scholarly journals Selected Soybean Plant Introductions with Partial Resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Plant Disease ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 86 (9) ◽  
pp. 971-980 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. D. Hoffman ◽  
B. W. Diers ◽  
G. L. Hartman ◽  
C. D. Nickell ◽  
R. L. Nelson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Partial Resistance ◽  
Germ Plasm ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
The United States ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Sclerotinia Stem Rot ◽  
Plant Introductions

Sclerotinia stem rot, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is a major soybean (Glycine max) disease in north-central regions of the United States and throughout the world. Current sources of resistance to Sclerotinia stem rot express partial resistance, and are limited in number within soybean germ plasm. A total of 6,520 maturity group (MG) 0 to IV plant introductions (PIs) were evaluated for Sclerotinia stem rot resistance in the United States and Canada in small plots or in the greenhouse from 1995 to 1997. Selected PIs with the most resistance were evaluated for resistance in the United States and Canada in replicated large plots from 1998 to 2000. The PIs in the MG I to III tests in Urbana, IL were evaluated for agronomic traits from 1998 to 2000. The selected PIs also were evaluated with an excised leaf inoculation and petiole inoculation technique. After the 1995 to 1997 evaluations, all but 68 PIs were eliminated because of their susceptibility to Sclerotinia stem rot. In field tests in Urbana, higher disease severity in selected MG I to III PIs was significantly (P< 0.05) associated with taller plant heights and greater canopy closure. All other agronomic traits evaluated were not associated or were inconsistently associated with disease severity. MG I to III PIs 153.282, 189.931, 196.157, 398.637, 417.201, 423.818, and 561.331 had high levels of resistance and had canopies similar to the resistant checks. The resistance ratings from the petiole inoculation technique had a high and significant (P< 0.01) correlation with disease severity in the MG I and II field tests. The partially resistant PIs identified in this study can be valuable in incorporating Sclerotinia stem rot resistance into elite germ plasm.

Suppression of Soybean Yield Potential in the Continental United States by Plant Diseases from 2006 to 2009

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen R. Koenning ◽  
J. Allen Wrather
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Soybean Rust ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Sclerotinia Stem Rot ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
The Impact

Research must focus on management of diseases that cause extensive losses, especially when funds for research are limited. Knowledge of the losses caused by various soybean diseases is essential when prioritizing research budgets. The objective of this project was to compile estimates of soybean yield potential losses caused by diseases for each soybean producing state in the United States from 2006 to 2009. This data is of special interest since the 4-year period summarized in this report, permits an examination of the impact of soybean rust that was first reported in the United States in 2004. Thus, in addition to the goal of providing this information to aid funding agencies and scientists in prioritizing research objectives and budgets, an examination of the impact of soybean rust on soybean yield losses relative to other diseases is warranted. Yield losses caused by individual diseases varied among states and years. Soybean cyst nematode caused more yield losses than any other disease during 2006 to 2009. Seedling diseases, Phytophthora root and stem rot, sudden death syndrome, Sclerotinia stem rot, and charcoal rot ranked in the top six of diseases that caused yield loss during these years. Soybean yield losses due to soybean rust and Sclerotinia stem rot varied greatly over years, especially when compared to other diseases. Accepted for publication 21 October 2010. Published 22 November 2010.

scholarly journals Impact of Management Practices on Prevalence of Soybean Sclerotinia Stem Rot in the North-Central United States and on Farmers' Decisions Under Uncertainty

Plant Disease ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 87 (9) ◽  
pp. 1048-1058 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Mila ◽  
A. L. Carriquiry ◽  
J. Zhao ◽  
X. B. Yang
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
The United States ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Sclerotinia Stem Rot ◽  
Weather Variables ◽  
North Central ◽  
The North ◽  
Attainable Yield

Regional prevalence of soybean Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR), caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, was modeled using management practices (tillage, herbicide, manure and fertilizer application, and seed treatment with fungicide) and summer weather variables (mean monthly air temperature and precipitation for the months of June, July, August, and September) as inputs. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the probability of stem rot prevalence with disease data from four states in the north-central region of the United States (Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, and Ohio). Goodness-of-fit criteria indicated that the resulting model explained well the observed frequency of occurrence. The relationship of management practices and weather variables with soybean yield was examined using multiple linear regression (R 2 = 0.27). Variables significant to SSR prevalence, including average air temperature during July and August, precipitation during July, tillage, seed treatment, liquid manure, fertilizer, and herbicide applications, were also associated with high attainable yield. The results suggested that SSR occurrence in the north-central region of the United States was associated with environments of high potential yield. Farmers' decisions about SSR management, when the effect of management practices on disease prevalence and expected attainable yield was taken into account, were examined. Bayesian decision procedures were used to combine information from our model (prediction) with farmers' subjective estimation of SSR incidence (personal estimate, based on farmers' previous experience with SSR incidence). MAXIMIN and MAXIMAX criteria were used to incorporate farmers' site-specific past experience with SSR incidence, and optimum actions were derived using the criterion of profit maximization. Our results suggest that management practices should be applied to increase attainable yield despite their association with high disease risk.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Soybean Resistance to Sclerotinia Stem Rot Using Reciprocal Grafting

Plant Disease ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. D. Vuong ◽  
G. L. Hartman
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Fungal Mycelium ◽  
Sclerotinia Stem Rot ◽  
Plant Survival ◽  
Plant Introductions ◽  
Inoculation Method ◽  
The North ◽  
Grafting Technique ◽  
Soybean Genotypes

Sclerotinia stem rot of soybean is one of the major soybean diseases in the north central region of the United States. One disease management option is to plant cultivars that have resistance. Some sources of partial resistance have been identified, but information pertaining to the nature of resistance is limited. The objective of this study was to determine if the expression of resistance is dictated by shoots of resistant plants and if this can be altered by using resistant and susceptible soybean genotypes grafted in different shoot and rootstock combinations of self-, single-, or double-shoot grafts. After successful grafts were made, several experiments were conducted using different inoculation techniques and soybean genotypes. In one experiment, cotyledons were inoculated with a plug of fungal mycelium, plants were incubated in a mist chamber for 23 h, and plant survival was recorded over time. Based on seven grafting combinations of cross- and self-grafted plants using two soybean cultivars, grafts with NKS19-90 (partially resistant) as shoots had greater (P ≤ 0.05) plant survival at 3, 4, and 5 days after inoculation than the other graft combinations. In another experiment, a total of 17 graft combinations were generated using resistant plant introductions and two susceptible cultivars. Resistant self-grafts of the plant introductions had greater (P ≤ 0.05) plant survival (mean = 75%) than self-grafts of the susceptible cultivars (mean = 15%) at 5 days after inoculation. Inter-genotypic grafts with resistant shoots had greater (P ≤ 0.05) plant survival (mean = 65%) than those in reciprocal combinations (mean = 8%) 5 days after inoculation. A cut stem inoculation method was used to test graft combinations of one resistant and two susceptible cultivars. Grafts with susceptible shoots of cvs. Williams 82 and Asgrow 2242 had greater (P < 0.05) lesion lengths (mean = 13.2 cm) than shoots of NKS19-90 (mean = 9.2 cm) regardless of the rootstock 15 days after inoculation. In a double-graft experiment, shoots of both NKS19-90 and Williams 82 were grafted to either NKS19-90 or Williams 82 rootstocks. Regardless of the rootstock, the shoots of Williams 82 died while shoots of NKS19-90 survived. For all the experiments, resistance was greater when the grafted shoot came from a resistant source on a susceptible rootstock compared with the reciprocal combination regardless of the type of grafting technique or inoculation method.

scholarly journals Silicon Alleviates the Disease Severity of Sclerotinia Stem Rot in Rapeseed

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuxia Feng ◽  
Yuxin Hu ◽  
Pengpeng Fang ◽  
Xiangjun Zuo ◽  
Jinxiong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Induced Defense ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Lesion Size ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Lesion Length ◽  
Sclerotinia Stem Rot

Sclerotinia stem rot, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is a devastating disease in rapeseed. The objective of this study was to investigate the role and the mechanism of silicon (Si) in alleviating the disease severity of S. sclerotiorum in rapeseed. In the absorption assays, the rapeseed that absorbed 10 mM of K2SiO3 exhibited an 86% decrease in lesion size on infected leaves as compared with controls. In the spray assay, the lesion length on rapeseed stems was reduced by 30.5–32.9% with the use of 100 mM of a foliar Si fertilizer as compared with controls. In the pot assay, the lesion length on rapeseed stems was reduced by 34.9–38.3% when using the Si fertilizer as basal fertilizer. In the field assay, both the disease incidence and disease index of sclerotinia stem rot were significantly reduced with the usage of a solid Si fertilizer, Si foliar fertilizer, and the application of both, without negative affection on the main agronomic traits and seed quality of rapeseed. The transcriptome sequencing, quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR), and biochemical assays between K2SO4- and K2SiO3- treated rapeseed leaves revealed that Si promoted the biosynthesis of defense-related substances and enhanced the antioxidation and detoxification abilities of rapeseed after infection. Thus, this study concluded that Si can alleviate the disease severity of S. sclerotiorum in rapeseeds, partially due to the induced defense responses.

scholarly journals Comprehensive Sclerotinia Stem Rot Screening of Soybean Germplasm Requires Multiple Isolates of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Plant Disease ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 344-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Willbur ◽  
S. Ding ◽  
M. E. Marks ◽  
H. Lucas ◽  
C. R. Grau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Resistance Breeding ◽  
The United States ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
In Vitro Growth ◽  
Sclerotinia Stem Rot ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Soybean Germplasm

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum population variability directly affects Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR) resistance breeding programs. In the north-central United States, however, soybean germplasm selection has often involved only a single isolate. Forty-four S. sclerotiorum isolates from Illinois, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, Wisconsin, Poland, and across 11 different host species were evaluated for variation in isolate in vitro growth, in vitro oxalate production, and in planta aggressiveness on the susceptible soybean ‘Williams 82’. Significant differences (P < 0.0001) were detected in isolate in planta aggressiveness, in vitro growth, and in vitro oxalate production. Furthermore, diverse isolate characteristics were observed within all hosts and locations of collection. Aggressiveness was not correlated to colony growth and was only weakly correlated (r = 0.26, P < 0.0001) to isolate oxalate production. In addition, the host or location of collection did not explain isolate aggressiveness. Isolate oxalic acid production, however, may be partially explained by the host (P < 0.05) and location (P < 0.01) of collection. Using a representative subset of nine S. sclerotiorum isolates and soybean genotypes exhibiting susceptible or resistant responses (determined using a single isolate), a significant interaction (P = 0.04) was detected between isolates and genotypes when SSR severity was evaluated. Our findings suggest that screening of S. sclerotiorum-resistant soybean germplasm should be performed with multiple isolates to account for the overall diversity of S. sclerotiorum isolates found throughout the soybean-growing regions of the United States.

scholarly journals First Report of Sclerotinia Stem Rot Caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on Hibiscus trionum in New York

Plant Disease ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 93 (6) ◽  
pp. 673-673
Author(s):  
J. Strauss ◽  
H. R. Dillard
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
The United States ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Stem Tissue ◽  
Sclerotinia Stem Rot ◽  
American Phytopathological Society ◽  
First Report ◽  
Hibiscus Trionum

Hibiscus trionum L. (Venice mallow) is an annual weed widely distributed in the United States. In September of 2008, Venice mallow plants with bleached stems and necrotic tissues were observed in a commercial field of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. cv. Moreton) in Geneva, NY. White, cottony mycelium and dark sclerotia were readily found on the stems and in the stem pith. Cabbage plants in direct contact with diseased Venice mallow also displayed signs and symptoms of infection by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary. Sclerotia from within diseased Venice mallow stems were placed in 9-cm-diameter petri plates on potato dextrose agar amended with 0.1 g/liter each of chloramphenicol and streptomycin (ABPDA) and incubated at room temperature. In addition, diseased stem tissue was surface disinfested for 3 min in 0.525% sodium hypochlorite solution, rinsed for 3 min in sterile distilled water, and placed on ABPDA. After 5 days, hyphae from the colony margin were excised and transferred to potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates. Fungal cultures consisting of white mycelia and medium-sized (~4 mm), black, irregular sclerotia were consistently recovered and identified as S. sclerotiorum based on morphological characteristics (1). Pathogenicity of two isolates (one from a sclerotium and one from stem tissue) was determined by inoculating seven 43-day-old Venice mallow plants growing in greenhouse pots (65 mm in diameter). Mycelia plugs (7 mm in diameter) were excised from 2-day-old PDA cultures of each isolate and placed on the stems at the soil line. Seven control plants were inoculated with noncolonized PDA plugs. All plants were enclosed in plastic bags for 72 h and placed under shade in the greenhouse with temperatures from 20 to 38°C (average 27°C). Symptoms similar to those observed in the affected fields were evident within 2 days after inoculation, while control plants remained symptomless. S. sclerotiorum was successfully recovered from infected plant tissue, fulfilling Koch's postulates. The experiment was repeated with similar results. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Sclerotinia stem rot of Hibiscus trionum caused by S. sclerotiorum (2,3). References: (1) L. Buchwaldt. Sclerotinia White Mold. Page 43 in: Compendium of Brassica Diseases, 1st ed. S. R. Rimmer et al., eds. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 2007. (2) D. F. Farr et al. Fungi on Plants and Plant Products in the United States. The American Phytopathological Society, MN, 1989. (3) C. Wehlburg et al. Index of Plant Diseases in Florida. Fla Dep. Agric. Consum. Serv. Bull. 11, 1975.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Sclerotinia Stem Rot on Canola Caused by Sclerotinia minor in Argentina

Plant Disease ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 172-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Gaetán ◽  
M. Madia
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
The United States ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Buenos Aires Province ◽  
Sclerotinia Stem Rot ◽  
Sclerotinia Minor ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
Initial Symptoms ◽  
A Minor

Canola (Brassica napus) is a minor rotation crop grown since the 1990s in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina because of its potential as a source of biodiesel. During the spring of 2006, typical signs and symptoms of Sclerotinia stem rot were observed on canola plants (cv. Master) in one production field at 9 de Julio locality in Buenos Airs Province. Affected plants were distributed in patches throughout the rows at flowering and podfilling stages resulting in approximately 7 to 11% plant loss. Initial symptoms consisted of yellowing of mature leaves, decaying, and necrosis of lower stems. Ultimately, crowns and lower stems rotted, stems bleached, pods remained unfilled, and entire plants collapsed. White mycelium and numerous small sclerotia appeared on crown tissues. Samples of 20 infected plants were randomly collected in one production field, and 5- to 10-mm pieces of symptomatic tissues were cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) for 7 to 8 days after disinfestation with 2% sodium hypochlorite. Four colonies isolated from symptomatic tissues were identified as Sclerotinia minor Jagger (3) on the basis of white, fluffy mycelium containing black, irregularly shaped sclerotia (≤2 mm in diameter) abundantly scattered over the cultured surface. Crown inoculations were performed for two isolates by placing a plug taken from an actively growing culture of S. minor into wounds made on 6-week-old canola plants (cvs. Eclipse, Master, and Mistral). Control plants received plugs of sterile PDA. Inoculated and control plants were enclosed in plastic bags for 72 h. Symptoms similar to those in the affected fields were evident within 2 weeks of postinoculation on inoculated plants, whereas control plants remained healthy. The pathogen was successfully recovered from infected tissues fulfilling Koch's postulates. The experiment was repeated with similar results. Sclerotinia stem rot caused by S. sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary was previously reported on canola in Argentina in 2005 (2), and S. minor is a pathogen of B. napus in the United States (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of Sclerotinia stem rot of canola incited by S. minor in Argentina. References: (1) D. F. Farr et al. Fungi on Plants and Plant Products in the United States. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1989. (2) S. Gaetán and M. Madia. Plant Dis. 89:530, 2005. (3) C. L. Patterson and R. Grogan. Plant Dis. 72:1046, 1988.

The biology of Canadian weeds. 108. Erucastrum gallicum (Willd.) O.E. Schulz

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne I. Warwick ◽  
David A. Wall
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Reproductive Output ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
The United States ◽  
Biological Information ◽  
Close Relative ◽  
Weed Biology ◽  
Germplasm Resource ◽  
Winter Annual

A review of biological information is provided for Erucastrum gallicum (Willd.) O.E. Schulz. A European native, it was introduced into Canada and the United States in the early 1900s and spread rapidly along the railroads. The species occurs in all the provinces and the Northwest Territories and is particularly abundant in the Prairie provinces and mid-western United States. It is a summer annual, rarely a winter annual or biennial species, and is characterized by high reproductive output. Plants occur most commonly on waste ground and along roadsides and railroads, followed by agricultural fields. Erucastrum gallicum is of allopolyploid origins (n = 15, 7 + 8 chromosomes), and contains a single multi-locus isozyme genotype. The species is a close relative of Brassica and is capable of limited genetic exchange with the canola species, B. rapa and B. napus. The possible transfer of genes from transgenic canola varieties to Erucastrum gallicum poses a remote, but potential, environmental risk. Populations of Erucastrum gallicum, including both Old World and North American populations, constitute a valuable germplasm resource as potential sources of beneficial agronomic traits, such as disease resistance for canola crop improvement. Key words: Dog mustard, Erucastrum gallicum, weed biology, risk assessment, germplasm, canola

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