virus (BChV), was reported (2). To identify Polerovirus species occurring in beet crops in Poland and determine their molecular variability, field surveys were performed in the summer and autumn of 2005. Leaves from symptomatic beet plants were collected at 26 localities in the main commercial sugar-beet-growing areas in Poland that included the Bydgoszcz, Kutno, Lublin, Poznań, Olsztyn, and Warszawa regions. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests (Loewe Biochemica GmbH, Sauerlach, Germany) detected poleroviruses in 23 of 160 samples (approximately 20 samples from each field). Multiplex reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) (1) (GE Healthcare S.A.-Amersham Velizy, France) confirmed the presence of poleroviruses in 13 of 23 samples. Nine of twenty sugar beet plants gave positive reactions with BChV-specific primers and three with primers specific to the BMYV P0 protein. Two isolates reacted only with primer sets CP+/CP, sequences that are highly conserved for all beet poleroviruses. Leaf samples collected from three plants infected with BChV were used as inoculum sources for Myzus persicae in transmission tests to suitable indicator plants including sugar beet, red beet (Beta vulgaris L. var. conditiva Alef.), and Chenopodium capitatum. All C. capitatum and beet plants were successfully infected with BChV after a 48-h acquisition access period and an inoculation access period of 3 days. Transmission was confirmed by the presence of characteristic symptoms and by ELISA. Amino acid sequences obtained from each of four purified (QIAquick PCR Purification kit, Qiagen S.A., Courtaboeuf, France) RT-PCR products (550 and 750 bp for CP and P0, respectively) were 100% identical with the CP region (GenBank Accession No. AAF89621) and 98% identical with the P0 region (GenBank Accession No. NP114360) of the French isolate of BChV. To our knowledge, this is the first report of BChV in Poland. References: (1) S. Hauser et al. J. Virol. Methods 89:11, 2000. (2) M. Stevens et al. Mol. Plant Pathol. 6:1, 2005.

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A virus survey of Vicia faba crops in Canterbury New Zealand during 201112

New Zealand Plant Protection ◽

10.30843/nzpp.2013.66.5692 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 66 ◽

pp. 382-382

Author(s):

J.D. Fletcher ◽

H. Ziebell ◽

R.M. MacDiarmid

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Mosaic Virus ◽

Vicia Faba ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Leaf Roll ◽

Alfalfa Mosaic Virus ◽

Yellow Mosaic Virus ◽

Field Bean ◽

Related Field ◽

Beet Western Yellows Virus

Broad bean (Vicia faba L) is an established vegetable crop grown in Canterbury with the area now growing related field bean for both human and animal consumption increasing and forming a useful addition to mixed cropping systems A V faba virus survey completed in 1991 detected Soybean dwarf virus (SDV) and Beet western yellows virus (BWYV) Turnip yellows virus (TuYV) which cause bean leaf roll; Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV); Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV); Pea seedborne mosaic (PSbMV); and Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) In 2011 16 faba bean crops throughout mid and South Canterbury were surveyed for viruses known and not known to be present in New Zealand Virus incidences were low with only a few crops damaged largely by bean leaf roll When compared with previous surveys only TuYV appears to have become more widespread but with a similar incidence (07) SDV was less widespread but had a higher incidence (025) The incidences of other viruses were similar to the previous survey AMV (09) PSbMV (035) BYMV (05) although CMV was not detected Red clover vein mosaic virus (RCVMV) was detected for the first time in for New Zealand and was found to be reasonably widespread and at high incidences within some crops

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Beet curly top virus Strains Associated with Sugar Beet in Idaho, Oregon, and a Western U.S. Collection

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-03-17-0381-re ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 101 (8) ◽

pp. 1373-1382 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Carl A. Strausbaugh ◽

Imad A. Eujayl ◽

William M. Wintermantel

Keyword(s):

Sugar Beet ◽

Mixed Infections ◽

Beet Leafhopper ◽

Beet Curly Top Virus ◽

Primary Means ◽

Commercial Sugar ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

Production Areas ◽

Virus Strains ◽

Contingency Test

Curly top of sugar beet is a serious, yield-limiting disease in semiarid production areas caused by Beet curly top virus (BCTV) and transmitted by the beet leafhopper. One of the primary means of control for BCTV in sugar beet is host resistance but effectiveness of resistance can vary among BCTV strains. Strain prevalence among BCTV populations was last investigated in Idaho and Oregon during a 2006-to-2007 collection but changes in disease severity suggested a need for reevaluation. Therefore, 406 leaf samples symptomatic for curly top were collected from sugar beet plants in commercial sugar beet fields in Idaho and Oregon from 2012 to 2015. DNA was isolated and BCTV strain composition was investigated based on polymerase chain reaction assays with strain-specific primers for the Severe (Svr) and California/Logan (CA/Logan) strains and primers that amplified a group of Worland (Wor)-like strains. The BCTV strain distribution averaged 2% Svr, 30% CA/Logan, and 87% Wor-like (16% had mixed infections), which differed from the previously published 2006-to-2007 collection (87% Svr, 7% CA/Logan, and 60% Wor-like; 59% mixed infections) based on a contingency test (P < 0.0001). Whole-genome sequencing (GenBank accessions KT276895 to KT276920 and KX867015 to KX867057) with overlapping primers found that the Wor-like strains included Wor, Colorado and a previously undescribed strain designated Kimberly1. Results confirm a shift from Svr being one of the dominant BCTV strains in commercial sugar beet fields in 2006 to 2007 to becoming undetectable at times during recent years.

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