Response of Fusarium thapsinum to Sorghum brown midrib Lines and to Phenolic Metabolites

Sorghum lines were bred for reduced lignin for cellulosic bioenergy uses, through the incorporation of brown midrib (bmr)6 or -12 into two backgrounds (RTx430 and Wheatland) as either single or double-mutant lines. When these lines were assessed for resistance to Fusarium thapsinum stalk rot, a cause of lodging, they were as resistant to F. thapsinum as the near-isogenic wild type. Peduncles of newly identified bmr lines from an ethyl-methanesulfonate-mutagenized population, inoculated with F. thapsinum, were as resistant as the wild-type line, BTx623. One bmr line (1107) had significantly smaller mean lesion lengths than BTx623, suggesting that a mutation is associated with reduced susceptibility. Growing F. thapsinum on medium with ferulic, vanillic, sinapic, syringic, and caffeic acids (phenolic compounds derived from the lignin pathway and elevated in different bmr lines) indicated that F. thapsinum was tolerant to these compounds. When eight other sorghum fungi were tested for response to the presence of these compounds, ferulic acid inhibited these fungi. Most of the phenolics inhibited F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum. Accumulation of phenolic metabolites in bmr plants may inhibit growth of some sorghum pathogens, while other factors such as aromatic phytoalexins or salicylic acid may be involved in resistance to F. thapsinum.

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Response of Sorghum Enhanced in Monolignol Biosynthesis to Stalk Rot Pathogens

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-09-18-1622-re ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 103 (9) ◽

pp. 2277-2287 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Deanna L. Funnell-Harris ◽

Scott E. Sattler ◽

Patrick M. O’Neill ◽

Tammy Gries ◽

Hannah M. Tetreault ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽

Energy Content ◽

Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽

The Other ◽

Wild Type ◽

Stalk Rot ◽

Monolignol Biosynthesis ◽

Coumarate:Coa Ligase ◽

Fusarium Thapsinum ◽

Sorghum Bicolor L

To increase phenylpropanoid constituents and energy content in the versatile C4 grass sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench), sorghum genes for proteins related to monolignol biosynthesis were overexpressed: SbMyb60 (transcriptional activator), SbPAL (phenylalanine ammonia lyase), SbCCoAOMT (caffeoyl coenzyme A [CoA] 3-O-methyltransferase), Bmr2 (4-coumarate:CoA ligase), and SbC3H (coumaroyl shikimate 3-hydroxylase). Overexpression lines were evaluated for responses to stalk pathogens under greenhouse and field conditions. Greenhouse-grown plants were inoculated with Fusarium thapsinum (Fusarium stalk rot) and Macrophomina phaseolina (charcoal rot), which cause yield-reducing diseases. F. thapsinum-inoculated overexpression plants had mean lesion lengths not significantly different than wild-type, except for significantly smaller lesions on two of three SbMyb60 and one of two SbCCoAOMT lines. M. phaseolina-inoculated overexpression lines had lesions not significantly different from wild-type except one SbPAL line (of two lines studied) with mean lesion lengths significantly larger. Field-grown SbMyb60 and SbCCoAOMT overexpression plants were inoculated with F. thapsinum. Mean lesions of SbMyb60 lines were similar to wild-type, but one SbCCoAOMT had larger lesions, whereas the other line was not significantly different than wild-type. Because overexpression of SbMyb60, Bmr2, or SbC3H may not render sorghum more susceptible to stalk rots, these lines may provide sources for development of sorghum with increased phenylpropanoid concentrations.

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Involvement of THH1, an Arabidopsis thaliana homologue of the TOM1 gene, in tobamovirus multiplication

Journal of General Virology ◽

10.1099/vir.0.81942-0 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 87 (8) ◽

pp. 2397-2401 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Koki Fujisaki ◽

Gerald B. Ravelo ◽

Satoshi Naito ◽

Masayuki Ishikawa

Keyword(s):

Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽

Coat Protein ◽

Double Mutant ◽

Detectable Level ◽

Expression Level ◽

Wild Type ◽

Homologous Proteins ◽

Single Mutant ◽

Mutant Lines

The TOM1 and TOM3 genes of Arabidopsis thaliana encode homologous proteins that are required for tobamovirus multiplication. Although the A. thaliana genome encodes another TOM1-like gene, THH1, the tobamovirus coat protein (CP) does not accumulate to a detectable level in the tom1 tom3 double mutant. Here, double and triple mutants of tom1, tom3 and thh1 were generated to investigate whether THH1 functions to support tobamovirus multiplication. In the tom1 thh1 double mutant, the tobamovirus CP accumulated to a level that was detectable, but lower than that in the tom1 single mutant. In tom1 tom3 double-mutant lines overexpressing THH1, the tobamovirus CP accumulated to a level similar to that observed in wild-type plants. These results suggest that THH1 supports tobamovirus multiplication, but to a lesser extent than TOM1 and TOM3. The expression level of THH1 is lower than that of TOM1 and TOM3, which might explain the smaller contribution of THH1 to tobamovirus multiplication.

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Identification of salicylic acid-independent responses in an Arabidopsis phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase beta double mutant

Annals of Botany ◽

10.1093/aob/mcz112 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 125 (5) ◽

pp. 775-784 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Tetiana Kalachova ◽

Martin Janda ◽

Vladimír Šašek ◽

Jitka Ortmannová ◽

Pavla Nováková ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salicylic Acid ◽

Pseudomonas Syringae ◽

Double Mutant ◽

Plant Defence ◽

Blumeria Graminis ◽

Wild Type ◽

Triple Mutant ◽

Independent Manner ◽

Phosphatidylinositol 4

Abstract Background and Aims We have recently shown that an Arabidopsis thaliana double mutant of type III phosphatidylinositol-4-kinases (PI4Ks), pi4kβ1β2, constitutively accumulated a high level of salicylic acid (SA). By crossing this pi4kβ1β2 double mutant with mutants impaired in SA synthesis (such as sid2 impaired in isochorismate synthase) or transduction, we demonstrated that the high SA level was responsible for the dwarfism phenotype of the double mutant. Here we aimed to distinguish between the SA-dependent and SA-independent effects triggered by the deficiency in PI4Kβ1 and PI4Kβ2. Methods To achieve this we used the sid2pi4kβ1β2 triple mutant. High-throughput analyses of phytohormones were performed on this mutant together with pi4kβ1β2 and sid2 mutants and wild-type plants. Responses to pathogens, namely Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis, Pseudomonas syringae and Botrytis cinerea, and also to the non-host fungus Blumeria graminis, were also determined. Callose accumulation was monitored in response to flagellin. Key Results We show here the prominent role of high SA levels in influencing the concentration of many other tested phytohormones, including abscisic acid and its derivatives, the aspartate-conjugated form of indole-3-acetic acid and some cytokinins such as cis-zeatin. We show that the increased resistance of pi4kβ1β2 plants to the host pathogens H. arabidopsidis, P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and Bothrytis cinerea is dependent on accumulation of high SA levels. In contrast, accumulation of callose in pi4kβ1β2 after flagellin treatment was independent of SA. Concerning the response to Blumeria graminis, both callose accumulation and fungal penetration were enhanced in the pi4kβ1β2 double mutant compared to wild-type plants. Both of these processes occurred in an SA-independent manner. Conclusions Our data extensively illustrate the influence of SA on other phytohormone levels. The sid2pi4kβ1β2 triple mutant revealed the role of PI4Kβ1/β2 per se, thus showing the importance of these enzymes in plant defence responses.

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Impact of Field Application with Salicylic Acid on Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) Growth, Yield and Accumulation of Phenolic Compounds in Storage Seeds under Infestation with Acanthoscelides obtectus

Alexandria Journal of Agricultural Sciences ◽

10.21608/alexja.2017.5765 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 (1) ◽

pp. 119-133

Keyword(s):

Salicylic Acid ◽

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽

Common Bean ◽

Growth Yield ◽

Field Application ◽

Acanthoscelides Obtectus

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Salicylic Acid Accumulation Controlled by LSD1 Is Essential in Triggering Cell Death in Response to Abiotic Stress

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells10040962 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 962

Author(s):

Maciej Jerzy Bernacki ◽

Anna Rusaczonek ◽

Weronika Czarnocka ◽

Stanisław Karpiński

Keyword(s):

Cell Death ◽

Salicylic Acid ◽

Abiotic Stress ◽

Wild Type ◽

Pr Genes ◽

Genes Expression ◽

Salicylic Acid Accumulation ◽

Cell Death Phenotype ◽

Insight Into

Salicylic acid (SA) is well known hormonal molecule involved in cell death regulation. In response to a broad range of environmental factors (e.g., high light, UV, pathogens attack), plants accumulate SA, which participates in cell death induction and spread in some foliar cells. LESION SIMULATING DISEASE 1 (LSD1) is one of the best-known cell death regulators in Arabidopsis thaliana. The lsd1 mutant, lacking functional LSD1 protein, accumulates SA and is conditionally susceptible to many biotic and abiotic stresses. In order to get more insight into the role of LSD1-dependent regulation of SA accumulation during cell death, we crossed the lsd1 with the sid2 mutant, caring mutation in ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE 1(ICS1) gene and having deregulated SA synthesis, and with plants expressing the bacterial nahG gene and thus decomposing SA to catechol. In response to UV A+B irradiation, the lsd1 mutant exhibited clear cell death phenotype, which was reversed in lsd1/sid2 and lsd1/NahG plants. The expression of PR-genes and the H2O2 content in UV-treated lsd1 were significantly higher when compared with the wild type. In contrast, lsd1/sid2 and lsd1/NahG plants demonstrated comparability with the wild-type level of PR-genes expression and H2O2. Our results demonstrate that SA accumulation is crucial for triggering cell death in lsd1, while the reduction of excessive SA accumulation may lead to a greater tolerance toward abiotic stress.

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Uncoupling Salicylic Acid-Dependent Cell Death and Defense-Related Responses From Disease Resistance in the Arabidopsis Mutant acd5

Genetics ◽

10.1093/genetics/156.1.341 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 156 (1) ◽

pp. 341-350

Author(s):

Jean T Greenberg ◽

F Paul Silverman ◽

Hua Liang

Keyword(s):

Cell Death ◽

Salicylic Acid ◽

Disease Resistance ◽

Pseudomonas Syringae ◽

Higher Plants ◽

Ethylene Signaling ◽

Symptom Development ◽

Wild Type ◽

Dependent Cell ◽

Arabidopsis Mutant

Abstract Salicylic acid (SA) is required for resistance to many diseases in higher plants. SA-dependent cell death and defense-related responses have been correlated with disease resistance. The accelerated cell death 5 mutant of Arabidopsis provides additional genetic evidence that SA regulates cell death and defense-related responses. However, in acd5, these events are uncoupled from disease resistance. acd5 plants are more susceptible to Pseudomonas syringae early in development and show spontaneous SA accumulation, cell death, and defense-related markers later in development. In acd5 plants, cell death and defense-related responses are SA dependent but they do not confer disease resistance. Double mutants with acd5 and nonexpressor of PR1, in which SA signaling is partially blocked, show greatly attenuated cell death, indicating a role for NPR1 in controlling cell death. The hormone ethylene potentiates the effects of SA and is important for disease symptom development in Arabidopsis. Double mutants of acd5 and ethylene insensitive 2, in which ethylene signaling is blocked, show decreased cell death, supporting a role for ethylene in cell death control. We propose that acd5 plants mimic P. syringae-infected wild-type plants and that both SA and ethylene are normally involved in regulating cell death during some susceptible pathogen infections.

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IC138 Defines a Subdomain at the Base of the I1 Dynein That Regulates Microtubule Sliding and Flagellar Motility

Molecular Biology of the Cell ◽

10.1091/mbc.e09-04-0277 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 20 (13) ◽

pp. 3055-3063 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

Raqual Bower ◽

Kristyn VanderWaal ◽

Eileen O'Toole ◽

Laura Fox ◽

Catherine Perrone ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Double Mutant ◽

Essential Role ◽

Null Allele ◽

Flagellar Motility ◽

Wild Type ◽

Gene Encoding ◽

Radial Spoke ◽

Mutant Strains ◽

Dynein Arms ◽

Image Averaging

To understand the mechanisms that regulate the assembly and activity of flagellar dyneins, we focused on the I1 inner arm dynein (dynein f) and a null allele, bop5-2, defective in the gene encoding the IC138 phosphoprotein subunit. I1 dynein assembles in bop5-2 axonemes but lacks at least four subunits: IC138, IC97, LC7b, and flagellar-associated protein (FAP) 120—defining a new I1 subcomplex. Electron microscopy and image averaging revealed a defect at the base of the I1 dynein, in between radial spoke 1 and the outer dynein arms. Microtubule sliding velocities also are reduced. Transformation with wild-type IC138 restores assembly of the IC138 subcomplex and rescues microtubule sliding. These observations suggest that the IC138 subcomplex is required to coordinate I1 motor activity. To further test this hypothesis, we analyzed microtubule sliding in radial spoke and double mutant strains. The results reveal an essential role for the IC138 subcomplex in the regulation of I1 activity by the radial spoke/phosphorylation pathway.

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Accumulation of salicylic acid-induced phenolic compounds and raised activities of secondary metabolic and antioxidative enzymes in Salvia miltiorrhiza cell culture

Journal of Biotechnology ◽

10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.05.009 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 148 (2-3) ◽

pp. 99-104 ◽

Cited By ~ 131

Author(s):

Juane Dong ◽

Guowei Wan ◽

Zongsuo Liang

Keyword(s):

Cell Culture ◽

Salicylic Acid ◽

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Antioxidative Enzymes ◽

Salvia Miltiorrhiza

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Aspergillus nidulans Protein O-Mannosyltransferases Play Roles in Cell Wall Integrity and Developmental Patterning

Eukaryotic Cell ◽

10.1128/ec.00040-09 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 8 (10) ◽

pp. 1475-1485 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Thanyanuch Kriangkripipat ◽

Michelle Momany

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Aspergillus Nidulans ◽

Double Mutant ◽

Elevated Temperatures ◽

Cell Wall Integrity ◽

Wild Type ◽

Spatial Cues ◽

Developmental Patterning ◽

In The Wild ◽

Increased Sensitivity

ABSTRACT Protein O-mannosyltransferases (Pmts) initiate O-mannosyl glycan biosynthesis from Ser and Thr residues of target proteins. Fungal Pmts are divided into three subfamilies, Pmt1, -2, and -4. Aspergillus nidulans possesses a single representative of each Pmt subfamily, pmtA (subfamily 2), pmtB (subfamily 1), and pmtC (subfamily 4). In this work, we show that single Δpmt mutants are viable and have unique phenotypes and that the ΔpmtA ΔpmtB double mutant is the only viable double mutant. This makes A. nidulans the first fungus in which all members of individual Pmt subfamilies can be deleted without loss of viability. At elevated temperatures, all A. nidulans Δpmt mutants show cell wall-associated defects and increased sensitivity to cell wall-perturbing agents. The Δpmt mutants also show defects in developmental patterning. Germ tube emergence is early in ΔpmtA and more frequent in ΔpmtC mutants than in the wild type. In ΔpmtB mutants, intrahyphal hyphae develop. All Δpmt mutants show distinct conidiophore defects. The ΔpmtA strain has swollen vesicles and conidiogenous cells, the ΔpmtB strain has swollen conidiophore stalks, and the ΔpmtC strain has dramatically elongated conidiophore stalks. We also show that AN5660, an ortholog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Wsc1p, is modified by PmtA and PmtC. The Δpmt phenotypes at elevated temperatures, increased sensitivity to cell wall-perturbing agents and restoration to wild-type growth with osmoticum suggest that A. nidulans Pmts modify proteins in the cell wall integrity pathway. The altered developmental patterns in Δpmt mutants suggest that A. nidulans Pmts modify proteins that serve as spatial cues.

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