scholarly journals Transmission of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae Through Stolons in Strawberry Plants

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (6) ◽  
pp. 1249-1251 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Pastrana ◽  
D. C. Watson ◽  
T. R. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Fusarium Wilt ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Soilborne Pathogen ◽  
Infected Mother ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
San Andreas ◽  
Mother Plants ◽  
Long Distance Movement

Fusarium wilt of strawberry, caused by the soilborne pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae, is a growing threat to the strawberry industry worldwide. Symptoms of the disease typically include stunting, wilting, crown discoloration, and eventual plant death. When Fusarium wilt was discovered in California, the disease was not known to occur anywhere else in North America. Long distance movement of the pathogen would most likely occur through transport of infected plants, which seems plausible if strawberry plants can sustain infections without showing symptoms of disease. The results of this study document that F. oxysporum f. sp. fragariae can move through stolons of infected mother plants and colonize first-generation daughter plants. The pathogen can also move through stolons from first to second-generation daughter plants. Daughter plants of both generations were always symptomless. The pathogen was recovered from both roots and petioles of infected daughter plants. Similar results were obtained for two cultivars known to be susceptible to Fusarium wilt, Albion and Monterey. Transmission through stolons from mother to daughter plants also occurred in the resistant cultivar, San Andreas, but less frequently than in Albion and Monterey.

scholarly journals Development and Evaluation of a TaqMan Real-Time PCR Assay for Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae

Plant Disease ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (7) ◽  
pp. 927-937 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Okubara ◽  
L. A. Harrison ◽  
E. W. Gatch ◽  
G. Vandemark ◽  
K. L. Schroeder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Fusarium Wilt ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soilborne Pathogen ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
The Real ◽  
Pathogen Dna

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae, causal agent of spinach Fusarium wilt, is an important soilborne pathogen in many areas of the world where spinach is grown. The pathogen is persistent in acid soils of maritime western Oregon and Washington, the only region of the United States suitable for commercial spinach seed production. A TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed for rapid identification and quantification of the pathogen, based on sequencing the intergenic spacer (IGS) region of rDNA of isolates of the pathogen. A guanine single-nucleotide polymorphism (G SNP) was detected in the IGS sequences of 36 geographically diverse isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae but not in the sequences of 64 isolates representing other formae speciales and 33 isolates representing other fungal species or genera. The SNP was used to develop a probe for a real-time PCR assay. The real-time PCR assay detected F. oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae at 3–14,056 CFU/g of soil in 82 soil samples collected over 3 years from naturally infested spinach seed production sites in western Washington, although a reliable detection limit of the assay was determined to be 11 CFU/g of soil. A significant (P < 0.05), positive correlation between enumeration of F. oxysporum on Komada's agar and quantification of the pathogen using the TaqMan assay was observed in a comparison of 82 soil samples. Correlations between pathogen DNA levels, Fusarium wilt severity ratings, and spinach biomass were significantly positive for one set of naturally infested soils but not between pathogen DNA levels, wilt incidence ratings, and spinach biomass for other soil samples, suggesting that soilborne pathogen population is not the sole determinant of spinach Fusarium wilt incidence or severity. The presence of the G SNP detected in one isolate of each of F. oxysporum ff. spp. lageneriae, lilii, melongenae, and raphani and reaction of the real-time PCR assay with 16 of 22 nonpathogenic isolates of F. oxysporum associated with spinach plants or soil in which spinach had been grown potentially limits the application of this assay. Nonetheless, because all isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae tested positive with the real-time PCR assay, the assay may provide a valuable means of screening for resistance to Fusarium wilt by quantifying development of the pathogen in spinach plants inoculated with the pathogen.

Examining the Production and Distribution of Shivwits Ware Pottery in the American Southwest

2013 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 385-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen G. Harry ◽  
Timothy J. Ferguson ◽  
James R. Allison ◽  
Brett T. McLaurin ◽  
Jeff Ferguson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
American Southwest ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Apparent Absence ◽  
Southern Nevada ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
Long Distance Movement ◽  
Arizona Strip

AbstractCompositional analyses were undertaken to evaluate the hypothesis that Shivwits Ware pottery found in southern Nevada was not produced in that area but, instead, manufactured on the Shivwits Plateau. The evidence supports this hypothesis and indicates that large quantities of Shivwits Ware jars moved through a distribution system linking the upland areas of the western Arizona Strip with the lowlands of southeastern Nevada. This long-distance movement of utilitarian pottery is unusual for precontact North America, in that it occurred in the apparent absence of any centralized distribution mechanisms and between what would have been small, kin-based communities. The nature and the causes for the development of this distribution system are discussed.

scholarly journals First Report of Fusarium Wilt Caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. passiflorae on Passion Fruit in North America

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (11) ◽  
pp. 1478-1478 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Rooney-Latham ◽  
C. L. Blomquist ◽  
H. J. Scheck
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Fusarium Wilt ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Passion Fruit ◽  
Conidial Suspension ◽  
California Department ◽  
First Report ◽  
Woody Perennial ◽  
Food And Agriculture

Passiflora edulis Sims f. edulis, known as purple passion fruit, is a woody, perennial vine that is grown for its attractive two-part flower and its purple, edible fruit (4). In November 2009, passion fruit vines were collected during a regulatory nursery inspection in Santa Barbara County and submitted to the California Department of Food and Agriculture Plant Pest Diagnostics Laboratory. Nearly 100% of the plants inspected, all of which were approximately 1.25 m tall, appeared stunted, defoliated, and severely wilted. Dark brown vascular discoloration was present in the roots and lower stems of the plants. A pinkish violet Fusarium oxysporum colony containing chlamydospores, multiseptate macroconidia, and microconidia formed on monophialidic conidiophores was consistently isolated from roots and stems onto half-strength acidified potato dextrose agar (aPDA). All further experiments were done with an isolate obtained from a single conidium. A portion of the translation elongation factor gene (TEF-1α) was amplified and sequenced with primers ef1 and ef2 from our isolate (GenBank No. JF332039) (3). BLAST analysis of the 615-bp amplicon with the FUSARIUM-ID database showed 99% similarity with a F. oxysporum passion fruit isolate from Australia (NRRL 38273) (3). To confirm pathogenicity, washed roots of four-leaf stage seedlings approximately 10 cm tall were submerged in a conidial spore suspension (106 spores/ml) for 15 min. The conidial suspension was prepared by flooding 10-day-old cultures grown on aPDA medium with sterile distilled water. Seven seedlings were inoculated and planted in 10-cm2 pots and kept in a 25°C growth chamber with a 12-h photoperiod. Seven seedlings were mock inoculated with sterile water. After 3 weeks, four of the seven inoculated plants had leaves with yellow veins and discolored roots and had partially defoliated. Two of the four symptomatic plants also had brown stem cankers. F. oxysporum grew from the isolated roots and stems of all the inoculated plants. F. oxysporum did not grow from root and stem pieces from the water-dipped plants and the plants remained asymptomatic. Inoculations were repeated on plants approximately 15 cm tall with F. oxysporum growing from roots and stem pieces of all inoculated plants. Symptoms of yellow veins and root necrosis were not observed until 4 weeks after inoculation. Fusarium wilt caused by F. oxysporum f. sp. passiflorae is a significant disease of P. edulis f. edulis in Australia. The disease has also been reported in South Africa, Malaysia, Brazil, Panama, and Venezuela; but it is unclear as to whether the symptoms were caused by Fusarium wilt or Haematonectria canker (1). Banana poka (P. mollissima), P. ligularis, and P. foetida are also susceptible hosts (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of Fusarium wilt caused by F. oxysporum f. sp. passiflorae on passion fruit in North America. Passion fruit is not commercially produced for consumption in California so the economic importance of this disease appears to be limited to nursery production and ornamental landscapes. The grower of the California nursery stated that the infected passion fruit plants had been propagated on site from seed. The source of inoculum at this nursery remains unknown. References: (1) I. H. Fischer and J. A. M. Rezende. Pest Tech. 2:1, 2008 (2) D. E. Garder. Plant. Dis. 73:476, 1989. (3) D. M. Geiser et al. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 110:473, 2004. (4) F. W. Martin et al. Econ. Bot. 24:333, 1970.

scholarly journals Identification of Resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum Race 2 in Citrullus lanatus var. citroides Plant Introductions

HortScience ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 334-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Patrick Wechter ◽  
Chandrasekar Kousik ◽  
Melanie McMillan ◽  
Amnon Levi
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Fusarium Wilt ◽  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
Plant Introductions ◽  
Major Disease ◽  
Seedling Inoculation ◽  
The World ◽  
Potential Sources ◽  
Race 2

Fusarium wilt (FW) is a major disease of watermelon in North America and around the world. Control of this disease is difficult because the soilborne causal agent Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (Fon) produces chlamydospores that remain infectious in the soil for many years. Although various levels of resistance to Fon Races 0 and 1 exist in watermelon cultivars, no resistance to Race 2 or 3 has been reported. In this study, we used seed and seedling inoculation procedures to screen 110 U.S. PIs of wild watermelon (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides) for resistance to Race 2 FW. Of these 110 accessions, 15 showed significantly higher resistance to Fon Race 2 than that found in the watermelon cultivars Sugar Baby or Charleston Grey as well as in the C. lanatus var. citroides PI 296341 that was reported to contain resistance to FW. PI 271769, another C. lanatus var. citroides that was previously reported as containing resistance to FW, is among the 15 resistant accessions described here. These 15 accessions are potential sources for resistance to Race 2 FW in watermelon breeding.

From sand to sea: tracing the production and trade in glass beads from the 10th-century Cirebon shipwreck in the Java Sea

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn Swan
Keyword(s):  
Glass Production ◽  
Glass Beads ◽  
Rock Crystal ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Merchant Ship ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Java Sea ◽  
Indian Ocean World ◽  
Long Distance Movement ◽  
Lapis Lazuli

Around the year 970 CE, a merchant ship carrying an assortment of goods from East Africa, Persia, India, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, and China foundered and sank to the bottom of the Java Sea. Thousands of beads made from many different materials—ceramic, jet, coral, banded stone, lapis lazuli, rock crystal, sapphire, ruby, garnet, pearl, gold, and glass—attest to the long-distance movement and trade of these small and often precious objects throughout the Indian Ocean world. The beads made of glass are of particular interest, as closely-dated examples are very rare and there is some debate as to where glass beads were being made and traded during this period of time. This paper examines 18 glass beads from the Cirebon shipwreck that are now in the collection of Qatar Museums, using a comparative typological and chemical perspective within the context of the 10th-century glass production. Although it remains uncertain where some of the beads were made, the composition of the glass beads points to two major production origins for the glass itself: West Asia and South Asia.

Uji Toksisitas Beberapa Fungisida Nabati terhadap Penyakit Layu Fusarium (Fusarium oxysporum) pada Tanaman Kentang (Solanum tuberosum L.) secara In Vitro (Toxicity Test of several Biofungicides in controlling Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum) in Potato Plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) by In Vitro)

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
Ghea Dotulong ◽  
Stella Umboh ◽  
Johanis Pelealu
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Fusarium Wilt ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
In Vitro Toxicity ◽  
Potato Plants ◽  
Colony Diameter ◽  
In Vitro Toxicity Test

Uji Toksisitas Beberapa Fungisida Nabati terhadap Penyakit Layu Fusarium (Fusarium oxysporum) pada Tanaman Kentang (Solanum tuberosum L.) secara In Vitro (Toxicity Test of several Biofungicides in controlling Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum) in Potato Plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) by In Vitro) Ghea Dotulong1*), Stella Umboh1), Johanis Pelealu1), 1) Program Studi Biologi, FMIPA Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Manado 95115*Email korespondensi: [email protected] Diterima 9 Juli 2019, diterima untuk dipublikasi 10 Agustus 2019 Abstrak Tanaman kentang (Solanum tuberosum L.) adalah salah satu tanaman hortikultura yang sering mengalami penurunan dari segi produksi dan produktivitasnya, akibat adanya serangan penyakit layu yang salah satunya disebabkan oleh Fusarium oxysporum. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengidentifikasi toksisitas beberapa fungisida nabati dalam mengendalikan penyakit Layu Fusarium (F. oxysporum) pada tanaman kentang (Solanum tuberosum L.) secara In Vitro. Metode Penelitian yang digunakan yaitu metode umpan beracun. Data dianalisis dengan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan Analisis Varian (ANAVA) yang dilanjutkan dengan menggunakan metode BNT (Beda Nyata Terkecil). Hasil Penelitian, diperoleh nilai toksisitas fungisida nabati tertinggi yaitu pada ekstrak daun sirsak dengan nilai HR (69,44%), kategori berpengaruh, ditandai dengan diameter koloni 2,75 cm (100ppm) dan yang terendah toksisitasnya yaitu pada ekstrak daun jeruk purut dengan nilai HR (49,81%), kategori cukup berpengaruh ditandai dengan diameter koloni 3,75 cm (25ppm). Semakin tinggi konsentrasi yang diujikan maka semakin tinggi toksisitas dari fungisida nabati yang diberikan.Kata Kunci: fungisida nabati, Fusarium oxysporum, tanaman kentang, In Vitro Abstract Potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the horticulture plants which often decreases in terms of production and productivity, due to the attack of wilt, one of which is caused by Fusarium oxysporum. The purpose of this study was to determine the toxicity of several biofungicides in controlling Fusarium wilt (F. oxysporum) in potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Vitro. The research method used was the In Vitro method with the poison bait method. Data were analyzed by Completely Randomized Design with Variant Analysis (ANAVA), followed by the BNT method. The results showed that the highest biofungicide toxicity value was soursop leaf extract with HR values (69.44%), influential categories, characterized by colony diameter 2.75 cm (100ppm) and the lowest toxicity, namely in kaffir lime leaf extract with a value of HR (49.81%), quite influential category was characterized by colony diameter of 3.75 cm (25ppm). The higher the concentration tested, the higher the toxicity of the biofungicide given.Keywords: biofungicides, Fusarium oxysporum, Potato Plants, In Vitro.

scholarly journals Maize resistance to Sugarcane mosaic virus

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (SI 2 - 6th Conf EFPP 2002) ◽  
pp. 542-544
Author(s):  
R. Pokorný ◽  
M. Porubová
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Sugarcane Mosaic Virus ◽  
Resistant Line ◽  
Mechanisms Of Resistance ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Resistant Lines ◽  
Maize Resistance ◽  
Long Distance Movement

Under greenhouse conditions 12 maize hybrids derived from crosses of four resistant lines with several lines of different level of susceptibility were evaluated for resistance to Czech isolate of Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV). These hybrids were not fully resistant to isolate of SCMV, but the symptoms on their newly growing leaves usually developed 1 to 3 weeks later in comparison with particular susceptible line, the course of infection was significantly slower and rate of infection lower. As for mechanisms of resistance, the presence of SCMV was detected by ELISA in inoculated leaves both of resistant and susceptible lines, but virus was detected 7 days later in resistant line. Systemic infection developed only in susceptible lines. These results indicate restriction of viral long distance movement in the resistant line.

scholarly journals Inferring Modes of Colonization for Pest Species Using Heterozygosity Comparisons and a Shared-Allele Test

Genetics ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 163 (2) ◽  
pp. 823-831
Author(s):  
J A Sved ◽  
H Yu ◽  
B Dominiak ◽  
A S Gilchrist
Keyword(s):  
Distance Measure ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Small Samples ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Resampling Methods ◽  
Shared Allele ◽  
The Core ◽  
Direct Sampling ◽  
Long Distance Movement

Abstract Long-range dispersal of a species may involve either a single long-distance movement from a core population or spreading via unobserved intermediate populations. Where the new populations originate as small propagules, genetic drift may be extreme and gene frequency or assignment methods may not prove useful in determining the relation between the core population and outbreak samples. We describe computationally simple resampling methods for use in this situation to distinguish between the different modes of dispersal. First, estimates of heterozygosity can be used to test for direct sampling from the core population and to estimate the effective size of intermediate populations. Second, a test of sharing of alleles, particularly rare alleles, can show whether outbreaks are related to each other rather than arriving as independent samples from the core population. The shared-allele statistic also serves as a genetic distance measure that is appropriate for small samples. These methods were applied to data on a fruit fly pest species, Bactrocera tryoni, which is quarantined from some horticultural areas in Australia. We concluded that the outbreaks in the quarantine zone came from a heterogeneous set of genetically differentiated populations, possibly ones that overwinter in the vicinity of the quarantine zone.

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