scholarly journals First Report of Botrytis cinerea Causing Fruit Rot of Pyrus sinkiangensis in China

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Zhang ◽  
H. Y. Wu ◽  
X. J. Wang ◽  
B. Sun
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Agricultural Science ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Its Sequencing ◽  
Commonwealth Mycological Institute ◽  
Harvest Management ◽  
Botryotinia Fuckeliana

Fragrant pear, Pyrus sinkiangensis Yu, is widely cultured in northern China, and is typically sweeter and of higher economic value than other pears. (2,3). In early October 2012, a fruit rot affecting approximately 30% of 300 kg of P. sinkiangersis produced in Korla orchards of Xinjiang was observed in a market of Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China. Early symptoms appeared as small, round, pale yellow-brown lesions on the fruit, which expanded from 10 to 20 mm diameter in 7 days. Later, affected fruit completely rotted and were covered with grey-white mycelium after 20 days. On the surface of mycelium, branched, septate conidiophores (2.0 mm tall and 13 to 15 μm thick) were produced. These were melanized at the base and hyaline near the apex. Conidia were hyaline, aseptate, ellipsoidal to obovoid, with a slightly protuberant hilum and ranged from 7 to 13.5 × 5.5 to 8.5 μm. One isolate of the pathogen (zm120286) was made by dispersing conidia on the potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium, directly removed from the sporulating tissue with thin needle. The colony was gray to white and produced blackish sclerotia at the edge of the colonies, which was 3.0 to 4.0 × 2.0 to 3.0 mm after 2 weeks of incubation at 22°C. The pathogen was identified as Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr on the basis of the morphology and ITS sequencing of rDNA (1,4). The sequence (GenBank Accession No. KF010847) was 100% identical to the sequences of two Botryotinia fuckeliana (anamorph: Botrytis cinerea) (e.g., GenBank Accession Nos. KC683713, HM849615). Koch's postulates were performed by placing a 5 mm diameter mycelia plug removed from the periphery of a 7-day-old colony of zm120286 on 10 surface-sterilized fresh fragrant pears collected from Korla orchards. An equal number of fresh fragrant pears were inoculated with 5 mm diameter plugs of PDA medium to serve as controls. All fragrant pears were incubated in clear plastic boxes with a dish of sterile distilled water at 25°C under ambient light. Symptoms identical to those described in the outbreak above were observed after 3 days. From each of the symptomatic pears, B. cinerea was recovered, whereas controls remained symptom-free. To our knowledge, this is the first outbreak of B. cinerea on P. sinkiangersis in China, which may necessitate the development of pre-harvest management practices. References: (1) M. B. Ellis. Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, England, 1971. (2) X.W. Li et al. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 26(15):100-102, 2010. (3) T. Yu and K. Kuan. Acta Phytotaxon. Sin. 8: 202, 1963. (4) Z. Y. Zhang. Flora Fungorum Sinicorum. Vol. 26. Botrytis, Ramularia. Science Press, Beijing, 2006.

scholarly journals First Report of Botrytis cinerea Causing Gray Mold of Tobacco in Guizhou Province of China

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (5) ◽  
pp. 612-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.-C. Wang ◽  
W.-H. Li ◽  
M.-S. Wang ◽  
Q.-Y. Chen ◽  
Y.-G. Feng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Guizhou Province ◽  
Universal Primers ◽  
Its2 Region ◽  
First Report ◽  
Nicotiana Tabacum L ◽  
Botryotinia Fuckeliana

Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is a leafy, annual, solanaceous plant grown commercially for its leaves. Guizhou Province produces more than 30% of the total Chinese tobacco crop. In July 2010, a disease was observed in a commercial field of 5-month-old N. tabacum plants in Bijie, Guizhou in southwestern China. Symptoms first appeared on the leaves as small spots that later increased in size and developed into expanded, dark brown lesions covered with green-gray spore masses. Lesions expanded rapidly under cool, humid conditions. Isolates of Botrytis cinerea were collected from diseased leaves with typical symptoms. Diseased leaf samples were washed with distilled water three times, placed in a moist chamber, and incubated at 25°C in darkness for 48 h to encourage sporulation. Spores produced on leaves were transferred to individual agar discs (5 mm in diameter) with an inoculating needle and then the agar discs were transferred to potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 25°C for 7 days. Fungal colonies were at first colorless and later became gray to brown when the conidia differentiated. The size of conidia ranged from 5.0 to 9.5 × 6.5 to 12.5 μm (average 7.3 × 8.7 μm) based on 50 spore measurements. Microsclerotia produced in the culture were round or irregular and ranged from 1.2 to 3.0 × 1.0 to 2.5 mm (average 2.1 × 2.0 mm). The pathogen was identified as B. cinerea Pers.:Fr on the basis of morphology and sequence of ITS1-5.8s-ITS2 region of rDNA amplified by PCR using universal primers ITS-1 (5′-TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG-3′) and ITS-4 (5′-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3′). The sequence (GenBank Accession No. HQ902163) exactly matched the sequences of two Botryotinia fuckeliana (anamorph B. cinerea) accessions, (e.g., GenBank Accession Nos. HM849615.1 and HM849047.1). Koch's postulates were conducted by wound inoculating five tobacco leaves (cv. K326) after surface disinfesting them with 5% NaOCl. Plugs of the fungus (5 mm in diameter) obtained from the colony margins were transferred onto 3 × 3 mm wounds made with a needle on the surface of five sterilized leaves. Inoculated leaves were incubated at 25°C, 100 to 120 μE·m–2·s–1, relative humidity >80%, and 16 h light per day for disease development. Typical symptoms developed on leaves within 7 days after inoculation. The pathogen was reisolated from affected leaves but not from the noninoculated control leaves. Botrytis gray mold blight has been recorded on N. tabacum in New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and northern China (1–3). However, to our knowledge, this is the first report of Botrytis blight on N. tabacum in Guizhou Province of China and the disease must be considered in existing disease management practices. References: (1) W. Brian et al. Mol. Plant Pathol. 8:561, 2007. (2) A. G. Mcleod et al. N. Z. J. Crop Hortic. Sci/Exp. Agric. 12:866, 1958. (3) Z. Y. Zhang. Page 37 in: Flora Fungorum Sinicorum. Vol. 26. Science Press, Beijing, 2006.

scholarly journals Effect of Harvest Date on Mango (Mangifera Indica L. Cultivar Osteen) Fruit’s Qualitative Development, Shelf Life and Consumer Acceptance

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 811
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Gianguzzi ◽  
Vittorio Farina ◽  
Paolo Inglese ◽  
Maria Gloria Lobo Rodrigo
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Internal Quality ◽  
Harvest Management ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Full Flowering ◽  
Constant Quality ◽  
Definition Of

The qualitative characteristics of mango fruits change throughout their development process and are also influenced by their duration. Harvesting at different times after the fruit set affects external and internal quality and the post-harvest behavior and management possibilities of the fruits. The objective of this study was to assess the evolution of the most important physicochemical and organoleptic parameters of cv. Osteen fruits concern the length of their stay on the plant and also to their post-harvest management. For this reason, fruits were harvested progressively in ten pickings. The study showed that mango fruits that are kept on the tree reach the best quality traits, corresponding to their physiological maturation. The length of the storage period needed to reach the consumption point varies greatly according to the harvesting moment and to the different environmental parameters, which also affect the organoleptic and physicochemical quality of the fruits. The number of days after full flowering were confirmed to be the primary information to consider when planning harvest with commercial use of the fruit, but interesting indications can be acquired through the definition of non-destructive (hardness, color) or destructive (dry matter) parameters. The data collected help improve mango fruit′s post-harvest management practices, to provide a product with constant quality and homogeneity to the consumer.

Inheritance and Mechanisms of Resistance to Anilinopyrimidine Fungicides in Botrytis Cinerea (Botryotinia Fuckeliana)

1999 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florence Chapeland ◽  
René Fritz ◽  
Catherine Lanen ◽  
Michel Gredt ◽  
Pierre Leroux
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Mechanisms Of Resistance ◽  
Botryotinia Fuckeliana

Fungicide Dip Treatments for Management of Botrytis cinerea Infection on Strawberry Transplants

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 279-283
Author(s):  
Michelle S. Oliveira ◽  
Leandro G. Cordova ◽  
Marcus V. Marin ◽  
Natalia A. Peres
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Causal Agent ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Plant Establishment ◽  
Fungicide Sensitivity ◽  
Strawberry Cultivars

Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of Botrytis fruit rot, is annually introduced into Florida strawberry fields by infected transplants. The disease can be managed by fungicide sprays throughout the season; however, previous studies have demonstrated that several chemical classes are no longer effective owing to B. cinerea resistance. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effectiveness of preplant fungicide-dip treatments of strawberry transplants on reducing B. cinerea colonization and to evaluate fungicide sensitivity of surviving B. cinerea isolates. Transplants of two strawberry cultivars, Winterstar ‘FL 05-107’ and ‘Florida Radiance’, were dipped in 11 different fungicides. After the plant establishment period, eight leaves per plot were collected before and 14 days after treatment to evaluate B. cinerea incidence. Isolates (n = 139) obtained from the transplants were tested for fungicide sensitivity. Plant diameter was measured 47 days after planting. All treatments, including the controls, reduced B. cinerea incidence by at least 77% compared with predip incidence. However, fungicide-resistant isolates were recovered from all treatments tested.

scholarly journals First Report of Fenhexamid-Resistant Botrytis cinerea Causing Gray Mold on Heurchera in a North American Greenhouse

Plant Disease ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Moorman ◽  
A.-S. Walker ◽  
S. May
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
North Central ◽  
First Report ◽  
Group I ◽  
Central Pennsylvania ◽  
Commercial Operation ◽  
Penn State ◽  
Botryotinia Fuckeliana

Greenhouse-grown Heuchera plants, treated with fenhexamid (Decree, SePRO, Carmel, IN; FRAC group 17 hydroxyanilide), with active gray mold were submitted to the Penn State Plant Disease Clinic in December 2010 from a commercial operation in north-central Pennsylvania. Genetic and phenotypic analyses identified the isolate as Botrytis cinerea Pers. (teleomorph Botryotinia fuckeliana (de Bary) Whetzel), HydR3 phenotype (2) and not B. pseudocinerea (previously Botrytis group I) (4), naturally resistant to fenhexamid (phenotype HydR1) (1). While 0.2 μg of fenhexamid per ml or less is required to slow mycelial growth and germ tube elongation of sensitive isolates by 50% (EC50), the radial growth EC50 of the Heuchera isolate was approximately 2,000 μg of fenhexamid per ml in culture. Five cucumber seedlings receiving 25 μl of 0.1 M dextrose containing the label rate of Decree (1,800 μg/ml) on the growing tip were inoculated with colonized agar in the drop. Five check plants received 25 μl of 0.1 M dextrose. B. cinerea from silica gel storage since 1988 was also tested. This experiment was repeated three times. The 1988 isolate killed all fungicide-free but no fenhexamid-treated plants. The Heuchera isolate killed all fungicide-free and fenhexamid-treated plants within 4 days. To our knowledge, this is the first report of B. cinerea from a greenhouse in North America with fenhexamid resistance. Resistance occurs in U.S. fields (3). The Heuchera isolate's HydR3 resistance phenotype (2) has been detected in Germany, Japan, and France and has mutations affecting the 3-keto reductase protein, encoded by the erg27 gene, the specific target of fenhexamid and involved in Botrytis sterol biosynthesis. The Decree label states that it is to be used only twice on a crop before switching to a different mode of action. Greenhouses have resident Botrytis populations that are likely to be exposed to any fungicide applied in the structure. Growers should consider using fenhexamid only twice in a particular greenhouse, rather than on a particular crop, before switching to a different mode of action. References: (1) P. Leroux et al. Crop Prot. 18:687, 1999.(2) P. Leroux et al. Pest Manag. Sci. 58:876, 2002. (3) Z. Ma and T. J. Michailides. Plant Dis. 89:1083, 2005. (4) A.-S. Walker et al. Phytopathology 101:1433, 2011.

scholarly journals First Report of Botryotinia fuckeliana Causing Soft Rots in Potato in Scotland

Plant Disease ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (7) ◽  
pp. 806-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Choiseul ◽  
S. F. Carnegie
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Agricultural Science ◽  
Seed Potatoes ◽  
Low Temperature Storage ◽  
Agar Plug ◽  
Mean Width ◽  
Affected Tissue ◽  
Botryotinia Fuckeliana

Botryotinia fuckeliana (de Bary) Whetzel (syn. Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr.) causes gray mold on the foliage of a large range of horticultural and agricultural crops, including potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). This weak pathogen may also produce pit rots on potato tubers (1). In April 1999, two lots of seed potatoes produced in Scotland were found to contain a significant number of tubers with soft rots. The cultivars were Maritiema and Charlotte, with 2.2 and 0.5% of rotted tubers, respectively. The rots on tubers of cv. Maritiema were all soft, wet, and extensive, with a distinct edge, but the proportion of this type of rot was much lower (approximately 30%) on the cv. Charlotte tubers. Gray sporangiophores developed around tuber eyes. When the tubers were cut, the affected tissue was peach to pink-gray in color but darkened on exposure to air, and was soft and water-soaked in appearance with a pale brown or, occasionally, yellow margin. A faint vinegary odor could be detected occasionally. B. fuckeliana was isolated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) from all 15 tubers of cv. Maritiema and from the three (out of 13) tubers of cv. Charlotte that had large, soft rots. Tubers produced at Scottish Agricultural Science Agency's Gogarbank farm near Edinburgh in 1998 were used for confirmatory pathogenicity tests conducted in late April and May 1999. Using a cork borer, a wound 5 mm in diameter and 5 mm deep was made in each tuber and 5-mm-diameter agar plug from either the edge of a colony of B. fuckeliana or of PDA was inserted into the wound. Nine tubers of cvs. Maritiema and Charlotte were inoculated for each treatment and tubers incubated at 5°C in boxes lined with moist filter paper. Rots, similar to those on the commercial seed tubers, developed after 28 days at wound sites inoculated with B. fuckeliana. The fungus was isolated by placing a small piece of rotted tissue from each rot on PDA. B. fuckeliana was recovered from all rots. The mean width of rots was 51 mm for cv. Maritiema compared with 40 mm for cv. Charlotte. Depth of rots was similar for both varieties. Lesions did not develop at wound sites inoculated with PDA agar only. In a second experiment, tubers of cv. Maritiema were inoculated with B. fuckeliana as described above and incubated at 5°C or room temperature (15 to 18°C). There were nine tubers for each temperature. After 21 days, no lesions had developed on tubers incubated at room temperature, but large, soft rots were present on those incubated at 5°C. The lesions produced by B. fuckeliana in these experiments were relatively large compared with the 5-m-deep rots reported previously (1) after 60 days of incubation. The appearance of these rots is similar to that for other diseases, e.g., pink rot and watery wound rot, and infections by this fungus may have been incorrectly diagnosed in the past. Moreover, the development of such rots may be favored by the recent increase in the use of low temperature storage for seed potatoes. Reference: (1) H. W. Platt. Can. J. Plant. Pathol. 16:341, 1994.

scholarly journals The Losses in the Rice Harvest Process: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 9627
Author(s):  
Xue Qu ◽  
Daizo Kojima ◽  
Laping Wu ◽  
Mitsuyoshi Ando
Keyword(s):  
Rural Women ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Harvest Management ◽  
Key Stakeholders ◽  
Harvesting Techniques ◽  
Poor Infrastructure

We review existing studies on rice harvest loss from the aspects of estimation methods, magnitudes, causes, effects, and interventions. The harvest losses examined occurred from the field reaping to storage processes, including threshing, winnowing, and field transportation. We find that existing studies on rice harvest losses have focused on quantitative losses in Asia and Africa. Lack of knowledge, inadequate harvesting techniques, poor infrastructure, and inefficient harvest management practices are considered critical contributors to the losses. The magnitudes and causes of rice harvest losses are now better understood than interventions, which have simply been presented but lack an assessment of the effects and a cost–benefit analysis. Interestingly, reduction in harvest losses may threaten some farmers’ profits, such as rural women who make their living from post-production manual operations. Considering the current status of the literature, future researchers should examine how to balance social and individual welfare since farmers are key stakeholders in intervention implementation. A good understanding of the existing researches can help clarify future efforts for loss reduction, thereby reducing the burden of increasing agricultural production and promoting sustainable development of resources and the environment.

scholarly journals Characterization of Botrytis cinerea From Commercial Cut Flower Roses

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (7) ◽  
pp. 1577-1583 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Muñoz ◽  
J. E. Faust ◽  
G. Schnabel
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Fungicide Resistance ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Cut Flower ◽  
Aspergillus Brasiliensis

Botrytis cinerea Pers. infects cut flower roses (Rosa × hybrida L.) during greenhouse production and gray mold symptoms are often expressed in the postharvest environment, resulting in significant economic losses. Disease management is based on cultural practices and preventative chemical treatments; however, gray mold outbreaks continue to occur. Rose tissues from six commercial shipments from two greenhouses in Colombia were evaluated to determine the Botrytis species composition as well as identify other pathogens present, gray mold incidence and severity, and fungicide resistance profiles. Botrytis isolates (49 total) were grouped into six morphological phenotypes, and all were identified to be B. cinerea sensu stricto. Disease incidence was higher in the petals than in the stem, stamen, ovary, sepal, or leaf tissues. Other fungi were isolated infrequently and included Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Epicoccum nigrum, Penicillium citrinum, Aspergillus brasiliensis, and Diplodia sp. Fungicide resistance profiles were determined using previously established discriminatory doses. Isolates resistant to thiophanate-methyl, iprodione, boscalid, and cyprodinil were found frequently in all shipments and in both greenhouses. The frequency of resistance to penthiopyrad, fenhexamid, fluopyram, isofetamid, and fludioxonil varied between shipments and greenhouses. No resistance to pydiflumetofen was observed at the discriminatory doses tested. Isolates with resistance to multiple chemical classes were commonly found. These results indicate that fungicide resistance management practices may improve preharvest and postharvest gray mold control of cut flower roses.

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