scholarly journals Vertical Distribution of Pratylenchus spp. in Silt Loam Soil and Pacific Northwest Dryland Crops

Plant Disease ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 92 (12) ◽  
pp. 1662-1668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard W. Smiley ◽  
Jason G. Sheedy ◽  
Sandra A. Easley
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Lesion Nematodes ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Dryland Crops ◽  
Root Lesion Nematodes ◽  
The Vertical Distribution ◽  
Summer Fallow

Dryland field crops in the Pacific Northwest United States are commonly produced in silt loams infested by the root-lesion nematodes Pratylenchus neglectus and P. thornei. Soils at 30 sites in Oregon were sampled from 0 to 120 cm depth to examine the vertical distribution of these Pratylenchus spp. Both species were distributed through entire soil profiles of all cropping systems. Populations were generally greatest in the surface 30 cm, but sometimes high populations were detected at depths greater than 45 cm. Sampling to 30 cm depth allowed detection of more than 50% of the population in most sites, while sampling to 45 cm depth yielded more than 75% of the population in over 75% of the sites evaluated. Therefore, soil samples should be collected to 30 to 45 cm depth to accurately estimate populations of Pratylenchus spp. in dryland crops produced on silt loams in the Pacific Northwest. Populations of Pratylenchus spp. were found to be related to the most recently planted crop, with populations after barley, after wheat, and during summer fallow being detected in ascending order.

Diseases of wheat and barley in conservation cropping systems of the semiarid Pacific Northwest

1996 ◽  
Vol 11 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 95-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard W. Smiley
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Disease Management ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
Conservation Farming ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Summer Fallow

AbstractDiseases continue to be important constraints in wheat and barley conservation cropping systems in the semiarid Pacific Northwest. Several diseases are more damaging in highthan low-residue seedbeds, and in crops planted during early autumn to reduce soil erosion during winter, especially unirrigated winter wheat in rotation with summer fallow in low rainfall zones (250–400 mm). Changes in cropping systems in the region have made disease management and maintenance of yield goals and farm profitability more challenging because disease management often is more complex and expensive with conservation tillage than inversion tillage. Practices being developed to meet this challenge are reviewed for diseases that are particularly trouble some in conservation farming systems of the Pacific Northwest.

scholarly journals Composted Dairy Manure and Alfalfa Hay Mulch Affect Soil Ecology and Early Production of ‘Braeburn’ Apple on M.9 Rootstock

HortScience ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 645-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Forge ◽  
Gerry Neilsen ◽  
Denise Neilsen ◽  
Eugene Hogue ◽  
Dana Faubion
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Dairy Manure ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Direct Stimulation ◽  
Alfalfa Hay ◽  
Lesion Nematodes ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Root Lesion Nematodes

A variety of organic mulches and amendments have been observed to improve soil quality and productivity of apple orchards. Alfalfa hay and composted dairy manure solids (CDS) are readily available in the apple-growing region of the Pacific Northwest and British Columbia and could be used to improve orchard performance. The objective of this research was to determine the influences of CDS amendment and alfalfa hay mulch on populations of soil microfauna, soil chemical properties, and early growth; nutrient uptake; and yield of apple planted into a fumigated coarse-textured soil in central Washington State. Alfalfa mulch significantly improved tree vigor and fruit yield with minimal adverse effects on fruit quality, whereas the CDS amendment had minor effects on vigor and yield. Both alfalfa mulch and CDS amendment increased availability and uptake into leaves and fruit of most key nutrients but plant nutrient concentrations were not deficient in control plots, suggesting that increased nutrient availability was probably not the primary reason for the increased vigor attributed to alfalfa mulch at this site. The alfalfa mulch resulted in elevated populations of microbivorous nematodes and protozoa that persisted through later years of the experiment, indicating greater overall microbial activity, mineralization of nutrients, and possible direct stimulation of root growth under mulch; the CDS amendment did not consistently enhance populations of microbivorous nematodes. The alfalfa mulch, but not CDS amendment, suppressed the buildup of populations of root-lesion nematodes, which are important components of the replant disease complex that was suppressing tree growth at the site despite the preplant fumigation. Accordingly, we speculate that the reduced impacts of root-lesion nematodes contributed to the improved vigor and fruit yield of trees grown with alfalfa hay mulch.

scholarly journals Effect of Nitrogen and Seeding Rate on β-Glucan, Protein, and Grain Yield of Naked Food Barley in No-Till Cropping Systems in the Palouse Region of the Pacific Northwest

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cedric Habiyaremye ◽  
Kurtis L. Schroeder ◽  
John P. Reganold ◽  
David White ◽  
Daniel Packer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Test Weight ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
No Till ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Days To Heading

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) has a storied history as a food crop, and it has long been a dietary staple of peoples in temperate climates. Contemporary research studies have focused mostly on hulled barley for malt and animal feed. As such, nitrogen (N) and seeding rate agronomic data for naked food barley are lacking. In this study, we evaluated the effects of N on ß-glucan and protein content, and N and seeding rate on phenotypic characteristics of naked food barley, including grain yield, emergence, plant height, days to heading, days to maturity, test weight, percent plump kernels, and percent thin kernels. Experiments were conducted at two no-till farms, located in Almota, WA, and Genesee, ID, in the Palouse region of the Pacific Northwest from 2016 to 2018. The experiment comprised two varieties (“Havener” and “Julie”), employed N rates of 0, 62, 95, 129, and 162 kg N ha−1, and seeding rates of 250, 310, and 375 seeds/m−2. Increased N fertilization rate was shown to significantly increase all response variables, except β-glucan content of the variety Julie, days to heading, test weight, and percent plump and thin kernels. Increased N fertilization resulted in higher mean grain yield of Havener and Julie in both Almota and Genesee up to 95 kg N ha−1. Havener had higher yields (3,908 kg N ha−1) than Julie (3,099 kg N ha−1) across locations and years. Julie had higher β-glucan (8.2%) and protein (12.6%) content compared to Havener (β-glucan = 6.6%; protein = 9.1%). Our results indicate that β-glucan content is associated with genotype, environmental, and agronomic factors in dryland cropping systems of the Palouse.

The water balance of post-monsoonal dryland crops

1983 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 699-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Angus ◽  
S. Hasegawat ◽  
T. C. Hsiao ◽  
S. P. Liboon ◽  
H. G. Zandstra
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Rice Cultivar ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Biological Productivity ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Dryland Crops

SUMMARYSix dryland crops (mungbean, cow pea, soya bean, groundnut, maize and sorghum) and two rice cultivars (C·171·136 and IR 36) were grown under rainfed and irrigated conditions on a dryland site with a clay loam soil at the International Rice Research Institute, Philippines. After the first 30 days of growth there was no effective rain, and the rainfed crops encountered different water deficits. Crop productivity, leaf area, plant water status, root distribution, and soil water use were measured.Neither rice cultivar yielded seed under rainfed conditions, but all other crops did. With mungbean and cow pea there was little difference between the yields under rainfed and irrigated conditions, but groundnut, soya bean, sorghum and maize gave higher yields under irrigation.The rainfed crops extracted different amounts of stored soil water, ranging from 100 mm for IR 36 to 250 mm for groundnut. The different amounts were associated with different growth durations, rooting depths and rates of soil water depletion from within the root zone. Biological productivity of the six rainfed crops with the C 3 photosynthetic pathway was linearly related to transpiration, which was estimated from soil water extraction and soil evaporation. Biological productivity per unit of transpiration for the two crops with the C 4 pathway was 2·2 times higher than for those with the C 3 pathway. The different seed yields of the rainfed crops were due to differences in harvest index and the chemical composition of seeds, as well as to biological productivity.The results are discussed in relation to the potential for growing dryland crops after rice in rice-based cropping systems.

Distribution of 65Zn In Tissues of Two Marine Crustaceans Determined by Autoradiography

1968 ◽  
Vol 25 (11) ◽  
pp. 2461-2466 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. Cross ◽  
S. W. Fowler ◽  
J. M. Dean ◽  
L. F. Small ◽  
C. L. Osterberg
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Food Web ◽  
Euphausia Pacifica ◽  
Oregon Coast ◽  
Marine Crustaceans ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
The Vertical Distribution

In the benthic amphipod Anonyx sp., and the euphausiid Euphausia pacifica Hansen, 65Zn accumulated from seawater was shown by autoradiography to be localized predominantly in the exoskeleton and interstitial spaces of the myofibrils. Also, the gut and hepatopancreas of Anonyx sp. and the eye of E. pacifica contained 65Zn. The presence of 65Zn in crustacean exoskeletons may affect the efficiency of transfer of 65Zn through the food web and the vertical distribution of 65Zn in the Pacific Ocean along the Oregon coast.

Water conservation practices for sustainable dryland farming systems in the Pacific Northwest

1996 ◽  
Vol 11 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 58-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Hammel
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Water Erosion ◽  
Residue Management ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Summer Fallow ◽  
Wind And Water Erosion

Sustainable crop production in the Pacific Northwest dry-farmed areas relies heavily on tillage and residue management systems to conserve water. Stable, sustainable yields cannot be achieved without adequate water conservation techniques. Frozen soil can reduce infiltration markedly, which decreases overwinter profile water storage and can cause severe soil erosion. Uncurbed evaporation losses throughout the year can greatly limit yields, particularly with summer fallow.In both summer-fallowed and annually cropped regions where soil freezes frequently, fall tillage is used to increase surface macroporosity and to provide open channels to below the frost depth. This enhances infiltration throughout the winter and insures better water intake during rapid snowmelt and rainfall when the soil is frozen. Fall tillage enhances overwinter water recharge under these conditions, whereas in areas where soil freezes infrequently, it does not improve water storage efficiency.In the dry-farmed regions receiving less than 330 mm annual precipitation, a winter wheat-fallow system is used to reduce the risk of uneconomical yields. Successful establishment of winter wheat following summer fallow is feasible only when proper management has suppressed evaporative loss. During the dry summer fallow, tillage is used to develop and maintain a soil mulch that restricts the flow of water, as both liquid and vapor. The tillage mulch effectively conserves stored soil water and maintains adequate seedzone moisture for fall establishment of winter wheat. However, the soil mulch can lead to high wind and water erosion.In the Pacific Northwest dry-farmed region, tillage by itself is not considered a substitute for proper residue management. Crop residues following harvest are important for conserving water and controlling erosion. Under conservation programs implemented since 1985, shallow subsurface tillage systems that maintain residues on the surface have substantially reduced wind and water erosion in the region. Surface residues are effective in decreasing evaporative water loss and trapping snow during the winter, and therefore increase overwinter recharge. While surface residues are much less effective in suppressing evaporative losses in dry-farmed areas during extended dry periods, residues provide substantial control of wind and water erosion during the fallow.Before conservation tillage systems came into use in the Pacific Northwest, water conservation frequently was achieved only through tillage. This helped to stabilize yields, but at a high cost to the soil resource. Poor use of surface residues and intensive tillage contributed to extensive wind and water erosion. Continued use of these practices would have caused yields to decline over time and required greater agrichemical inputs. To meet soil and water conservation needs, site-specific tillage and residue management systems were developed to account for the diversity and variability of soils and climate across the Pacific Northwest. Common to all these production systems is that both water conservation and effective residue management to protect the soil are required for long-term sustainable production.

Comparisons of Annual No‐Till Spring Cereal Cropping Systems in the Pacific Northwest

cftm ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank L. Young ◽  
J. R. Alldredge ◽  
William L. Pan ◽  
Curtis Hennings
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
No Till ◽  
The Pacific

Fertility management in dryland conservation cropping systems of the Pacific Northwest

1996 ◽  
Vol 11 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 108-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul E. Rasmussen
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Conservation Tillage ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Soil Pathogens ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Steep Slopes

The Pacific Northwest dryland region is moving toward conservation tillage to control excessive erosion on steep slopes, but progress has been slow because of adverse effects on plant growth and yield. Fertility relations in cereal grains with conventional tillage are well known, with deficiencies occurring for nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, in declining order of frequency. N and S deficiencies are more severe in conservation tillage, although the pattern of crop response to nutrient application is the same as in conventional tillage. Placing nutrients in a subs urface band near the seed is more effective than broadcasting on the surface. Higher fertility is required near developing root systems to offset greater competition from grassy weeds and more intense pressure from root-pruning soil pathogens. Conservation tillage alters soil fertility and plant growth in different ways on different landscapes. These differences must be considered to ensure tha t conservation tillage will be effective over the entire field.

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