scholarly journals Identification of Regional Climatic Conditions Favorable for Development of European Canker of Apple

2011 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Beresford ◽  
Kwang Soo Kim
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Summer Rainfall ◽  
The United States ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Moving Window Analysis ◽  
Regional Disease

Months of the year with high risk of European canker (Neonectria galligena) development in areas of the United States, Chile, England, and Northern Ireland were determined from published data. Moving-window analysis of long-term climatic data was used to classify disease risk in these areas in relation to rainfall and temperature conditions using the degree of agreement statistic. Greatest agreement occurred when it both rained on >30% of days/month and there was an average of >8 h/day with temperature of 11 to 16°C. When these thresholds were applied in eight validation areas in New Zealand, Australia, the United States, The Netherlands, and Denmark, areas with reported higher risk of disease tended to be areas where the thresholds were exceeded more often and by greater amounts. Areas at higher latitudes (>52°) with frequent summer rainfall appeared to be most prone to European canker, including the fruit rot phase of the disease, probably because summer temperatures were more favorable than at lower latitudes. The climatic thresholds derived for European canker could be useful for studies of disease establishment risk, surveillance, eradication, climate change impact assessment, and, possibly, for disease risk forecasting. The methods used in this study allowed conditions favorable for disease development to be identified even though quantitative regional disease data were lacking, and they could be useful for similar geoclimatic studies of other diseases.

scholarly journals Genetic Testing by Sports Medicine Physicians in the United States: Attitudes, Experiences, and Knowledge

Sports ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 145
Author(s):  
Eleanor Taranto ◽  
Michael Fishman ◽  
Holly Benjamin ◽  
Lainie Ross
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Genetic Testing ◽  
Sports Medicine ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Expert Knowledge ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Sickle Cell Trait ◽  
Positive Family History ◽  
The United States ◽  
Medical Society

It remains unknown whether and how sports medicine physicians currently utilize genetic testing in their clinical practice. This study sought to assess knowledge of, experience with, and attitudes towards genetic testing by sports medicine physicians in the United States (US). An email with a survey hyperlink was distributed twice to members of the American Medical Society for Sports Medicine (AMSSM) listserv in September 2016, with approximately a 10% response rate. Questions focused on knowledge of, experience with, and attitudes towards testing for different genes related to sports proficiency, injury risk, and disease risk. Few AMSSM physicians believe that genetic testing to adapt training (12%) or to choose a sport (2%) is ready for clinical adoption. Most respondents self-reported minimal knowledge about, and limited experience with, genetic testing. The main exception was screening for sickle cell trait (SCT) for which most (84%) reported moderate/significant/expert knowledge and over two-thirds had ordered testing. Although most respondents thought it appropriate to counsel and test for health conditions associated with cardiac and connective tissue disorders in the setting of a positive family history, only a minority had been asked to do so. Five or fewer respondents (2%) had been asked to test for performance-associated variants (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) II and Alpha-Actinin 3 (ACTN3)), and five or fewer (2%) would recommend changes based on the results. Our study provides a baseline of current US sports medicine physicians’ minimal experiences with, and knowledge of, genetic testing. The findings of our study indicate that sports medicine physicians require further genetics education as it relates to sports and exercise in order to be prepared to competently engage with their patients and to develop sound professional organizational policies.

scholarly journals The Regional Snowfall Index

2014 ◽  
Vol 95 (12) ◽  
pp. 1835-1848 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael F. Squires ◽  
Jay H. Lawrimore ◽  
Richard R. Heim ◽  
David A. Robinson ◽  
Mathieu R. Gerbush ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Data Center ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
The United States ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
National Climatic Data Center ◽  
Impact Scale ◽  
Population Information ◽  
Regional Index ◽  
The Impact

This paper describes a new snowfall index that quantifies the impact of snowstorms within six climate regions in the United States. The regional snowfall index (RSI) is based on the spatial extent of snowfall accumulation, the amount of snowfall, and the juxtaposition of these elements with population. Including population information provides a measure of the societal susceptibility for each region. The RSI is an evolution of the Northeast snowfall impact scale (NESIS), which NOAA's National Climatic Data Center began producing operationally in 2006. While NESIS was developed for storms that had a major impact in the Northeast, it includes all snowfall during the lifetime of a storm across the United States and as such can be thought of as a quasi-national index that is calibrated to Northeast snowstorms. By contrast, the RSI is a regional index calibrated to specific regions using only the snow that falls within that region. This paper describes the methodology used to compute the RSI, which requires region-specific parameters and thresholds, and its application within six climate regions in the eastern two-thirds of the nation. The process used to select the region-specific parameters and thresholds is explained. The new index has been calculated for over 580 snowstorms that occurred between 1900 and 2013 providing a century-scale historical perspective for these snowstorms. The RSI is computed for category 1 or greater storms in near–real time, usually a day after the storm has ended.

scholarly journals First Report of Anthracnose Caused by Colletotrichum acutatum on Persimmon Fruit in the United States

Plant Disease ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 94 (5) ◽  
pp. 634-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Williamson ◽  
T. B. Sutton
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
The United States ◽  
Grocery Store ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
Diospyros Kaki ◽  
Japanese Persimmon ◽  
First Report ◽  
Persimmon Fruit

Persimmon trees are important for their fruit as well as their colorful fruit and foliage in the fall. Persimmon fruit (Japanese persimmon, Diospyros kaki cv. Fuyu) were collected in November 2008 from a tree in Windsor, NC, located in the Coastal Plain. Fruit were not symptomatic on the tree but developed dark lesions after harvest. Isolations from six fruit yielded seven isolates of Colletotrichum acutatum J. H. Simmonds. After incubation at 25°C under continuous light for 15 days on potato dextrose agar (PDA), all isolates had gray aerial mycelium, but the inverse sides of the plates of six isolates were maroon and one was beige. Masses of salmon-colored conidia were formed first in the center of the colonies, then were observed scattered across the colonies in older cultures. Conidia were hyaline, one-celled, elliptic with one or both ends pointed, and measured 8.1 to 16.3 × 3.1 to 5 μm. Setae and sclerotia were not observed. There were also dark structures measuring 1 to 10 mm that were partially embedded in the agar that contained conidia. Cultural and conidial characteristics of the isolates were similar to those of C. acutatum (3). PCR amplification was performed with the species-specific primer pair CaInt2/ITS4 (2) and genomic DNA from the original isolates and isolates obtained from inoculated fruit. An amplification product of approximately 490 bp, which is specific for C. acutatum, was observed. To fulfill Koch's postulates, persimmon fruit obtained from the grocery store were surface disinfested with 0.5% sodium hypochlorite and sterile filter paper disks dipped in conidial suspensions (1 × 105 conidia/ml) of two C. acutatum isolates (maroon and beige reverse) or sterile, deionized water were placed on the fruit. Three fruit were inoculated per treatment and the disks were placed on four locations on each fruit. Parafilm was wrapped around the diameter of the fruit to keep the filter paper disks moist and in place. Fruit were placed in moist chambers and incubated at 25°C. After 3 days, the Parafilm was removed and the fruit returned to the moist chambers. Small, dark lesions were observed on fruit inoculated with each isolate of C. acutatum when the filter paper disks were removed. Ten days after inoculation, dark lesions and acervuli with salmon-colored masses of conidia were observed on fruit inoculated with both isolates of C. acutatum and the fruit were soft. After 12 days, there were abundant masses of conidia and the inoculated areas were decayed. Control fruit remained firm and did not develop symptoms. Cultures obtained from the fruit and the conidia produced were typical of the isolates used to inoculate the fruit. C. acutatum has been reported to cause fruit rot on persimmon fruit in New Zealand (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. acutatum on persimmon fruit in the United States. References: (1) R. Lardner et al. Mycol. Res. 103:275, 1999. (2) S. Sreenivasaprasad et al. Plant Pathol. 45:650, 1996. (3) B. C. Sutton. Page 523 in: Coelomycetes. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Great Britain. 1980.

scholarly journals Fungicide Rotation Programs for Managing Phytophthora Fruit Rot of Watermelon in Southeastern United States

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandrasekar (Shaker) S. Kousik ◽  
Pingsheng Ji ◽  
Daniel S. Egel ◽  
Lina M. Quesada-Ocampo
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Phytophthora Capsici ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Heavy Rain ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Before And After

About 50% of the watermelons in the United States are produced in the southeastern states, where optimal conditions for development of Phytophthora fruit rot prevail. Phytophthora fruit rot significantly limits watermelon production by causing serious yield losses before and after fruit harvest. Efficacy of fungicide rotation programs and Melcast-scheduled sprays for managing Phytophthora fruit rot was determined by conducting experiments in Phytophthora capsici-infested fields at three locations in southeastern United States (North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia). The mini seedless cultivar Wonder and seeded cultivar Mickey Lee (pollenizer) were used. Five weekly applications of fungicides were made at all locations. Significant fruit rot (53 to 91%, mean 68%) was observed in the nontreated control plots in all three years (2013 to 2015) and across locations. All fungicide rotation programs significantly reduced Phytophthora fruit rot compared with nontreated controls. Overall, the rotation of Zampro alternated with Orondis was highly effective across three locations and two years. Rotations of Actigard followed by Ranman+Ridomil Gold, Presidio, V-10208, and Orondis, or rotation of Revus alternated with Presidio were similarly effective. Use of Melcast, a melon disease-forecasting tool, may occasionally enable savings of one spray application without significantly impacting control. Although many fungicides are available for use in rotations, under very heavy rain and pathogen pressure, the fungicides alone may not offer adequate protection; therefore, an integrated approach should be used with other management options including well-drained fields.

scholarly journals Aluminum in Pediatric Parenteral Nutrition Products: Measured Versus Labeled Content

2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 92-97
Author(s):  
Robert L. Poole ◽  
Kevin P. Pieroni ◽  
Shabnam Gaskari ◽  
Tessa K. Dixon ◽  
KT Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Parenteral Nutrition ◽  
Clinical Setting ◽  
Aluminum Content ◽  
The United States ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Measured Concentration ◽  
Aluminum Exposure ◽  
Product Release

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Aluminum is a contaminant in all parenteral nutrition solutions. Manufacturers currently label these products with the maximum aluminum content at the time of expiry, but there are no published data to establish the actual measured concentration of aluminum in parenteral nutrition solution products prior to being compounded in the clinical setting. This investigation assessed quantitative aluminum content of products commonly used in the formulation of parenteral nutrition solutions. The objective of this study is to determine the best products to be used when compounding parenteral nutrition solutions (i.e., those with the least amount of aluminum contamination). METHODS All products available in the United States from all manufacturers used in the production of parenteral nutrition solutions were identified and collected. Three lots were collected for each identified product. Samples were quantitatively analyzed by Mayo Laboratories. These measured concentrations were then compared to the manufacturers' labeled concentration. RESULTS Large lot-to-lot and manufacturer-to-manufacturer differences were noted for all products. Measured aluminum concentrations were less than manufacturer-labeled values for all products. CONCLUSIONS The actual aluminum concentrations of all the parenteral nutrition solutions were significantly less than the aluminum content based on manufacturers' labels. These findings indicate that 1) the manufacturers should label their products with actual aluminum content at the time of product release rather than at the time of expiry, 2) that there are manufacturers whose products provide significantly less aluminum contamination than others, and 3) pharmacists can select products with the lowest amounts of aluminum contamination and reduce the aluminum exposure in their patients.

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