A Review of Corynespora cassiicola and Its Increasing Relevance to Tomato in Florida

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 303-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keevan J. MacKenzie ◽  
Leilani G. Sumabat ◽  
Katia V. Xavier ◽  
Gary E. Vallad
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Corynespora Cassiicola ◽  
Varietal Resistance ◽  
Vegetable Crop ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Resistance Development ◽  
Pathogen Diversity ◽  
Target Spot ◽  
Insight Into

Corynespora cassiicola is a highly diverse fungal pathogen that can infect more than 500 species of plants, including many economically important crops such as cotton, soybean, tomato, and cucumber. In Florida, the number one vegetable crop by market value are fresh-market tomatoes, which generate nearly half a billion dollars annually. Florida’s subtropical to tropical climate is conducive to infection and development of the target spot pathogen on tomato caused by C. cassiicola. There is no varietal resistance available for target spot of tomato, and preventative fungicide treatments are the primary method for control. In the last decade, C. cassiicola has been more frequently reported by Florida tomato growers, appearing not only more aggressive but also increasingly insensitive to various fungicides. This review brings together the most recent C. cassiicola literature, providing a history and understanding of the immense pathogen diversity and its relevance to tomato. It also provides insight into fungicide resistance development and pathogen survivability, which are important factors in providing effective control recommendations and in understanding the epidemiology of this disease, respectively.

scholarly journals Target Spot of Tomato in Florida

EDIS ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (6) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Keevan MacKenzie ◽  
Jessica Chitwood ◽  
Gary Edward Vallad ◽  
Sam Hutton
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathology ◽  
The State ◽  
Corynespora Cassiicola ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Current Management ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
The Third ◽  
Pathology Department ◽  
Target Spot ◽  
Fruit Damage

Fresh-market tomatoes bring in $400-$500 million annually as the third most valuable crop in the state. Defoliation and fruit damage from target spot, caused by Corynespora cassiicola, can have serious economic implications for growers. This new 5-page publication of the UF/IFAS Plant Pathology Department, written by Keevan MacKenzie, Jessica Chitwood, Gary Vallad, and Sam Hutton, reviews symptoms and epidemiology of the disease and provides current management recommendations.https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pp351

Studies on the Fungal Pathogen of Dutch Elm Disease

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 400-401
Author(s):  
H.M. Mazzone ◽  
G. Wray ◽  
R. Zerillo
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Polymyxin B ◽  
The United States ◽  
Dutch Elm Disease ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Sabouraud Agar ◽  
Total Inhibition ◽  
Zones Of Inhibition ◽  
Control Plate

The fungal pathogen of the Dutch elm disease (DED), Ceratocystis ulmi (Buisman) C. Moreau, has eluded effective control since its introduction in the United States more than sixty years ago. Our studies on DED include establishing biological control agents against C. ulmi. In this report we describe the inhibitory action of the antibiotic polymyxin B on the causal agent of DED.In screening a number of antibiotics against C. ulmi, we observed that filter paper discs containing 300 units (U) of polymyxin B (Difco Laboratories) per disc, produced zones of inhibition to the fungus grown on potato dextrose agar or Sabouraud agar plates (100mm x 15mm), Fig. 1a. Total inhibition of fungal growth on a plate occurred when agar overlays containing fungus and antibiotic (polymyxin B sulfate, ICN Pharmaceuticals, Inc.) were poured on the underlying agar growth medium. The agar overlays consisted of the following: 4.5 ml of 0.7% agar, 0.5 ml of fungus (control plate); 4.0 ml of 0.7% agar, 0.5 ml of fungus, 0.5 ml of polymyxin B sulfate (77,700 U). Fig. 1, b and c, compares a control plate and polymyxin plate after seven days.

scholarly journals Tuta absoluta; A Devastating Pest of Tomato: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 193-197
Author(s):  
Abichal Poudel ◽  
Karuna Kafle
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Tomato Leaf ◽  
Leaf Miner ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Mass Trapping ◽  
Vegetable Crop ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Tomato Leaf Miner ◽  
The World

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a very important vegetable crop of the world. However, there is a huge loss in tomato production due to pest and disease incidence. Tomato leaf miner is a devastating pest of tomato and other Solanaceous crops in many vegetable crop growing areas around the world and it also attacks non-solanaceous crops. The larva is the most devastating stage of tomato leaf miner. After egg hatching, the larvae feed on tomato fruits, leaves, flower buds, and young shoots and create mines and galleries. Larval feeding may reduce tomato production by 80-100 % in an open field as well as in a plastic house if no control measures are carried out. Chemical control has been found ineffective due to a wide host range and has developed resistance to dozens of pesticides. Hence, Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices involving mass trapping of the pest using pheromone trap, biological control by a predator, parasitoid, entomopathogenic microbes, including cultural practices should be implemented for the effective control of this pest.

scholarly journals Whole-organism Transcriptomic Insight Into the Effects of Cytco, A Novel Nematotoxic Protein on the Pine Wood Nematode Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ye Chen ◽  
Xiang Zhou ◽  
Kai Guo ◽  
Sha-Ni Chen ◽  
Xiu Su
Keyword(s):  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Transcriptome Profiling ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Pine Wood Nematode ◽  
Pine Wood ◽  
Protein Toxin ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract Background: The pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is a worldwide destructive pest on Pinus trees and lacks effective control measures. Screening nematotoxic protein toxins has been conducted to develop new strategies for nematode control. Results: The present study provided initial insights into the responses of B. xylophilus exposed to a nematocidal cytolytic-like protein (CytCo) based on the transcriptome profiling. A large set of differentially expressed genes (1266 DEGs) were found related to nematode development, reproduction, metabolism, motion, and immune system. In response to the toxic protein, B. xylophilus upregulated DEGs encoding cuticle collagens, transporters, and cytochrome P450. In addition, many DEGs related to cell death, lipid metabolism, major sperm proteins, proteinases/peptidases, phosphatases, kinases, virulence factors, and transthyretin-like proteins were downregulated. And Gene Ontology enrichment analysis showed that CytCo treatment significantly affecting DEGs functioning in muscle contraction, lipid localization, MAPK cascade. The pathway richness of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes showed that the DEGs were concentrated in lysosome and fatty acid degradation. The weight co-expression network analysis indicated that the hub genes affected by CytCo were associated with the nematode cuticular collagen. Conclusions: These results showed that the CytCo protein toxin could interference gene expression to produce multiple nematotoxic effects, providing initial insight into its control potential of pine wood nematode.

scholarly journals HIV-1 Genetic Variability and Clinical Implications

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Mercedes Santoro ◽  
Carlo Federico Perno
Keyword(s):  
Disease Spread ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Hiv Disease ◽  
Load Testing ◽  
Resistance Development ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Subtype B ◽  
Endemic Areas ◽  
Hiv 1

Despite advances in antiretroviral therapy that have revolutionized HIV disease management, effective control of the HIV infection pandemic remains elusive. Beyond the classic non-B endemic areas, HIV-1 non-B subtype infections are sharply increasing in previous subtype B homogeneous areas such as Europe and North America. As already known, several studies have shown that, among non-B subtypes, subtypes C and D were found to be more aggressive in terms of disease progression. Luckily, the response to antiretrovirals against HIV-1 seems to be similar among different subtypes, but these results are mainly based on small or poorly designed studies. On the other hand, differences in rates of acquisition of resistance among non-B subtypes are already being observed. This different propensity, beyond the type of treatment regimens used, as well as access to viral load testing in non-B endemic areas seems to be due to HIV-1 clade specific peculiarities. Indeed, some non-B subtypes are proved to be more prone to develop resistance compared to B subtype. This phenomenon can be related to the presence of subtype-specific polymorphisms, different codon usage, and/or subtype-specific RNA templates. This review aims to provide a complete picture of HIV-1 genetic diversity and its implications for HIV-1 disease spread, effectiveness of therapies, and drug resistance development.

scholarly journals Widespread QoI Fungicide Resistance Revealed Among Corynespora cassiicola Tomato Isolates in Florida

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 893-903 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keevan J. MacKenzie ◽  
Katia V. Xavier ◽  
Aimin Wen ◽  
Sujan Timilsina ◽  
Heather M. Adkison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid Position ◽  
Rapid Screening ◽  
Silent Mutation ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Corynespora Cassiicola ◽  
Qoi Fungicides ◽  
Quinone Outside Inhibitor ◽  
Target Spot ◽  
Moderately Resistant ◽  
Qoi Resistance

Target spot of tomato caused by Corynespora cassiicola is one of the most economically destructive diseases of tomato in Florida. A collection of 123 isolates from eight counties in Florida were evaluated for sensitivity to azoxystrobin and fenamidone based on mycelial growth inhibition (MGI), spore germination (SG), detached leaflet assays (DLAs), and sequence-based analysis of the cytochrome b gene (cytb). Cleavage of cytb by restriction enzyme (Fnu4HI) revealed the presence of a mutation conferring a glycine (G) to alanine (A) mutation at amino acid position 143 (G143A) in approximately 90% of the population, correlating with quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) resistance based on MGI (<40% at 5 μg/ml), SG (<50% at 1 and 10 μg/ml), and DLA (<10% severity reduction). The mutation conferring a phenylalanine (F) to leucine (L) substitution at position 129 (F129L) was confirmed in moderately resistant isolates (#9, #19, and #74) based on MGI (40 to 50% at 5 μg/ml), SG (<50% at 1 μg/ml and >50% at 10 μg/ml), and DLA (>10% and <43% severity reduction) for both QoI fungicides, whereas sensitive isolates (#1, #4, #7, #28, #29, #46, #61, #74, #75, #76, #91, #95, and #118) based on MGI (>50% at 5 μg/ml), SG (>50% at 1 μg/ml and 10 μg/ml), and DLA (>50% severity reduction) correlated to non-mutation-containing isolates or those with a silent mutation. This study indicates that QoI resistance among C. cassiicola isolates from tomato is widespread in Florida and validates rapid screening methods using MGI or molecular assays to identify resistant isolates in future studies.

scholarly journals Natural Phenolic Inhibitors of Trichothecene Biosynthesis by the Wheat Fungal Pathogen Fusarium culmorum: A Computational Insight into the Structure-Activity Relationship

PLoS ONE ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. e0157316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanna Pani ◽  
Alessandro Dessì ◽  
Roberto Dallocchio ◽  
Barbara Scherm ◽  
Emanuela Azara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Structure Activity Relationship ◽  
Activity Relationship ◽  
Structure Activity ◽  
Insight Into

QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN ELECTRONIC COMMERCE INFORMATION SYSTEMS

2019 ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Viktorija Maļkeviča
Keyword(s):  
Quality Management ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Competitive Advantages ◽  
Work Process ◽  
Technology Infrastructure ◽  
Website Content ◽  
Insight Into

Today the rapid development of information technology has a major impact on the global economy, which contributes to the development of the e-commerce sector. The benefits of using internet are attracting more and more participants who want to take advantage of the new opportunities for business promotion, to improve the quality and sustainable development of trade services. In today's competitive environment, developing and implementing a quality system in the work process becomes one of the competitive advantages of companies, as the modern consumer has become more demanding and selective. Therefore, in order to ensure effective control and organization of the work process in the company, it is necessary to develop a system that accurately describes the processes in the company and promotes the employees' full action in the accomplishment of the assigned tasks and achievement of the goals. This study examines e-commerce quality issues such as website content and design, technology infrastructure and security. The introduction of a standard ISO / IEC 9126 quality assessment model for e-commerce service analysis is also discussed. Based on the available literature, the aim of the study is to provide a theoretical insight into quality management in the context of e-commerce and to explain why quality management principles are important for the development of the e-commerce industry.

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