Winter Wheat Cultivars with Temperature-Sensitive Resistance to Wheat streak mosaic virus Do Not Recover from Early-Season Infections

Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV), Triticum mosaic virus, and Wheat mosaic virus, all vectored by the wheat curl mite Aceria tosichella Keifer, frequently cause devastating losses to winter wheat production throughout the central and western Great Plains. Resistant ‘Mace’ and ‘RonL are commercially available and contain the wsm1 and wsm2 genes, respectively, for resistance to WSMV. However, the resistance in these cultivars is temperature sensitive, ineffective above 27°C, and does not protect against the other common wheat viruses. The majority of winter wheat in the Southern Great Plains is planted in early fall as a dual-purpose crop for both grazing and grain production. Early planting exposes wheat plants to warmer temperatures above the threshold for effective resistance. Studies were conducted to determine whether the resistance found in these cultivars would give infected plants the ability to recover as temperatures cooled to a range conducive to effective genetic resistance. RonL, Mace, ‘TAM 111’, ‘TAM 112’, and ‘Karl 92’ wheat were infested with WSMV viruliferous mites at temperatures above the resistance threshold. After the initial 4-week infection period, plants were subjected to progressively cooler temperatures during the winter months, well below the resistance threshold. Throughout the study, plant samples were taken to quantify virus titer and mite populations. Resistant RonL and Mace, which became severely infected during the initial infection period, were not able to recover even when temperatures dropped below the resistance threshold. However, TAM 112 showed resistance to WSMV but, more importantly, it also showed resistance to the wheat curl mite, because the mite population in this cultivar was significantly lower than on all other cultivars. The results of this study are significant in that they represent the first evidence of quantitative resistance to both WSMV and the wheat curl mite in a single wheat cultivar. Resistance to the wheat curl mite has potential to reduce losses to all mite-vectored virus diseases of wheat and not just WSMV.

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Spread of Wheat Curl Mite and Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus is Influenced by Volunteer Wheat Control Methods

Plant Health Progress ◽

10.1094/php-2004-1206-01-rs ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 2 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

J. A. Thomas ◽

G. L. Hein ◽

D. J. Lyon

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Mosaic Virus ◽

Great Plains ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus ◽

Rapid Reduction ◽

Wheat Curl Mite ◽

Rapid Control ◽

High Infection ◽

Western Great Plains

Wheat streak mosaic virus is the most damaging disease in winter wheat in the western Great Plains. The wheat curl mite is the vector of this virus and utilizes volunteer wheat as a “green bridge” to over-summer and re-infest fall planted winter wheat. This study demonstrates the effect of tillage and glyphosate control of volunteer wheat on mite movement and subsequent virus infection. Small mite populations (1 to 2 mites per tiller) caused high infection rates in winter wheat. Both tillage and glyphosate were effective at reducing mite populations on volunteer wheat, but tillage resulted in more rapid reduction of mite populations. If volunteer wheat is to be controlled close to planting time, tillage is the best choice for rapid control of mite populations when warm dry weather conditions exist. Accepted for publication 21 October 2004. Published 6 December 2004.

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Impacts of Crop Variety and Time of Inoculation on the Susceptibility and Tolerance of Winter Wheat to Wheat streak mosaic virus

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-12-13-1210-re ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 98 (8) ◽

pp. 1060-1065 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Z. Miller ◽

F. Menalled ◽

D. Ito ◽

M. Moffet ◽

M. Burrows

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Mosaic Virus ◽

Great Plains ◽

Disease Risk ◽

Wheat Yield ◽

Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus ◽

Northern Great Plains ◽

Yield Losses ◽

South Central ◽

The Impact

Plant genotype, age, size, and environmental factors can modify susceptibility and tolerance to disease. Understanding the individual and combined impacts of these factors is needed to define improved disease management strategies. In the case of Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) in winter wheat, yield losses and plant susceptibility have been found to be greatest when the crop is exposed to the virus in the fall in the central and southern Great Plains. However, the seasonal dynamics of disease risk may be different in the northern Great Plains, a region characterized by a relatively cooler fall conditions, because temperature is known to modify plant–virus interactions. In a 2-year field study conducted in south-central Montana, we compared the impact of fall and spring WSMV inoculations on the susceptibility, tolerance, yield, and grain quality of 10 winter wheat varieties. Contrary to previous studies, resistance and yields were lower in the spring than in the fall inoculation. In all, 5 to 7% of fall-inoculated wheat plants were infected with WSMV and yields were often similar to uninoculated controls. Spring inoculation resulted in 45 to 57% infection and yields that were 15 to 32% lower than controls. Although all varieties were similarly susceptible to WSMV, variations in tolerance (i.e., yield losses following exposure to the virus) were observed. These results support observations that disease risk and impacts differ across the Great Plains. Possible mechanisms include variation in climate and in the genetic composition of winter wheat and WSMV across the region.

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Wheat and Barley Susceptibility and Tolerance to Multiple Isolates of Wheat streak mosaic virus

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-11-14-1205-re ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 99 (10) ◽

pp. 1383-1389 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Erik Lehnhoff ◽

Zachariah Miller ◽

Fabian Menalled ◽

Dai Ito ◽

Mary Burrows

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Mosaic Virus ◽

Great Plains ◽

Spring Wheat ◽

Virus Disease ◽

Wheat Yield ◽

Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus ◽

Yield Losses ◽

Wheat Varieties ◽

Cultivar Screening

One of the greatest virus disease threats to wheat production in the Great Plains of the USA is Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV). Breeding programs have developed wheat varieties that are resistant or tolerant to WSMV infection, but these characteristics are climate dependent, and may also vary by WSMV isolate. We tested 10 spring and nine winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) varieties and two barley (Hordeum vulgare) varieties for resistance and tolerance to one WSMV isolate over four years. In spring wheat and barley, there were year by cultivar interactions in terms of resistance and tolerance. However, in winter wheat, yield losses due to WSMV were relatively consistent across years and varieties. Additionally, we tested the impacts of three WSMV isolates individually and in a mixture on twelve, two, and twelve varieties of spring wheat, barley, and winter wheat, respectively. Resistance and tolerance varied by isolate and cultivar, but there were no isolate by cultivar interactions. For spring wheat and barley, yield impacts were greater for two of the three single isolates than for the isolate mixture, whereas in winter wheat, the isolate mixture caused greater yield losses than the individual isolates. Overall, the results indicate that resistance and tolerance phenotypes were influenced by environmental conditions and by WSMV isolate or combination of isolates, suggesting that cultivar screening should be conducted over multiple years and with multiple virus isolates.

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Incidence of Wheat streak mosaic virus, Triticum mosaic virus, and Wheat mosaic virus in Wheat Curl Mites Recovered from Maturing Winter Wheat Spikes

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-06-15-0692-re ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 100 (2) ◽

pp. 318-323 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

E. Byamukama ◽

S. Tatineni ◽

G. Hein ◽

J. McMechan ◽

S. N. Wegulo

Keyword(s):

Winter Wheat ◽

Mosaic Virus ◽

Great Plains ◽

Triticum Aestivum L ◽

The United States ◽

Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Wheat Seedlings ◽

Geographical Regions ◽

Sticky Tape

Wheat curl mites (WCM; Aceria tosichella) transmit Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV), Triticum mosaic virus (TriMV), and Wheat mosaic virus (WMoV) to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the Great Plains region of the United States. These viruses can be detected in single, double, or triple combinations in leaf samples. Information on incidence of viruses in WCM at the end of the growing season is scant. The availability of this information can enhance our knowledge of the epidemiology of WCM-transmitted viruses. This research was conducted to determine the frequency of occurrence of WSMV, TriMV, and WMoV in WCM populations on field-collected maturing wheat spikes and to determine differences in WCM densities in three geographical regions (southeast, west-central, and panhandle) in Nebraska. Maturing wheat spikes were collected from 83 fields across Nebraska in 2011 and 2012. The spikes were placed in proximity to wheat seedlings (three- to four-leaf stage) in WCM-proof cages in a growth chamber and on sticky tape. WCM that moved off the drying wheat spikes in cages infested the wheat seedlings. WCM that moved off wheat spikes placed on sticky tape were trapped on the tape and were counted under a dissecting microscope. At 28 days after infestation, the wheat plants were tested for the presence of WSMV, TriMV, or WMoV using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and multiplex polymerase chain reaction. WSMV was the most predominant virus detected in wheat seedlings infested with WCM from field-collected spikes. Double (TriMV+WSMV or WMoV+WSMV) or triple (TriMV+ WMoV +WSMV) virus detections were more frequent (47%) than single detections (5%) of TriMV or WSMV. Overall, 81% of the wheat seedlings infested with WCM tested positive for at least one virus. No significant association (P > 0.05) was found between regions for WCM trapped on tape. These results suggest that WCM present on mature wheat spikes harbor multiple wheat viruses and may explain high virus incidence when direct movement of WCM into emerging winter wheat occurs in the fall.

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Occurrence and Distribution of Triticum mosaic virus in the Central Great Plains

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-06-12-0535-re ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 97 (1) ◽

pp. 21-29 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

E. Byamukama ◽

D. L. Seifers ◽

G. L. Hein ◽

E. De Wolf ◽

N. A. Tisserat ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Winter Wheat ◽

South Dakota ◽

Mosaic Virus ◽

Great Plains ◽

The United States ◽

High Plains ◽

Double Infection ◽

Field Surveys ◽

Wheat Curl Mite

Wheat curl mite (WCM)-transmitted viruses—namely, Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV), Triticum mosaic virus (TriMV), and the High Plains virus (HPV)—are three of the wheat-infecting viruses in the central Great Plains of the United States. TriMV is newly discovered and its prevalence and incidence are largely unknown. Field surveys were carried out in Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, and South Dakota in spring and fall 2010 and 2011 to determine TriMV prevalence and incidence and the frequency of TriMV co-infection with WSMV or HPV in winter wheat. WSMV was the most prevalent and was detected in 83% of 185 season–counties (= s-counties), 73% of 420 season–fields (= s-fields), and 35% of 12,973 samples. TriMV was detected in 32, 6, and 6% of s-counties, s-fields, and samples, respectively. HPV was detected in 34, 15, and 4% of s-counties, s-fields, and samples, respectively. TriMV was detected in all four states. In all, 91% of TriMV-positive samples were co-infected with WSMV, whereas WSMV and HPV were mainly detected as single infections. The results from this study indicate that TriMV occurs in winter wheat predominantly as a double infection with WSMV, which will complicate breeding for resistance to WCM-transmitted viruses.

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A REVIEW ON WHEAT STREAK MOSAIC VIRUS (WSMV) DISEASE COMPLEX

World Journal of Biology and Biotechnology ◽

10.33865/wjb.004.01.0205 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Sehrish Mushtaq ◽

Muhammad Shafiq ◽

Muniba Abid ◽

Muhammad A. Rana ◽

Shazia Yaqub ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mosaic Virus ◽

Great Plains ◽

North Africa ◽

Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus ◽

Food Crop ◽

Alternate Host ◽

Wheat Curl Mite ◽

Positive Sense ◽

Green Bridge ◽

First Time

Wheat is one of the most important staple food crop .Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) was first time reported in Nebraska in 1922 as "yellow mosaic". Since then, although sporadic in its appearance and severity, wheat streak mosaic has caused losses throughout North America, Europe, North Africa and Russia. The disease was probably present in other counties, but was not detected. WSM symptoms are characterized by a yellow leaf streaking or stippled pattern and stunting, head sterility, low test weights, and poor tillering and it is a seed born or mite born disease.WSMV is transmitted by eriophyid mite in both semi persistent and circulative manners. Mostly WSMV infects the crops belonging to family graminae or Poaceae (wheat, barley) and other alternate host of the WSMV are the grassy weeds or green bridge where wheat curl mite (WCM) over winters and lay eggs in the absents of the host. Wheat production in the Great Plains is also threatened by the newly discovered wheat viruses including Wheat mosaic virus and Triticum mosaic virus (TriMV). Both viruses closely match the life cycle of WSMV and are transmitted by WCM. Genome of WSMV contains positive sense ssRNA virions and one polyprotein. The tritimovirus which is approximately of 10kb in size

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Different Reactions to the Wheat Curl Mite and Wheat streak mosaic virus in Various Wheat-Haynaldia villosa 6V and 6VS Lines

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.2002.86.4.423 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 86 (4) ◽

pp. 423-428 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Hongjie Li ◽

R. L. Conner ◽

Qin Chen ◽

Xu Jia ◽

Hui Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mosaic Virus ◽

Puccinia Striiformis ◽

Genetic Resistance ◽

Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus ◽

Yield Potential ◽

High Yield ◽

Translocation Line ◽

Substitution Lines ◽

Viral Pathogen ◽

Wheat Curl Mite

Wheat curl mite (WCM), Aceria tosichella, is the vector of Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV), a destructive viral pathogen in wheat (Triticum aestivum). Genetic resistance to WCM colonization can reduce the incidence of wheat streak mosaic. Chromosome 6V in Hay-naldia villosa is a new source of WCM resistance. We compared variation in resistance among different sources of H. villosa chromosome 6V and 6VS lines to WCM and WSMV and their effectiveness in controlling the incidence of WSMV following exposure to viruliferous WCM. WCM resistance varied among the 6V and 6VS lines depending on the H. villosa parent. The 6V substitution lines Yi80928, GN21, and GN22 derived from an accession of H. villosa from China, and the 6VS translocation lines 92R137, 92R178, and Sub6V from an H. villosa accession collected from the United Kingdom were uniformly resistant to WCM colonization. In contrast, the 6V substitution line RW15 and a 6VS translocation line Pm33 developed from an H. villosa collection from the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics were susceptible to WCM. All 6V and 6VS lines were susceptible to WSMV when manually inoculated. However, symptom expression was delayed in the WCM-resistant 6V and 6VS lines after exposure to viruliferous WCM. The 6V and 6VS lines differed in their ability to control WSMV infection. WCM-susceptible lines RW15 and Pm33 had no effect on controlling the infection by WSMV. Lines GN21 and GN22 were the most effective of the three H. villosa sources in limiting the spread of WSMV. Their high yield potential and protein content, in combination with resistance to stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) and powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis f. sp. tritici), make GN21 and GN22 promising sources of WCM resistance.

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Differential Transmission of Two Isolates of Wheat streak mosaic virus by Five Wheat Curl Mite Populations

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-03-15-0342-re ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 100 (1) ◽

pp. 154-158 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

E. N. Wosula ◽

A. J. McMechan ◽

C. Oliveira-Hofman ◽

S. N. Wegulo ◽

G. L. Hein

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Mosaic Virus ◽

Great Plains ◽

Virus Transmission ◽

The United States ◽

Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Wheat Curl Mite ◽

Individual Mite

Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV), type member of the genus Tritimovirus in the family Potyviridae, is an economically important virus causing annual average yield losses of approximately 2 to 3% in winter wheat across the Great Plains. The wheat curl mite (WCM), Aceria tosichella, transmits WSMV along with two other viruses found throughout the Great Plains of the United States. Two common genotypes of WSMV (Sidney 81 and Type) in the United States share 97.6% nucleotide sequence identity but their transmission relationships with the WCM are unknown. The objective of this study was to determine transmission of these two isolates of WSMV by five WCM populations (‘Nebraska’, ‘Montana’, ‘South Dakota’, ‘Type 1’, and ‘Type 2’). Nonviruliferous mites from each population were reared on wheat source plants mechanically inoculated with either Sidney 81 or Type WSMV isolates. For each source plant, individual mites were transferred to 10 separate test plants and virus transmission was determined by a double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Source plants were replicated nine times for each treatment (90 individual mite transfers). Results indicate that three mite populations transmitted Sidney 81 at higher rates compared with Type. Two mite populations (Nebraska and Type 2) transmitted Sidney 81 and Type at higher rates compared with the other three populations. Results from this study demonstrate that interactions between virus isolates and mite populations influence the epidemiology of WSMV.

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