Effects of Glufosinate-Ammonium and Urea on Aflatoxin and Fumonisin Levels in Corn

2006 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Arnold Bruns ◽  
H. K. Abbas
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Ammonium Salt ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Fusarium Verticillioides ◽  
Butanoic Acid ◽  
Glufosinate Ammonium ◽  
Aflatoxin Concentration ◽  
Plot Design

Glufosinate-ammonium [butanoic acid, 2-amino-4-(hydroxymethylphosphinyl)-ammonium salt] (G-A) and urea [CO(NH2)2] were evaluated as foliar treatments for suppression of pre-harvest aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination in corn (Zea mays). The experiment was conducted in Stoneville, MS as a randomized complete block split-plot design replicated four times. The whole plots were four commercial hybrids, two genetically modified to be resistant to G-A and two nonmodified. Twenty randomly-selected ears in each sub-plot were inoculated with a culture of F3W4 Aspergillus flavus using a pin bar. Infection by Fusarium verticillioides (= F. moniliforme) occurred naturally. The sub-plot treatments were applied as an aqueous solution (0.23 % v:v G-A, 1.13% v:v G-A, and 0.075 M urea) 60 days after silking. The experiment also included untreated controls with and without inoculation of A. flavus. Sub-plots were two rows 30 ft long, spaced 40 inches apart. The experiment was repeated four times starting in 2001 and ending in 2004. Among years, inoculated ears averaged 153.6 ppb to 257.3 ppb more aflatoxin than non-inoculated ears. Neither G-A nor urea reduced aflatoxin or fumonisin concentrations. Hybrids did not differ in yield or aflatoxin concentration. Fumonisin concentrations among hybrids ranged from 2.3 ppm to 7.5 ppm. Grain yields were less in 2004 (110 bu/acre) than 2001 (140 bu/acre) or 2002 (144 bu/acre). Accepted for publication 25 January 2006. Published 24 March 2006.

Effect of Different Postharvest Drying Temperatures on Aspergillus flavus Survival and Aflatoxin Content in Five Maize Hybrids

2005 ◽  
Vol 68 (7) ◽  
pp. 1521-1524 ◽  
Author(s):  
LEIGH K. HAWKINS ◽  
GARY L. WINDHAM ◽  
W. PAUL WILLIAMS
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Fusarium Verticillioides ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Heat Stability ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
Aflatoxin Content ◽  
Kernel Infection ◽  
Aflatoxin Concentration ◽  
Natural Infestation

After harvest, maize is dried artificially to halt fungal growth and mycotoxin production while in postharvest storage. The process often limits harvest capacity and has been a frequent cause of seed injury. Higher drying temperatures could lead to shorter drying periods and faster turnover; however, there is often a deterioration of the physical grain quality, including increased breakage susceptibility and loss of viability. The goals of this study were to determine the effect of different postharvest drying temperatures on Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium verticillioides survival and aflatoxin content in maize and to determine the viability of the seed. Five corn hybrids varying in resistance to A. flavus were side needle–inoculated with A. flavus, harvested at physiological maturity, and dried at temperatures ranging from 40 to 70°C. Kernels were evaluated for aflatoxin, stress cracks, germination, and kernel infection by A. flavus and a natural infestation of F. verticillioides. Drying temperature had no effects on aflatoxin concentration given the heat stability of the toxin. With increased temperatures from 40 to 70°C, germination decreased significantly, from 96 to 27%, and stress cracks increased significantly (1.4 up to 18.7). At temperatures above 60°C, F. verticillioides kernel infection was significantly reduced to less than 18%. At 70°C, there was a significant reduction in A. flavus kernel infection, from 11 to 3%. This information is useful in determining a range of temperatures that can be used for drying seed when fungal infection, stress cracks, and seed viability are of interest.

Glufosinate-Ammonium Reduces Growth and Aflatoxin B1 Production by Aspergillus flavus

2002 ◽  
Vol 65 (9) ◽  
pp. 1483-1487 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. TUBAJIKA ◽  
K. E. DAMANN
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Aflatoxin B1 ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Butanoic Acid ◽  
Screening Assay ◽  
Glufosinate Ammonium ◽  
Colony Diameter ◽  
Mycotoxigenic Fungus

The herbicide glufosinate-ammonium (GA) [butanoic acid, 2-amino-4-(hydroxymethylphosphinyl)-ammonium salt] was tested at concentrations from 2 to 2,000 g GA per ml for activity against growth and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) production by the mycotoxigenic fungus Aspergillus flavus Link:Fr. The highest concentration (2,000 μg GA per ml) reduced colony diameter of A. flavus strain AF13 by 80%. AFB1 production was inhibited by 90% at this concentration. Reduction in mycelial dry weight and AFB1 production in response to GA application ranged from 17.2 to 97.1% and from 39.1 to 90.1%, respectively. Of four concentrations tested, 2 μg GA per ml was weakly inhibitory. In the kernel screening assay, AFB1 production was inhibited 60 to 91% when kernels were preimmersed or immersed 5 days after incubation in 200 μg GA per ml. Both concentrations (2 and 200 μg GA per ml) reduced seed germination by 25 to 50%. Results indicate that GA has an inhibitory effect on growth and AFB1 production by A. flavus.

scholarly journals Detección de fusarium verticillioides y fumonisinas en granos de maíz blanco provenientes de los estados Yaracuy y Guárico, Venezuela

Nova Scientia ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (19) ◽  
pp. 171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marleny Coromoto Chavarri ◽  
Juan Barroyeta ◽  
Yessica Daniela Ochoa Sánchez ◽  
Nohants Betsaida Rumbos Escalona ◽  
Jesús Alezones
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Fusarium Verticillioides ◽  
Penicillium Sp ◽  
Alternaria Sp ◽  
Penicillium Spp

El maíz (Zea mays L.) es uno de los cereales con mayor superficie sembrada a nivel mundial, debido a su importancia en la alimentación humana y animal. Son muchos los agentes etiológicos que ocasionan enfermedades en la plantas de maíz; sin embargo,                Fusarium verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenberg, es uno de los mohos a los cuales se le ha prestado especial atención por su amplia distribución, especialmente en zonas tropicales y subtropicales, su  capacidad toxigénica y su resistencia. Por tal motivo, se evaluó la incidencia de F. verticillioides y el contenido de fumonisinas en granos de maíz blanco de once híbridos destinados al consumo humano provenientes de los estados Guárico y Yaracuy, Venezuela. Método: La cuantificación de especies toxigénicas se realizó por siembra directa de granos enteros y desinfectados con NaClO al 3,27%, sobre el medio malta sal agar, expresando los resultados como porcentajes de granos colonizados por mohos totales y por especies potencialmente toxigénicas. El contenido de fumonisinas se cuantificó por el método inmunoquímico con columnas de inmunoafinidad para fumonisinas (B1+B2).                      Resultados: No se observaron diferencias estadísticas significativas para la incidencia de F. verticillioides y la concentración de fumonisinas en las muestras evaluadas en ambos estados. La micobiota asociada a los granos de maíz fueron Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus Niger, A. ochraceus,  A. terreus, Eurotium chevalieri, F. verticillioides, Penicillium spp. Alternaria sp., y Curvularia sp. La  mayor incidencia promedio de mohos toxigénicos la obtuvieron A. flavus (24,3%), F. verticillioides (14,6%) y Penicillium sp. (4,4%) en Yaracuy; no obstante, en Guárico fueron F. verticillioides (16,7%) y Penicillium spp. (13,8%). La concentración promedio de fumonisinas en Yaracuy y Guárico fue de 1,8 y 8,4µg/g, respectivamente, superando el límite permitido para consumo humano (1 µg/g).Discusión: Con base en la baja incidencia de F. verticillioides y los bajos contenidos de fumonisinas detectados en los híbridos D1B-348 (proveniente de Guárico) y D1B-246 (proveniente de Yaracuy), se recomienda su uso en los respectivos estados, como medida de control del patógeno a nivel de campo y evitar la posible contaminación con fumonisinas.

Pepsin Degradation of Cry1A(b) Protein Purified from Genetically Modified Maize (Zea mays)

2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 2548-2553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth de Luis ◽  
María Lavilla ◽  
Lourdes Sánchez ◽  
Miguel Calvo ◽  
María D. Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Genetically Modified Maize

scholarly journals Antifungal activities of thiosemicarbazones and semicarbazones against mycotoxigenic fungi

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 531-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rojane de Oliveira Paiva ◽  
Lucimar Ferreira Kneipp ◽  
Carla Marins Goular ◽  
Mariana Almeida Albuquerque ◽  
Aurea Echevarria
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Fungicidal Activity ◽  
Fusarium Verticillioides ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Fungistatic Activity ◽  
Mycotoxigenic Fungi ◽  
Quality Of Food ◽  
Chelating Effect

Mycotoxigenic fungi can compromise the quality of food, exposing human and animal health at risk. The antifungal activity of eight thiosemicarbazones (1-8) and nine semicarbazones (9-17) was evaluated against Aspergillus flavus, A. nomius, A. ochraceus, A. parasiticus and Fusarium verticillioides. Thiosemicarbazones had MIC values of 125-500 µg/ml. The thiosemicarbazones 1 and 2 exerted fungistatic activity against Aspergillus spp., and thiosemicarbazone 2 exerted fungicidal activity against F. verticillioides. Compound 2 showed an iron chelating effect of 63%. The ergosterol content of A. parasiticus had a decrease of 28 and 71% for the 31.2 and 62.5 µg/ml concentrations of thiosemicarbazone 2 compared to the control. The obtained results of antifungal activity revealed that thiosemicarbazone class was more active when compared to semicarbazone class and, the thiosemicarbazone 2 was the most active compound, specially, against Aspergillus spp.

scholarly journals Screening of genetically modified Corn Zea mays in Iraqi market

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-29
Author(s):  
Ghaith Lotfi Aarif ◽  
Bilal Kamil Sulaiman ◽  
Zahra M. Alkhafaji
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Multiplex Pcr ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Genetically Modified Crops ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
Nos Terminator ◽  
The Government

Detection of the genetically modified crops could be done by screening certain markers usually used in modification. In this study polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology was used to investigate the presence of the promoter P35s and nos terminator in the genetically modified corn Zea mays. 72 samples of the maize crop collected from inside Iraqi market from various sources, including imported crops and other local strains used for agriculture or for the production of animal feed. DNA extracted from the corn seeds by two methods, the efficiency of extraction was compared between the two procedures, the purity of DNA samples extracted ranged between 1.4- 1.8 of the samples studied, while the ranged values for concentrations ranged from (500-2400) ng /µl, specificity of the DNA extracted was confirmed using Zea mays specific gene responsible for production of Zein protein, a storage protein. Results shows that all the samples were positive for this gene, results of the investigation of sequence responsible for regulating gene expression for promoter P35s and T-nos terminator, should that 10 samples 13.9% of the total 72 samples studied are genetically modified and gave positive results for the amplification of PCR using primers specialized for each of the P35s and T-nos. The results indicated that (9 out of 47) represent 19.14% of the samples studied imported for the government institutions were genetically modified. Multiplex PCR technique used for the detection of two types of the targets at the same reaction to reduce the time and efforts. Multiplex PCR successfully applied for two combinations of either zein and P35s or zein and nos.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document