scholarly journals Emergence of Groundnut ringspot virus and Tomato chlorotic spot virus in Vegetables in Florida and the Southeastern United States

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 (3) ◽  
pp. 388-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig G. Webster ◽  
Galen Frantz ◽  
Stuart R. Reitz ◽  
Joseph E. Funderburk ◽  
H. Charles Mellinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
South Florida ◽  
Ringspot Virus ◽  
Spot Virus ◽  
Genomic Rnas ◽  
Chlorotic Spot

Groundnut ringspot virus (GRSV) and Tomato chlorotic spot virus (TCSV) are two emerging tospoviruses in Florida. In a survey of the southeastern United States, GRSV and TCSV were frequently detected in solanaceous crops and weeds with tospovirus-like symptoms in south Florida, and occurred sympatrically with Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) in tomato and pepper in south Florida. TSWV was the only tospovirus detected in other survey locations, with the exceptions of GRSV from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) in South Carolina and New York, both of which are first reports. Impatiens (Impatiens walleriana) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa) were the only non-solanaceous GRSV and/or TCSV hosts identified in experimental host range studies. Little genetic diversity was observed in GRSV and TCSV sequences, likely due to the recent introductions of both viruses. All GRSV isolates characterized were reassortants with the TCSV M RNA. In laboratory transmission studies, Frankliniella schultzei was a more efficient vector of GRSV than F. occidentalis. TCSV was acquired more efficiently than GRSV by F. occidentalis but upon acquisition, transmission frequencies were similar. Further spread of GRSV and TCSV in the United States is possible and detection of mixed infections highlights the opportunity for additional reassortment of tospovirus genomic RNAs.

THE TEN-STATE NUTRITION SURVEY: A PEDIATRIC PERSPECTIVE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 1095-1099
Author(s):  
Charles U. Lowe ◽  
Gilbert B. Forbes ◽  
Stanley Garn ◽  
George M. Owen ◽  
Nathan J. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
The United States ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Nutrition Survey ◽  
Dietary Recall ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
The Individual

In 1967 the 90th Congress of the United States attached an amendment to the Partnership for Health Act requiring the Secretary of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare to undertake a survey of "the incidence and location of serious hunger and malnutrition–in the United States." In response to the legislative mandate the Ten-State Nutrition Survey was conducted during the years 1968 through 1970. The sample was selected from urban and rural families living in the following ten states: New York, Massachusetts, Michigan, California, Washington, Kentucky, West Virginia, Louisiana, Texas, and South Carolina. The families selected were those living in some of the census enumeration districts that made up the lowest economic quartiles of their respective states at the time of the 1960 census. During the eight years after the 1960 census the social and economic characteristics found in some of the individual enumeration districts had changed, so that there was a significant numer of families in the surveys with incomes well above the lowest income quartile. Thus, it was possible in analyzing results to make some comparisons on an economic basis. Thirty thousand families were identified in the selection process; 23,846 of these participated in the survey. Data regarding more than 80,000 individuals were obtained through interviews and 40,847 of these individuals were examined. The survey included the following: extensive demographic information on each of the participating families; information regarding food utilization of the family; a 24-hour dietary recall for infants up to 36 months of age, children 10 to 16 years of age, pregnant and lactating women, and individuals over 60 years of age.

scholarly journals First Report of Potato spindle tuber viroid Naturally Infecting Field Tomatoes in the Dominican Republic

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
pp. 701-701
Author(s):  
K.-S. Ling ◽  
R. Li ◽  
D. Groth-Helms ◽  
F. M. Assis-Filho
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Dominican Republic ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid ◽  
The United States ◽  
Disease Outbreak ◽  
Ringspot Virus ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Spot Virus ◽  
Three Samples

In recent years, viroid disease outbreaks have resulted in serious economic losses to a number of tomato growers in North America (1,2,3). At least three pospiviroids have been identified as the causal agents of tomato disease, including Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd), Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid (TCDVd), and Mexican papita viroid (MPVd). In the spring of 2013, a severe disease outbreak with virus-like symptoms (chlorosis and plant stunting) was observed in a tomato field located in the Dominican Republic, whose tomato production is generally exported to the United States in the winter months. The transplants were produced in house. The disease has reached an epidemic level with many diseased plants pulled and disposed of accordingly. Three samples collected in May of 2013 were screened by ELISA against 16 common tomato viruses (Alfalfa mosaic virus, Cucumber mosaic virus, Impatiens necrotic spot virus, Pepino mosaic virus, Potato virus X, Potato virus Y, Tobacco etch virus, Tobacco mosaic virus, Tobacco ringspot virus, Tomato aspermy virus, Tomato bushy stunt virus, Tomato mosaic virus, Tomato ringspot virus, Tomato spotted wilt virus, Groundnut ringspot virus, and Tomato chlorotic spot virus), a virus group (Potyvirus group), three bacteria (Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, Pectobacterium atrosepticum, and Xanthomonas spp.), and Phytophthora spp. No positive result was observed, despite the presence of symptoms typical of a viral-like disease. Further analysis by RT-PCR using Agdia's proprietary pospiviroid group-specific primer resulted in positive reactions in all three samples. To determine which species of pospiviroid was present in these tomato samples, full-genomic products of the expected size (~360 bp) were amplified by RT-PCR using specific primers for PSTVd (4) and cloned using TOPO-TA cloning kit (Invitrogen, CA). A total of 8 to 10 clones from each isolate were selected for sequencing. Sequences from each clone were nearly identical and the predominant sequence DR13-01 was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. KF683200). BLASTn searches into the NCBI database demonstrated that isolate DR13-01 shared 97% sequence identity to PSTVd isolates identified in wild Solanum (U51895), cape gooseberry (EU862231), or pepper (AY532803), and 96% identity to the tomato-infecting PSTVd isolate from the United States (JX280944). The relatively lower genome sequence identity (96%) to the tomato-infecting PSTVd isolate in the United States (JX280944) suggests that PSTVd from the Dominican Republic was likely introduced from a different source, although the exact source that resulted in the current disease outbreak remains unknown. It may be the result of an inadvertent introduction of contaminated tomato seed lots or simply from local wild plants. Further investigation is necessary to determine the likely source and route of introduction of PSTVd identified in the current epidemic. Thus, proper control measures could be recommended for disease management. The detection of this viroid disease outbreak in the Dominican Republic represents further geographic expansion of the viroid disease in tomatoes beyond North America. References: (1). K.-S. Ling and M. Bledsoe. Plant Dis. 93:839, 2009. (2) K.-S. Ling and W. Zhang. Plant Dis. 93:1216, 2009. (3) K.-S. Ling et al. Plant Dis. 93:1075, 2009. (4) A. M. Shamloul et al. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 19:89, 1997.

scholarly journals Fungicide Rotation Programs for Managing Phytophthora Fruit Rot of Watermelon in Southeastern United States

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandrasekar (Shaker) S. Kousik ◽  
Pingsheng Ji ◽  
Daniel S. Egel ◽  
Lina M. Quesada-Ocampo
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Phytophthora Capsici ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Heavy Rain ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Before And After

About 50% of the watermelons in the United States are produced in the southeastern states, where optimal conditions for development of Phytophthora fruit rot prevail. Phytophthora fruit rot significantly limits watermelon production by causing serious yield losses before and after fruit harvest. Efficacy of fungicide rotation programs and Melcast-scheduled sprays for managing Phytophthora fruit rot was determined by conducting experiments in Phytophthora capsici-infested fields at three locations in southeastern United States (North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia). The mini seedless cultivar Wonder and seeded cultivar Mickey Lee (pollenizer) were used. Five weekly applications of fungicides were made at all locations. Significant fruit rot (53 to 91%, mean 68%) was observed in the nontreated control plots in all three years (2013 to 2015) and across locations. All fungicide rotation programs significantly reduced Phytophthora fruit rot compared with nontreated controls. Overall, the rotation of Zampro alternated with Orondis was highly effective across three locations and two years. Rotations of Actigard followed by Ranman+Ridomil Gold, Presidio, V-10208, and Orondis, or rotation of Revus alternated with Presidio were similarly effective. Use of Melcast, a melon disease-forecasting tool, may occasionally enable savings of one spray application without significantly impacting control. Although many fungicides are available for use in rotations, under very heavy rain and pathogen pressure, the fungicides alone may not offer adequate protection; therefore, an integrated approach should be used with other management options including well-drained fields.

scholarly journals Triploid Miniwatermelon Production in the Southeastern United States, 2003

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 866B-866
Author(s):  
Jonathan R. Schultheis* ◽  
Richard L. Hassell* ◽  
Wilfred “Bill” R. Jester ◽  
Donald N. Maynard ◽  
Gilbert A. Miller
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
New York Times ◽  
The United States ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
First Year ◽  
High Yields

Demand for triploid watermelons has outpaced the demand for diploid watermelons in the United States in recent years. The size of most triploid watermelons sold in U.S. markets is from 6 to 9 kg. Recently, a new produce item, seedless watermelons weighing about 1.8 to 3.6 kg, have been introduced and created excitement in the produce industry. Several vegetable seed companies have developed proprietary miniwatermelon hybrids. Syngenta Seeds and Seminis Vegetable Seeds have received the most publicity, with the PureHeart and Bambino brands being featured in the 15 June 2003 New York Times. The 2003 season was the first year that cultigens (cultivars and advanced lines) were generally available. At least four trials were conducted in the southeastern United States to evaluate yields and quality of mini-watermelons; Bradenton, Fla., Ediston, S.C., Charleston, S.C., and Kinston, N.C. Cultural practices and the number of cultigens varied among locations (9 to 17). Fruit less than 3.6 kg that yielded best in all locations were `Petite Perfection' (Syngenta) and RWT 8149 (Syngenta). Other cultigens that yielded well in at least one location were; `Precious Petite' (Syngenta), `Vanessa' (Sunseeds), ZG 8905 (Zeraim Gedera), SR 8103 WM (Sunseeds), SW 8002 (Southwestern), and HA 5130 (Hazera). Rind thickness varied from 6 to 25 mm and soluble solids ranged from 10 to 13%, depending on location and cultigen. New cultivars will be made available in 2004. Key characteristics that seem important to overall success in the market of the triploid miniwatermelon is consistent quality. This includes high yields of uniform sized fruit from about 1.6 to 3.8 kg; high soluble sugars (11% to 13%); and fruit with bright red, crisp flesh with a thin rind that endures shipping.

scholarly journals First Report of Tobacco ringspot virus in Blackberry (Rubus sp.) in Alabama

Plant Disease ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 92 (12) ◽  
pp. 1708-1708 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Coneva ◽  
J. F. Murphy ◽  
R. Boozer ◽  
N. Velásquez
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North Carolina ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
The United States ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Ringspot Virus ◽  
First Report ◽  
Tobacco Ringspot Virus ◽  
Control Samples

In 2006, primocane stunted growth and crumbly berry development were observed on 4-year-old Kiowa and Apache blackberry cultivars grown at the Chilton Research and Extension Center, Clanton, AL. Samples from affected plants were tested for virus infection by ELISA kits (Agdia, Inc., Elkhart, IN) specific to each of 14 different viruses. Most samples tested positive for Tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV). TRSV was detected in blackberry samples from North Carolina and South Carolina (2). Bray et al. (1) studied the incidence of viruses in blackberry nursery stock in the United States and reported that 9% of the tested samples contained TRSV. Thus, a survey was conducted for TRSV incidence among commercial blackberry stands in eight counties in Alabama during July 2007. Blackberry plants were observed to express virus-like symptoms including chlorotic spots on leaves, leaf veinal chlorosis, stunting, and combinations thereof. Fruit-bearing plants sometimes had crumbly fruit symptoms characteristic of virus infection. Leaf samples that were collected from symptomatic and nonsymptomatic plants representing 14 cultivars were tested by TRSV ELISA (Agdia, Inc.). Of 180 blackberry samples, 68 tested positive for TRSV. Positive ELISA reactions for TRSV were on average 28 times greater than the reactions of known negative control samples considered negative for TRSV. Blackberry plants shown to be infected with TRSV during the 2007 survey were tested in July 2008 in an effort to confirm the presence of TRSV. Fifty-four percent of the samples tested positive by ELISA with the average positive ELISA value being 21 times higher than the average negative ELISA value for known negative control samples. To further confirm the occurrence of TRSV in Alabama-grown blackberry plants, leaf samples were tested by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR to amplify a 329-bp fragment of the viral coat protein gene (TRSV RNA 2 sequence accession no. NC_005096; primers TRSCP-F (5′-TCTGGCACTATAAGCGGAAG-3′) and TRSCP-R (5′-GAAAACATGGGAGGATGCAC-3′). A single band of the anticipated size was amplified (analyzed by agarose gel electorphoresis and visualized by ethidium bromide staining) from RNA samples extracted with a RNeasy Mini kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) from blackberry samples that tested positive for TRSV by ELISA and a known positive control. No amplified product resulted from a blackberry sample that tested negative for TRSV by ELISA. These results illustrate and confirm the presence of TRSV in blackberry leaf tissues grown in Alabama. To our knowledge, this is the first report of TRSV infection of blackberry plants in Alabama. References: (1) M. M. Bray et al. HortScience 40:874, 2005. (2) T. L. Guzmán-Baeny. Incidence, distribution, and symptom description of viruses in cultivated blackberry (Rubus subgenus Eubatus) in the southeastern United States. M.S. thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 2003.

Constitutional Law in 1941–1942: The Constitutional Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States in the October Term, 1941

1943 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-289
Author(s):  
Robert E. Cushman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
Constitutional Law ◽  
Attorney General ◽  
The United States ◽  
Chief Justice ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
Constitutional Decisions

The vacancies on the Supreme Court caused by the retirement of Mr. Justice McReynolds and Chief Justice Hughes were filled by President Roosevelt during the summer of 1941. When the Court convened in October, Mr. Justice Stone, originally appointed by President Coolidge, became Chief Justice. Chief Justice White was the only other associate justice to be promoted to the Chief Justiceship. Senator James F. Byrnes of South Carolina, and Attorney General Robert H. Jackson of New York took their seats as associate justices. Thus seven justices have been placed on the Court by President Roosevelt. Any idea, however, that these Roosevelt appointees conform to any uniform pattern of thought is belied by the fact that in the 75 cases in the 1941 term turning on important questions of either constitutional law or federal statutory construction, there were dissents in 36, and 23 of these dissents were by either three or four justices. No act of Congress has been declared unconstitutional since May, 1936, when the Municipal Bankruptcy Act was held invalid. Since 1937, the Court has overruled 20 previous decisions, mentioning them by name, while it has modified or qualified a number of others.

scholarly journals First Report of Resistance to Mefenoxam in Phytophthora cactorum in the United States and Elsewhere

Plant Disease ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 88 (5) ◽  
pp. 576-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. N. Jeffers ◽  
G. Schnabel ◽  
J. P. Smith
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
The United States ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Phytophthora Cactorum ◽  
Mycelium Growth ◽  
First Report

Phytophthora cactorum causes crown rot of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) (2), a disease that has been particularly severe during the last 5 years in the southeastern United States. In the fall of 2001, strawberry plants (cv. Camarosa) in a field in Lexington County, South Carolina exhibited typical crown rot symptoms (2) 1 to 2 weeks after transplanting, even though plants had been drenched with mefenoxam (Ridomil Gold; Syngenta Crop Protection, Greensboro, NC) immediately after transplanting. Initially, we observed leaves that had marginal necrosis, were smaller than normal, and were discolored. Soon after, diseased plants appeared stunted and unthrifty compared with other plants in the field, and some of these plants eventually wilted and died. Severely affected plants had necrotic roots and decayed crowns. Ten symptomatic plants were collected for isolation. In the laboratory, root and crown tissues were rinsed in running tap water and blotted dry, small pieces of necrotic tissue were placed aseptically on PAR-V8 selective medium (1), and isolation plates were placed at 20°C in the dark for up to 7 days. P. cactorum was recovered from six plants. Isolates produced characteristic asexual and sexual structures directly on the isolation plates (i.e., papillate sporangia on sympodial sporangiophores and oospores with paragynous antheridia) (2). A single hypha of an isolate from each plant was transferred to fresh PAR-V8, and pure cultures were stored on cornmeal agar in glass vials at 15°C in the dark. All six isolates from the Lexington County field and nine other isolates of P. cactorum from strawberry (three from South Carolina, three from North Carolina, and three from Florida) were tested for sensitivity to mefenoxam on fungicide-amended medium. Mefenoxam was added to 10% clarified V8 juice agar (cV8A) after autoclaving so the concentration in the medium was 100 ppm. Agar plugs from active colonies were transferred to mefenoxam-amended and nonamended cV8A (three replicates per treatment), plates were placed at 25°C in the dark for 3 days, and linear mycelium growth was measured. All six isolates from Lexington County were highly resistant to mefenoxam with mycelium growth relatively unrestricted on mefenoxam-amended medium (73 to 89% of that on nonamended medium). In comparison, the other nine isolates were sensitive to mefenoxam with mycelium growth severely restricted by 100 ppm of mefenoxam (0 to 7% of that on nonamended medium). To our knowledge, this is the first report of mefenoxam resistance in P. cactorum on strawberry or any other crop in the United States and elsewhere. Because mefenoxam is the primary fungicide used to manage Phytophthora crown rot in the southeastern United States, resistance may limit use of this fungicide in strawberry production. References: (1) A. J. Ferguson and S. N. Jeffers. Plant Dis. 83:1129, 1999. (2) E. Seemüller. Crown rot. Pages 50–51 in: Compendium of Strawberry Diseases, 2nd ed. J. L. Maas, ed. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1998.

Copper tolerance in Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni in South Carolina peach orchards

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brodie Cox ◽  
Hehe Wang ◽  
Guido Schnabel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Copper Tolerance ◽  
Bacterial Spot ◽  
Organic Farm ◽  
Xanthomonas Arboricola ◽  
Tolerance To Copper

Bacterial spot of peach, caused by Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni (Xap), causes yield loss every year in southeastern United States peach orchards. Management is mainly driven by season-long applications of copper-based products, site location, and choice of cultivar. Although tolerance to copper has not been reported in Xap in the United States, adaptation of populations due to frequent use is a concern. We collected Xap from shoot cankers, leaves, and fruit of cv. O'Henry over two years from three conventional farms and one organic farm in South Carolina, one orchard per farm. The four farms had been using copper extensively for years to control bacterial spot. Xap was isolated from four canker types (bud canker, tip canker, non-concentric canker, and concentric canker) in early spring (‘bud break’), as well as from leaf and fruit tissues later in the season at phenological stages ‘pit hardening’ and ‘final swell’. Xap was most frequently isolated from cankers of the organic farm (24% of the cankers) and most isolates (45%) came from bud cankers. Xap isolates were assessed for sensitivity to copper using minimal glucose yeast agar and nutrient agar amended with 38 µg/ml or 51 µg/ml of Cu2+. Two phenotypes of copper-tolerance in Xap were discovered: low copper tolerance (LCT: growth up to 38 µg/ml Cu2+) and high copper tolerance (HCT: growth up to 51 µg/ml Cu2+). A total of 26 (23 LCT and 3 HCT) out of 165 isolates in 2018 and 32 (20 LCT and 12 HCT) out of 133 isolates in 2019 were tolerant to copper. Peach leaves on potted trees were sprayed with copper rates typically applied at ‘delayed dormancy’ (high rate; 2,397 µg/ml Cu2+), at ‘shuck split’ (medium rate; 599 µg/ml Cu2+), and during ‘summer cover sprays’ (low rate; 120 µg/ml Cu2+) and subsequently inoculated with sensitive, LCT and HCT strains. Results indicated that the low and medium rates of copper reduced bacterial spot incidence caused by the sensitive strain but not by the LCT and HCT strains. This study confirms existence of Xap tolerance to copper in commercial peach orchards in the southeastern United States and suggests its contribution to bacterial spot development under current management practices.

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