scholarly journals Phytophthora cinnamomi as a Contributor to White Oak Decline in Mid-Atlantic United States Forests

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. McConnell ◽  
Y. Balci
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Phytophthora Cinnamomi ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Oak Decline ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Phytophthora Spp ◽  
Oak Trees ◽  
Root Health ◽  
The Impact

To evaluate Phytophthora cinnamomi as a cause of white oak (Quercus alba) decline in mid-Atlantic forests, sampling was conducted at 102 sites from 2011 to 2012. Soil and roots from healthy and declining white oak trees were collected. Phytophthora spp. were isolated using baiting and CFU of P. cinnamomi quantified using wet-sieving. Fine roots were scanned and measured. Phytophthora spp. were isolated from 43% of the sites. P. cinnamomi was common; six other species were isolated infrequently. Little difference in lesion size existed on white oak seedlings inoculated with 32 isolates of P. cinnamomi; only 13 isolates caused significant mortality. Soils from white oak versus nine other hosts did not have significantly different CFU. P. cinnamomi was restricted to United States Department of Agriculture hardiness zones six and seven and never found in zone five. The presence of Phytophthora spp. in soil can be associated with white oak fine root health. When Phytophthora spp. were present, white oak trees in zones five and six had less fine roots. In mid-Atlantic oak forests, however, environmental conditions appear to play a key role in determining the impact of P. cinnamomi on the root system. P. cinnamomi alone does not appear to be a causal factor of white oak decline.

scholarly journals Association of Phytophthora cinnamomi with White Oak Decline in Southern Ohio

Plant Disease ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 94 (8) ◽  
pp. 1026-1034 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annemarie M. Nagle ◽  
Robert P. Long ◽  
Laurence V. Madden ◽  
Pierluigi Bonello
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Phytophthora Cinnamomi ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Quercus Alba ◽  
Oak Decline ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Exponential Relationship ◽  
Root Health

A decline syndrome and widespread mortality of mature white oak tree (Quercus alba) associated with wet and low-lying areas has been recently observed in southern Ohio forests. Previous studies have isolated Phytophthora cinnamomi from white oak rhizospheres. In 2008 and 2009, P. cinnamomi population densities in two healthy and two declining white oak stands at Scioto Trail State Forest were quantified and potential roles of three environmental drivers of Phytophthora spp.–induced decline were assessed: soil texture, soil moisture, and topography. Significantly higher P. cinnamomi propagule densities were found in declining stands in both years but propagule densities were not associated with soil moisture content. Trends in population densities were not correlated with soil moisture or topographic position within field sites. There was a positive, exponential relationship between overall P. cinnamomi population levels and soil moisture on a seasonal scale in 2008 but not 2009. Sites with greater soil clay content were associated with greater decline. Effects of P. cinnamomi inoculum and periodic flooding on root health of 1-year-old potted white oak trees grown in native soil mixes in the greenhouse were examined. Root systems of potted oak were significantly damaged by soil inoculation with P. cinnamomi, especially under flooding conditions. Results of these studies support the hypothesis that P. cinnamomi is a contributing agent to white oak decline in southern Ohio.

scholarly journals The impact of public research expenditure on agricultural productivity: evidence from developed European countries

2021 ◽  
pp. 55-60
Author(s):  
Alessandro Magrini
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Agricultural Productivity ◽  
European Countries ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Public Research ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Research Expenditure

The objective of this paper is to assess the impact of public research expenditure on agricultural productivity in developed European countries. Our research provides original evidence, making possible a comparison with existing studies focused on United States of America (USA). We apply a fixed effects Gamma distributed-lag model to yearly data in 1970-2016 sourced from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). In our results, public research expenditure has a significant impact on agricultural productivity up to 35 years, with peak at 17 years and long-term elasticity equal to 0.172. Based on our model, the countries with the highest internal rate of return of agricultural research expenditure resulted Germany, Spain, France and Italy (24.5-25.2%), followed by Netherlands, United Kingdom, Denmark, Greece, Belgium and Luxembourg (20.5-21.8%). However, only Germany, Denmark and Greece increased agricultural research expenditure in recent years. The estimated internal rates of return are in line with the ones reported by existing studies on USA, and they suggest that developed European countries, just like USA, could benefit from research investments in Agriculture to a much greater extent than they currently do.

scholarly journals Morphological and Phylogenetic Resolution of Diplodia corticola and D. quercivora, Emerging Canker Pathogens of Oak (Quercus spp.), in the United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Savannah L. Ferreira ◽  
Cameron M Stauder ◽  
Danielle Martin ◽  
Matthew T. Kasson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
West Virginia ◽  
Phytophthora Cinnamomi ◽  
Family Members ◽  
The United States ◽  
Phylogenetic Study ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Quercus Spp ◽  
Canker Pathogens ◽  
The U.S

In Mediterranean Europe and the United States, oak species (Quercus spp.) have been in various states of decline for the past several decades. Several insect pests and pathogens contribute to this decline to varying degrees including Phytophthora cinnamomi, Armillaria spp., various insect defoliators, and additionally in the U.S., the oak wilt pathogen, Bretziella fagacearum. More recently, two emerging canker pathogens, Diplodia corticola (Dc) and Diplodia quercivora (Dq) have been implicated in causing dieback and mortality of oak species in Europe and in several regions in the United States. In 2019, a fungal survey was conducted in the Mid-Atlantic region of the Eastern U.S., including Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia to determine the range and impact of Dc and Dq on forest health within the U.S. A total of 563 oak trees between red and white oak family members were evaluated across 33 forests spanning 18 counties. A total of 32 Diplodia isolates encompassing three Diplodia spp. were recovered from 5,335 total plugs collected from the 13 of 18 sampled counties. Recovered Diplodia species included Dc, Dq, and D. sapinea (Ds), as well as Botryosphaeria dothidea (Bd), a closely related canker pathogen in the Botryosphaeriaceae. Both Dc and Ds were recovered from red and white oak family members, whereas Dq was exclusive to white oak family members and Bd to red oak family members. Of these species, Dc was most frequently isolated followed by Dq, Ds, and Bd. Overall, mortality was relatively low across all sampled counties, indicating that these fungi, at the levels that were detected, are not widely inciting oak decline across the region, but more likely are acting opportunistically when the environment is conducive for disease. In an attempt to better understand the relationships among Dc and potentially their geographic origin(s), a multi-gene phylogenetic study and corresponding morphological study were conducted. A total of 49 Diplodia isolates from Spain, France, Italy, and the U.S. were assessed. Across all isolates and geographic regions, Dc formed a strongly supported monophyletic clade sister to Dq and included two strongly supported subclades, one that included isolates from Spain and California and a second that included isolates from Italy, Maryland, and West Virginia. Both subclades also exhibited overlapping spore measurements. These results support Dc as a cosmopolitan pathogen, native to both Europe and the U.S. with the possibility of secondary introductions.

scholarly journals Morphological and Phylogenetic Resolution of Diplodia corticola and D. quercivora, Emerging Canker Pathogens of Oak (Quercus spp.), in the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Savannah L. Ferreira ◽  
Cameron M. Stauder ◽  
Danielle K.H. Martin ◽  
Matt T. Kasson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
West Virginia ◽  
Phytophthora Cinnamomi ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Geographic Origin ◽  
The United States ◽  
Phylogenetic Study ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Canker Pathogens ◽  
The U.S

AbstractIn Mediterranean Europe and the United States, oak species (Quercus spp.) have been in various states of decline for the past several decades. Several insect pests and pathogens contribute to this decline to varying degrees including Phytophthora cinnamomi, Armillaria spp., various insect defoliators, and additionally in the U.S., the oak wilt pathogen, Bretziella fagacearum. More recently, two emerging canker pathogens, Diplodia corticola (Dc) and Diplodia quercivora (Dq) have been implicated in causing dieback and mortality of oak species in Europe and in several regions in the United States. In 2019, a fungal survey was conducted in the Mid-Atlantic region of the Eastern U.S., including Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia to determine the range and impact of Dc and Dq on forest health within the U.S. A total of 563 oak trees between red and white oak family members were evaluated across 33 forests spanning 18 counties. A total of 32 Diplodia isolates encompassing three Diplodia spp. were recovered from 5,335 total plugs collected from the 13 of 18 sampled counties. Recovered Diplodia species included Dc, Dq, and D. sapinea (Ds), as well as Botryosphaeria dothidea (Bd), a closely related canker pathogen in the Botryosphaeriaceae. Both Dc and Ds were recovered from red and white oak family members, whereas Dq was exclusive to white oak family members and Bd to red oak family members. Of these species, Dc was most frequently isolated followed by Dq, Ds, and Bd. Overall, mortality was relatively low across all sampled counties, indicating that these fungi, at the levels that were detected, are not widely inciting oak decline across the region, but more likely are acting opportunistically when the environment is conducive for disease. In an attempt to better understand the relationships among Dc and potentially their geographic origin(s), a multi-gene phylogenetic study and corresponding morphological study were conducted. A total of 49 Diplodia isolates from Spain, France, Italy, and the U.S. were assessed. Across all isolates and geographic regions, Dc formed a strongly supported monophyletic clade sister to Dq and included two strongly supported subclades, one that included isolates from Spain and California and a second that included isolates from Italy, Maryland, and West Virginia. Both subclades also exhibited overlapping spore measurements. These results support Dc as a cosmopolitan pathogen, native to both Europe and the U.S. with the possibility of secondary introductions.

scholarly journals US Egg Production Data Set

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samara Mendez
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
The United States ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Flock Size ◽  
Advocacy Organizations ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The Impact

Tracking the capability of the egg production industry to supply the food industry with enough cage-free eggs to meet retailers' and restaurants' animal welfare commitments is important to industry groups and farm animal advocacy organizations alike. In this project, we synthesize an analysis-ready data set that tracks cage-free hens and the supply of cage-free eggs relative to the overall numbers of hens and table eggs in the United States. The data set is based on reports produced by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), which are published weekly or monthly. The data will be updated periodically as new USDA reports are released. We supplement these data with definitions and a taxonomy of egg products drawn from USDA and industry publications. The data include flock size (both absolute and relative) and egg production of cage-free hens as well as all table-egg-laying hens in the US, collected to understand the impact of the industry's cage-free transition on hens. Data coverage ranges from December 2007 to present. Initial analysis of cage-free trends shows that, as of the most recent version of this report, 26% of all table-egg-laying hens lived in cage-free systems. This figure represents an increase of 23 percentage points over the entire sample period of December 2007 to April 2020.Revised: May 29, 2020

NAFTA and the United States and Mexico maize belts 1994–2017

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 385-402
Author(s):  
José Osorio-Antonia ◽  
Lila Margarita Bada-Carbajal ◽  
Luis Arturo Rivas-Tovar
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Maize Productivity ◽  
The North ◽  
The Impact

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is twofold. First, the impact of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) on the agribusinesses of corn production in Mexico is analyzed, taking into special consideration the policy of encouragement to small producers, productive restructuring and identification of positive and negative effects. Second, the evolution of the US–Mexican maize belts (1994–2017) is analyzed, establishing the economic and political impacts with respect to NAFTA.Design/methodology/approachThe paper opted for a documentary meta-analysis study using data from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the System of Agricultural and Fishery Information (SIAP) in Mexico. The data were completed with documentary analysis of research on maize productivity.FindingsProvided is the information about the impacts of maize belts in the United States (US) and Mexico, where it was determined that the leading states maintained productive hegemony to a greater and lesser extent and that Mexico experienced a productive reorientation. The findings show that it is a myth that there are losers in the maize agroindustry of Mexico and the United States as it is suggested that after twenty-four years they have become complementary.Research limitations/implicationsSummarized is the state of knowledge from 1994 to 2017, aligned to the databases of the United States and Mexico.Originality/valueA need to study the relation between the productive evolution of maize production and NAFTA is identified.

scholarly journals 0729 Sleep Apnea Diagnosis And Severity And Their Impact On Cognition After TBI: A VA TBI Model Systems Study

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A277-A278
Author(s):  
M A Silva ◽  
E M Brennan ◽  
E Noyes ◽  
A Royer ◽  
R Nakase-Richardson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
The United States ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Word Recall ◽  
United States Department ◽  
States Department ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Introduction For persons with moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), chronic cognitive impairment contributes to long term disability. Health comorbidities may contribute to the neurologic burden in TBI. Indeed, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with neuropathological and cognitive changes. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between OSA and cognition after TBI. Methods Participants were prior inpatient rehabilitation patients drawn from the Tampa VA TBI Model Systems longitudinal study. Post-discharge interviews occurred 2 to 6 years post-TBI. Participants reported whether they were diagnosed with OSA and completed the Brief Test of Adult Cognition by Telephone (BTACT) which measures recall, working memory, processing speed, fluency, and reasoning. Participants with polysomnography (PSG) were separately analyzed to examine the impact of sleep apnea severity (i.e., Apnea-Hypopnea Index [AHI]) on cognition. Results Participants (N=104) were mostly male (95.2%), age M=37.7 (SD=12.5), Education M=13.6 years (SD=2.1), and 45.2% were diagnosed with OSA. Participants with and without OSA did not differ by age, education, gender, or time since injury at time of BTACT (ps > .05). ANCOVAs were conducted examining OSA diagnosis on BTACT subscale scores, covarying TBI severity level, but results did not reach statistical significance (ps > .05). A subset of participants with OSA had PSG (n=27), AHI score quartiles = 6.7/10.4/21.6. Higher AHI was associated with poorer reasoning (Spearman ρ = -0.45, p = .019). Nonsignificant results were found for word recall (Spearman ρ = -0.35, p = .074) and processing speed (Spearman ρ = -0.36, p = .069). Conclusion Severity of sleep apnea may influence aspects of cognition among persons with TBI, although these results are preliminary and need replication with a larger and more representative sample. Support This work was supported by the Veterans Health Administration Central Office VA TBI Model Systems Program of Research and subcontract from General Dynamics Information Technology [W91YTZ-13-C-0015, HT0014-19-C-0004] from the Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center (DVBIC); and from the United States Department of Veterans Affairs [W81XWH-13-2-0095]; and from the United States Department of Defense Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs; and from the Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) [CER-1511-33005].

Policy Implications

2018 ◽  
pp. 295-306
Author(s):  
Kevin A. Sabet ◽  
Ken C. Winters
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
United States Government ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Government Accountability ◽  
Department Of Justice ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
The Impact

This chapter reviews policy implications associated with legalizing marijuana for medical and recreational purposes. The authors discuss the current landscape and attitudes toward marijuana use and review the enforcement polices of the federal government, including the impact of policies within the United States Department of Justice and the United States Government Accountability Office. The chapter also examines the expanding marijuana industry and warns against the growth of ‘Big Marijuana’ and the industry’s ability to influence policy. Finally, after reviewing the important pros and cons of legalizing this drug, the authors offer several guidelines for states to optimize care when legalization is implemented.

scholarly journals Genotypic Diversity of Phytophthora cinnamomi and P. plurivora in Maryland’s Nurseries and Mid-Atlantic Forests

2017 ◽  
Vol 107 (6) ◽  
pp. 769-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justine Beaulieu ◽  
Blaine Ford ◽  
Yilmaz Balci
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Length Polymorphism ◽  
Fragment Length ◽  
Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
Phytophthora Cinnamomi ◽  
Genotypic Diversity ◽  
Phytophthora Spp ◽  
Expected Heterozygosity ◽  
Soil And Water

Genetic diversity of two Phytophthora spp.—P. cinnamomi (102 isolates), commonly encountered in Maryland nurseries and forests in the Mid-Atlantic United States, and P. plurivora (186 isolates), a species common in nurseries—was characterized using amplified fragment length polymorphism. Expected heterozygosity and other indices suggested a lower level of diversity among P. cinnamomi than P. plurivora isolates. Hierarchical clustering showed P. cinnamomi isolates separated into four clusters, and two of the largest clusters were closely related, containing 80% of the isolates. In contrast, P. plurivora isolates separated into six clusters, one of which included approximately 40% of the isolates. P. plurivora isolates recovered from the environment (e.g., soil and water) were genotypically more diverse than those found causing lesions. For both species, isolate origin (forest versus nursery or among nurseries) was a significant factor of heterozygosity. Clonal groups existed within P. cinnamomi and P. plurivora and included isolates from both forest and nurseries, suggesting that a pathway from nurseries to forests or vice versa exists.

scholarly journals United States – Countervailing Measures Concerning Certain Products from the European Communities (WTO Doc. WT/DS212/AB/R): Recurring Misunderstanding of Non-Recurring Subsidies

2005 ◽  
Vol 4 (S1) ◽  
pp. 78-87
Author(s):  
Gene M. Grossman ◽  
Petros C. Mavroidis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Trade ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Department ◽  
States Department ◽  
Appellate Body ◽  
The World ◽  
Countervailing Duties ◽  
The Impact

In United States – Countervailing Measures Concerning Certain Products from the European Communities (WTO Doc. WT/DS212/QB/R, henceforth Certain Products), the Appellate Body (AB) of the World Trade Organization was called upon to revisit the issue of whether the United States can legally impose countervailing duties following the privatization of state-owned enterprises that had received non-recurring subsidies. In twelve cases, the United States Department of Commerce (USDOC) had applied either the “gamma method” or the “same-person method” in assessing the impact of a change of ownership on the continued existence of a benefit from a countervailable subsidy. The European Communities challenged the legality of these methods.

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