scholarly journals Boscalid Resistance in Blumeriella jaapii: Distribution, Effect on Field Efficacy, and Molecular Characterization

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (6) ◽  
pp. 1112-1118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cory A. Outwater ◽  
Tyre J. Proffer ◽  
Nikki L. Rothwell ◽  
Jingyu Peng ◽  
George W. Sundin
Keyword(s):  
Field Trials ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Current Season ◽  
Slow Growth Rate ◽  
Blumeriella Jaapii ◽  
Quinone Outside Inhibitor ◽  
Cherry Leaf Spot ◽  
Field Efficacy ◽  
Sdhb Gene ◽  
Succinate Dehydrogenase Inhibitor

Cherry leaf spot (CLS), caused by the fungus Blumeriella jaapii, is a major disease of tart cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) trees, leading to early defoliation that results in uneven ripening and poor fruit quality in the current season, reduced fruit set in the following season, and increased potential for winter injury and tree death. Pristine (BASF Corporation, Research Triangle Park, NC), a commonly used fungicide for CLS management in Michigan, is a premix of boscalid, a succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor, and pyraclostrobin, a quinone outside inhibitor. Reduced efficacy of Pristine for CLS control was observed in field trials and commercial orchards and highlights the importance of fungicide resistance monitoring. A total of 1,189 isolates from 31 commercial orchards in Michigan, 111 isolates from nontreated trees (four locations in Michigan and two locations in Ohio), and 133 isolates from a research orchard were collected during 2010, 2011, and 2012 and assayed on boscalid-amended media at concentrations ranging from 0 to 25 μg ml−1. Because of the very slow growth rate of B. jaapii in culture, we determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of boscalid as opposed to the effective concentration that inhibits mycelial growth to 50% of the control. Isolates from nontreated trees had MIC values ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 μg ml−1; the MIC of isolates from commercial orchards ranged from 0.1 to >25 μg ml−1, and isolates from the research orchard ranged from 2.5 to >25 μg ml−1. Isolates with MIC values ≥25 μg ml−1 were considered boscalid resistant and comprised 0% of the nontreated isolates, 30.4% of the commercial isolates, and 42.1% of the research orchard isolates. Sequencing of the sdhB gene of resistant isolates led to the detection of the amino acid mutation H260R, which is known to confer boscalid resistance in other phytopathogenic fungi. Our results indicate that the occurrence of the H260R mutation in Michigan populations of B. jaapii is correlated with the reduction in sensitivity to boscalid observed in commercial orchards.

scholarly journals Resistance to Boscalid, Fluopyram and Fluxapyroxad in Blumeriella jaapii from Michigan (U.S.A.): Molecular Characterization and Assessment of Practical Resistance in Commercial Cherry Orchards

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 2198
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Gleason ◽  
Jingyu Peng ◽  
Tyre J. Proffer ◽  
Suzanne M. Slack ◽  
Cory A. Outwater ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Leaf Spot Disease ◽  
Tart Cherry ◽  
Blumeriella Jaapii ◽  
The Past ◽  
Quinone Outside Inhibitor ◽  
Cherry Leaf Spot ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Succinate Dehydrogenase Inhibitor

Management of cherry leaf spot disease, caused by the fungus Blumeriella jaapii, with succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicides has been ongoing in Michigan tart cherry orchards for the past 17 years. After boscalid-resistant B. jaapii were first isolated from commercial orchards in 2010, premixes of SDHI fungicides fluopyram or fluxapyroxad with a quinone outside inhibitor were registered in 2012. Here, we report widespread resistance to fluopyram (FluoR), fluxapyroxad (FluxR), and boscalid (BoscR) in commercial orchard populations of B. jaapii in Michigan from surveys conducted between 2016 and 2019. A total of 26% of 1610 isolates from the 2016–2017 surveys exhibited the fully-resistant BoscR FluoR FluxR phenotype and only 7% were sensitive to all three SDHIs. Practical resistance to fluopyram and fluxapyroxad was detected in 29 of 35 and 14 of 35 commercial tart cherry orchards, respectively, in surveys conducted in 2018 and 2019. Sequencing of the SdhB, SdhC, and SdhD target genes from 22 isolates with varying resistance phenotypes showed that BoscS FluoR FluxS isolates harbored either an I262V substitution in SdhB or an S84L substitution in SdhC. BoscR FluoR FluxR isolates harbored an N86S substitution in SdhC, or contained the N86S substitution with the additional I262V substitution in SdhB. One BoscR FluoR FluxR isolate contained both the I262V substitution in SdhB and the S84L substitution in SdhC. These mutational analyses suggest that BoscR FluoR FluxR isolates evolved from fully sensitive BoscS, FluoS, FluxS isolates in the population and not from boscalid-resistant isolates that were prevalent in the 2010–2012 time period.

scholarly journals Draft Genome Sequence Resource for Blumeriella jaapii, the Cherry Leaf Spot Pathogen

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (9) ◽  
pp. 1507-1510
Author(s):  
Jingyu Peng ◽  
J. Alejandro Rojas ◽  
Hyunkyu Sang ◽  
Tyre J. Proffer ◽  
Cory A. Outwater ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Draft Genome ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Blumeriella Jaapii ◽  
Cherry Leaf Spot ◽  
Long Reads ◽  
The Family ◽  
Sterol Demethylation Inhibitors ◽  
High Quality Genome

Blumeriella jaapii is the causal agent of cherry leaf spot (CLS), the most important disease of tart cherry in the Midwestern United States. Infection of leaves by B. jaapii leads to premature defoliation, which places trees at heightened risk of winter injury and death. Current management of CLS relies primarily on the application of three important fungicide classes, quinone outside inhibitors, sterol demethylation inhibitors, and succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors. Here, we present the first high-quality genome of B. jaapii through a hybrid assembly of PacBio long reads and Illumina short reads. The assembled draft genome of B. jaapii is 47.4 Mb and consists of 95 contigs with a N50 value of 1.5 Mb. The genomic information of B. jaapii, representing the most complete sequenced genome of the family Dermateaceae (Ascomycota) to date, provides a valuable resource for identifying fungicide resistance mechanisms of this pathogen and expands our knowledge of the phytopathogenic fungi in this family.

scholarly journals Integration of Copper-Based and Reduced-Risk Fungicides for Control of Blumeriella jaapii on Sour Cherry

Plant Disease ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 294-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia S. McManus ◽  
Tyre J. Proffer ◽  
Raffaele Berardi ◽  
Barrett R. Gruber ◽  
James E. Nugent ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sour Cherry ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Study Strategies ◽  
Blumeriella Jaapii ◽  
Cherry Leaf Spot ◽  
Dmi Fungicides ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Protection Against Infection ◽  
Disease Pressure

Practical resistance to sterol demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicides among populations of Blumeriella jaapii, the cherry leaf spot (CLS) pathogen, was documented in 2005. In the present study, strategies to reduce selection for DMI-resistant strains of B. jaapii and adapt to possible restrictions on the use of chlorothalonil are described. Ten field trials were conducted on the sour cherry cultivars Balaton and Montmorency to test the efficacy of integrating respiration-inhibitor and copper-based fungicides into spray programs. Programs that included up to three sprays of copper-based fungicides were among the most effective for controlling CLS, although leaf phy-totoxicity was sometimes observed. Under high disease pressure, eliminating chlorothalonil compromised CLS control. ‘Balaton’ and ‘Montmorency’ did not differ in the percentage of leaves with CLS or defoliation resulting from CLS. The physical modes of action of representative DMI, QoI, and copper-based fungicides were evaluated in a leaf disk assay. Trifloxystrobin, a QoI fungicide, provided the best protection against infection by B. jaapii. All fungicides were more effective than water when applied 46 h postinfection, although differences were not statistically significant in one of two trials. Tebuconazole, a DMI, was the only fungicide that was more effective than water in preventing resporulation from existing lesions in both trials. Isolates of B. jaapii, which varied in DMI-sensitivity, all were sensitive to copper in vitro.

scholarly journals Exploiting Thrips Aggregation Pheromones to Develop a Lure-and-Kill Strategy for the Management of the Bean Flower Thrips

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1269
Author(s):  
David K. Mfuti ◽  
Amanuel Tamiru ◽  
William D. J. Kirk ◽  
Adeyemi O. Akinyemi ◽  
Heather Campbell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Aggregation Pheromones ◽  
Megalurothrips Sjostedti ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Antifungal Effects ◽  
Field Efficacy ◽  
Management Alternative ◽  
Trap Catches

The potential of semiochemicals to lure insect pests to a trap where they can be killed with biopesticides has been demonstrated as an eco-friendly pest management alternative. In this study, we tested two recently characterized male-produced aggregation pheromones of the bean flower thrips Megalurothrips sjostedti (Trybom), namely (R)-lavandulyl 3-methylbutanoate (major) and (R)-lavandulol (minor), for their field efficacy. Moreover, compatibility of these pheromones and two other thrips attractants, Lurem-TR and neryl (S)-2-methylbutanoate, with the entomopathogenic fungus (EPF) Metarhizium anisopliae ICIPE 69 has been determined. Our study revealed that the M. sjostedti aggregation pheromones have dose-dependent antifungal effects on the EPF viability, but showed no fungistatic effect at a field-realistic dose for attraction of thrips. (R)-lavandulyl 3-methylbutanoate had similar antifungal effects as neryl (S)-2-methylbutanoate 8 days after exposure; whereas, Lurem-TR had a stronger antifungal effect than other thrips attractants. In the semi-field experiments, all autoinoculation devices maintained at least 86% viability of M. anisopliae conidia after 12 days of exposure. Field trials demonstrated for the first time that (R)-lavandulyl 3-methylbutanoate increases trap catches. Our findings pave a way for designing a lure-and-kill thrips management strategy to control bean flower thrips using autoinoculation devices or spot spray application.

Activity of A Novel Succinate Dehydrogenase Inhibitor Fungicide Pydiflumetofen against Fusarium fujikuroi causing Rice Bakanae Disease

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Bai ◽  
Chun-Yan Gu ◽  
Rui Pan ◽  
Muhammad Abid ◽  
Hao-Yu Zang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Succinate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Cell Membrane Permeability ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Fusarium Fujikuroi ◽  
Control Efficacy ◽  
Bakanae Disease ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Succinate Dehydrogenase Inhibitor

New fungicides are tools to manage fungal diseases and overcome emerging resistance in fugnal pathogens. In this study, a total of 121 isolates of Fusarium fujikuroi, the causal agent of rice bakanae disease (RBD), were collected from various geographical regions of China, and their sensitivity to a novel succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI)fungicide ‘pydiflumetofen’ was evaluated. The 50% effective concentration (EC50) value of pydiflumetofen for mycelial growth suppression ranged from 0.0101 to 0.1012 μg/ml and for conidial germination inhibition ranged from 0.0051to 0.1082 μg/ml. Pydiflumetofen treated hyphae showed contortion and increased branching, cell membrane permeability, and glycerol content significantly. The result of electron microscope transmission indicated that pydiflumetofen damaged the mycelial cell wall and the cell membrane, and almost broken up the cells, which increased the intracellular plasma leakage. There was no cross-resistance between pydiflumetofen and the widely used fungicides such as carbendazim, prochloraz, and phenamacril. Pydiflumetofen was found safe to seeds and rice seedlings of four rice cultivars, used up to 400 μg/ml. Seed treatment significantly decreased the rate of diseased plants in the greenhouse as well as in field trials in 2017 and 2018. Pydiflumetofen showed superb results against RBD, when used at 10 or 20 g a.i./100 kg of treated seeds, providing over 90% control efficacy (the highest control efficacy was up to 97%), which was significantly higher than that of 25% phenamacril (SC) at 10g or carbendazim at 100 g. Pydiflumetofen is highly effective against F. fujikuroi growth and sporulation as well as RBD in the field.

scholarly journals Field efficacy of mandipropamid for the control of potato late blight

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-161
Author(s):  
Emil Rekanovic ◽  
Milos Stepanovic ◽  
Milan Stevic ◽  
Ivana Potocnik ◽  
Biljana Todorovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Late Blight ◽  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Potato Late Blight ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
High Efficacy ◽  
Highly Effective ◽  
Field Efficacy ◽  
Disease Pressure

The efficacy of mandipropamid (Revus 250 SC) in controlling Phytophthora infestans in potato was evaluated in field trials. The efficacies of Revus 250 SC in comparison with standard fungicides Quadris (azoxystrobin) were tested in several localities in Serbia (Kasarske Livade, Valjevska Kamenica and Opovo) in 2007 and 2008. Both of the tested fungicides exhibited high efficacy in controlling potato late blight. The differencies in the efficacy of Revus 250 SC (96.3- 99.2%) and Quadris (94.1-95.5%) were insignificant. Our experiments showed that the investigated fungicide was highly effective against P. infestans even under high disease pressure.

scholarly journals Overexpression of the 14α-Demethylase Target Gene (CYP51) Mediates Fungicide Resistance in Blumeriella jaapii

2006 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 2581-2585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhonghua Ma ◽  
Tyre J. Proffer ◽  
Janette L. Jacobs ◽  
George W. Sundin
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Fungicide Resistance ◽  
Target Gene ◽  
Direct Repeat ◽  
Efflux Pumps ◽  
Blumeriella Jaapii ◽  
Cherry Leaf Spot ◽  
Dmi Fungicides ◽  
Long Interspersed Nuclear Element ◽  
Demethylation Inhibitor

ABSTRACT Sterol demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicides are widely used to control fungi pathogenic to humans and plants. Resistance to DMIs is mediated either through alterations in the structure of the target enzyme CYP51 (encoding 14α-demethylase), through increased expression of the CYP51 gene, or through increased expression of efflux pumps. We found that CYP51 expression in DMI-resistant (DMIR) isolates of the cherry leaf spot pathogen Blumeriella jaapii was increased 5- to 12-fold compared to that in DMI-sensitive (DMIS) isolates. Analysis of sequences upstream of CYP51 in 59 DMIR isolates revealed that various forms of a truncated non-long terminal direct repeat long interspersed nuclear element retrotransposon were present in all instances. Similar inserts upstream of CYP51 were not present in any of 22 DMIS isolates examined.

scholarly journals Some aspects of disease management of cherry leaf spot (Blumeriella jaapii) with special reference to pesticide use

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
I. J. Holb ◽  
P. Lakatos ◽  
F. Abonyi
Keyword(s):  
Disease Management ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Pesticide Use ◽  
Control Approach ◽  
Blumeriella Jaapii ◽  
Cherry Leaf Spot ◽  
Sterol Demethylation Inhibitors ◽  
Fallen Leaves

In this review, some aspects of disease management of cherry leaf spot (Blumeriella jaapii) are summarised with special reference to pesticide use. In the first part of the review, we show the non-chemical control approach (e. g. removal of fallen leaves, planting resistant cultivar) against leaf spot. In the second part of the review, the effect of pesticides including fertilizers (urea) and fungicides on cherry leaf spot are discussed. Special attention are given to the fungicides of copper, dodine, captafol, captan, benomil, chlorothalonil, sterol demethylation inhibitors (e.g. fenarimol, fenbuconazole, myclobutanil, tebuconazole), and strobilurins about their effectiveness against cherry leaf spot. In the final part of the review, possibilities of cherry leaf spot control are discussed in integrated and organic cherry orchards.

scholarly journals Effects of Cherry Leaf Spot on Photosynthesis in Tart Cherry ‘Montmorency’ Foliage

2012 ◽  
Vol 102 (7) ◽  
pp. 656-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. R. Gruber ◽  
E. L. Kruger ◽  
P. S. McManus
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Leaf Spot Disease ◽  
Tart Cherry ◽  
Blumeriella Jaapii ◽  
Leaf Physiology ◽  
Cherry Leaf Spot ◽  
Leaf Level ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Serious Disease ◽  
First Time

Results described here span a total of three field seasons and quantitatively depict the effects of an economically important fungal pathogen (Blumeriella jaapii) on tart cherry (Prunus cerasus ‘Montmorency’) leaf physiology. For the first time, leaf photosynthesis, stomatal conductance (gs), maximum ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylation rate (Vcmax), and maximum electron transport (Jmax) were measured as functions of visible cherry leaf spot disease (CLS) severity. Defined as the proportion of chlorotic and necrotic tissue per leaf, CLS severity was estimated from leaves of mature ‘Montmorency’ trees in 2007, 2008, and 2009. Briefly, as visible disease severity increased, all of the leaf-level physiological parameters decreased significantly (P < 0.01) and disproportionately. Thus, the effects of visible symptoms on leaf photosynthetic metabolic function encroached upon asymptomatic tissue as well. Impairment of photosynthetic metabolism in ‘Montmorency’ tart cherry leaves due to CLS appears to be mediated through disproportionately large perturbations in gs, Vcmax, and Jmax. These findings offer a new perspective on the amount of damage that this serious disease can inflict.

scholarly journals Baseline Sensitivity of Botrytis cinerea to the Succinate Dehydrogenase Inhibitor Isopyrazam and Efficacy of this Fungicide

Plant Disease ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 100 (7) ◽  
pp. 1314-1320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingying Song ◽  
Zhengqun Zhang ◽  
Lele Chen ◽  
Leiming He ◽  
Hongbao Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Succinate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Spore Germination ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Baseline Sensitivity ◽  
Control Efficacy ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Succinate Dehydrogenase Inhibitor

Isopyrazam is a new broad-spectrum, foliar-absorbed and -translocated succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor fungicide. In this study, 159 Botrytis cinerea isolates collected from different geographical regions of Shandong Province of China were characterized for baseline sensitivity to isopyrazam. Furthermore, the protective and curative activity of isopyrazam on strawberry fruit and the control efficacy in the field were also determined. In contrast to its mycelial growth, the spore germination of B. cinerea was inhibited completely by lower concentrations of isopyrazam, about 1 μg ml−1 on yeast-peptone-acetate medium. Frequency distributions of isopyrazam 50% effective concentration (EC50) values were unimodal curves, with mean EC50 values of 0.07 ± 0.04 (standard deviation) and 0.68 ± 0.36 μg ml−1 for the inhibition of spore germination and mycelial growth, respectively. In addition, there was no positive multiple resistance between isopyrazam and other classes of botryticides such as diethofencarb, iprodione, pyrimethanil, or SYP-Z048. In field trials conducted during 2014 and 2015, isopyrazam used at a concentration of active ingredient at 150 and 200 g ha−1 provided a control efficacy ranging from 76.7 to 87.8% on leaves and from 81.5 to 90.7% on fruit. These results suggest that isopyrazam has the potential to play an important role in the management of gray mold.

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