A microbial fermentation product induces defense-related transcriptional changes and the accumulation of phenolic compounds in Glycine max

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Schulman ◽  
Thales H. C. Ribeiro ◽  
Mohamed Fokar ◽  
Antonio Chalfun-Junior ◽  
Richard D Lally ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Defenses ◽  
Mapk Signaling ◽  
Soybean Rust ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Glutathione Metabolism ◽  
Microbial Fermentation ◽  
Fermentation Product ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Transcriptional Changes ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interactions

With the progressive loss of fungicide efficacy against Phakopsora pachyrhizi, the causal agent of Asian soybean rust (ASR), alternative methods to protect soybean crops are needed. Resistance induction is a low impact alternative and/or supplement to fungicide applications that fortifies innate plant defenses against pathogens. Here, we show that a microbial fermentation product (MFP) induces plant defenses in soybean and transcriptional induction is enhanced with the introduction of ASR. MFP-treated plants exhibited 1,011 and 1,877 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) 12 and 60 hours after treatment, respectively, compared to water controls. MFP plants exposed to the pathogen 48 h after application and sampled 12 hours later (for a total of 60 h) had 2,401 DEGs compared to control. The plant defense genes PR1, PR2, IPER, PAL, CHS were induced with MFP application and induction was enhanced with ASR. Enriched pathways associated with pathogen defense included plant-pathogen interactions, MAPK signaling pathways, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, flavonoid metabolism and isoflavonoid metabolism. In field conditions, elevated antioxidant peroxidase activities and phenolic accumulation were measured with MFP treatment, however improved ASR control or enhanced crop yield were not observed. MFP elicitation differences between field and laboratory grown plants necessitates further testing to identify best practices for effective disease management with MFP-treated soybean.

scholarly journals Effect of the AM Fungus Sieverdingia tortuosa on Common Vetch Responses to an Anthracnose Pathogen

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tingting Ding ◽  
Weizhen Zhang ◽  
Yingde Li ◽  
Tingyu Duan
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Chitinase Activity ◽  
Mapk Signaling ◽  
Common Vetch ◽  
Kegg Pathways ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
Am Fungus ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interactions ◽  
Insight Into

Colletotrichum lentis Damm causes anthracnose in Vicia sativa L, otherwise known as common vetch. It was first reported in China in 2019. This study evaluates the effects of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Sieverdingia tortuosa (N.C. Schenck & G.S. Sm.) Błaszk., Niezgoda, & B.T. Goto on growth and disease severity in common vetch. Our main finding is that the AM fungus increased root biomass and reduced anthracnose severity of common vetch. Responses correlated with defense, such as chitinase activity, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, the concentrations of jasmonic acid and proline, and the expression of resistance-related genes (e.g., upregulated “signal transduction,” “MAPK signaling pathway,” “chitinase activity,” “response to stress,” and the KEGG pathways “phenylpropanoid biosynthesis,” “MAPK signaling pathways,” and “plant-pathogen interactions”), were also affected These findings provide insight into the mechanism by which this AM fungus regulates the defense response of common vetch to C. lentis.

scholarly journals Cloning and overexpression of PeWRKY31 from Populus × euramericana enhances salt and biological tolerance in transgenic Nicotiana

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyue Yu ◽  
Yu Pan ◽  
Yan Dong ◽  
Bin Lu ◽  
Chao Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Insect Resistance ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Mapk Signaling ◽  
Soil Salinization ◽  
Glutathione Metabolism ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Populus Euramericana ◽  
Biological Stress

Abstract Background As important forest tree species, biological stress and soil salinization are important factors that restrict the growth of Populus × euramericana. WRKYs are important transcription factors in plants that can regulate plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, PeWRKY31 was isolated from Populus × euramericana, and its bioinformation, salt resistance and insect resistance were analyzed. This study aims to provide guidance for producing salt-resistant and insect-resistant poplars. Results PeWRKY31 has a predicted open reading frame (ORF) of 1842 bp that encodes 613 amino acids. The predicted protein is the unstable, acidic, and hydrophilic protein with a molecular weight of 66.34 kDa, and it has numerous potential phosphorylation sites, chiefly on serines and threonines. PeWRKY31 is a zinc-finger C2H2 type-II WRKY TF that is closely related to WRKY TFs of Populus tomentosa, and localizes to the nucleus. A PeWRKY31 overexpression vector was constructed and transformed into Nicotiana tabacum L. Overexpression of PeWRKY31 improved the salt tolerance and insect resistance of the transgenic tobacco. Transcriptome sequencing and KEGG enrichment analysis showed the elevated expression of genes related to glutathione metabolism, plant hormone signal transduction, and MAPK signaling pathways, the functions of which were important in plant salt tolerance and insect resistance in the overexpressing tobacco line. Conclusions PeWRKY31 was isolated from Populus × euramericana. Overexpression of PeWRKY31 improved the resistance of transgenic plant to salt stress and pest stress. The study provides references for the generation of stress-resistant lines with potentially great economic benefit.

scholarly journals Transcriptome analysis of bread wheat leaves in response to salt stress

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0254189
Author(s):  
Nazanin Amirbakhtiar ◽  
Ahmad Ismaili ◽  
Mohammad-Reza Ghaffari ◽  
Raheleh Mirdar Mansuri ◽  
Sepideh Sanjari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Transcript Abundance ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Mapk Signaling ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Illumina Hiseq ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Wheat Leaves

Salinity is one of the main abiotic stresses limiting crop productivity. In the current study, the transcriptome of wheat leaves in an Iranian salt-tolerant cultivar (Arg) was investigated in response to salinity stress to identify salinity stress-responsive genes and mechanisms. More than 114 million reads were generated from leaf tissues by the Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform. An amount of 81.9% to 85.7% of reads could be mapped to the wheat reference genome for different samples. The data analysis led to the identification of 98819 genes, including 26700 novel transcripts. A total of 4290 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were recognized, comprising 2346 up-regulated genes and 1944 down-regulated genes. Clustering of the DEGs utilizing Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) indicated that transcripts associated with phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, transporters, transcription factors, hormone signal transduction, glycosyltransferases, exosome, and MAPK signaling might be involved in salt tolerance. The expression patterns of nine DEGs were investigated by quantitative real-time PCR in Arg and Moghan3 as the salt-tolerant and susceptible cultivars, respectively. The obtained results were consistent with changes in transcript abundance found by RNA-sequencing in the tolerant cultivar. The results presented here could be utilized for salt tolerance enhancement in wheat through genetic engineering or molecular breeding.

scholarly journals Nanopore Long-Read Transcriptomics Profiling Reveals Gene Expression Signatures of Mouse Tumor Endothelial Cells 2H-11

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanyuan Tian ◽  
Jiao Zhao ◽  
Ju Huang ◽  
Haiying Zhang ◽  
Fushun Ni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Antigen Processing ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Mapk Signaling ◽  
Receptor Interaction ◽  
Glutathione Metabolism ◽  
Signal Pathways ◽  
Mouse Tumor ◽  
Tumor Endothelial Cells

Abstract Background:Tumor endothelial cells (TECs) play an indispensable role in tumor growth and metastasis. Compared with normal endothelial cells (NECs), TECs exhibit unique phenotypic and functional heterogeneity in terms of metabolism, genetics, and transcriptomics. It is not only the key to coordinate tumor angiogenesis, but also an important factor of immune regulation in the tumor microenvironment. In recent years, the role of TECs in tumor metabolism and invasion has been continuously reported. However, the research on the mechanism behind the complex functions of TECs is still at the basic stage. We use Oxford Nanopore Technology (ONT) three-generation full-length transcriptome sequencing to detect all genetic structural changes in the transcriptome of mouse TECs 2H-11 and mouse NECs SVEC4-10.Results: In Tumor endothelial cells 2H-11,1847genes are up-regulated and 1202 genes are down-regulated. According to the Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), we found that different functional trends related to metabolic processes, developmental processes, localization, immune system processes, and locomotion are the main reasons for the differences. DEGs are mainly enriched in signal pathways related to cancer, immunity and metabolism, involving Pathways in cancer,Antigen processing and presentation , Proteoglycans in cancer, Focal adhesion, MAPK signaling pathway ,Protein digestion and absorption，ECM-receptor interaction，PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and Glutathione metabolism. We also obtained the structural variation of transcripts such as alternative splicing, gene fusion, and alternative polyadenylation and accurately quantified the expression of the transcript. Some of our results have been confirmed in other documents. But other data have not been reported yet, which is the focus of our future exploration.Conclusion: We try to use transcriptomics and bioinformatics methods to characterize tumor endothelial cell-related genes and signaling pathways.It could help better understand the molecular mechanisms of tumor endothelial cells involved in tumorigenesis and development. DEGs in key pathways may be potential diagnostic markers or therapeutic targets of TECs. Our data also provide useful genetic resources for improving the genome and transcriptome annotations of TECs and NECs.

Expression analysis of Pisum sativum putative defence genes during Orobanche crenata infection

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 490 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Vicente Die ◽  
Belén Román ◽  
Salvador Nadal ◽  
Miguel Á. Dita ◽  
Clara I. González-Verdejo
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Pathway ◽  
Orobanche Crenata ◽  
Defence Genes ◽  
Constitutive Gene Expression ◽  
Severe Constraint ◽  
Transcriptional Changes ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interactions ◽  
Related Proteins

The root holoparasitic angiosperm Orobanche crenata is a severe constraint to the cultivation of legumes. Breeding for resistance is a difficult task. Understanding the mechanisms underlying host resistance is a fundamental issue for the genetic improvement of legumes. In this work, the temporal expression patterns of 8 defence-genes known to be involved in different metabolic pathways activated during several plant–pathogen interactions were investigated in Pisum sativum. Molecular analyses were carried out using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction during the initial stages of the parasitisation process in susceptible (Messire) and incompletely resistant (Ps624) pea genotypes. Transcriptional changes in response to O. crenata revealed induction of genes putatively encoding pathogenesis-related proteins, peroxidase activity, and dehydration stress-responsive signalling. This, combined with high constitutive gene expression mediating the phenylpropanoid pathway were observed as part of the defence mechanisms triggered in Ps624 to restrict the growth of the parasite.

scholarly journals Developmentally regulated activation of defense allows for rapid inhibition of infection in age-related resistance to Phytophthora capsici in cucumber fruit

BMC Genomics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben N. Mansfeld ◽  
Marivi Colle ◽  
Chunqiu Zhang ◽  
Ying-Chen Lin ◽  
Rebecca Grumet
Keyword(s):  
Phytophthora Capsici ◽  
Early Response ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Fruit Peel ◽  
Developmentally Regulated ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Cucumber Fruit ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Transcriptional Changes ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Abstract Background Age-related resistance (ARR) is a developmentally regulated phenomenon conferring resistance to pathogens or pests. Although ARR has been observed in several host-pathogen systems, the underlying mechanisms are largely uncharacterized. In cucumber, rapidly growing fruit are highly susceptible to Phytophthora capsici but become resistant as they complete exponential growth. We previously demonstrated that ARR is associated with the fruit peel and identified gene expression and metabolomic changes potentially functioning as preformed defenses. Results Here, we compare the response to infection in fruit at resistant and susceptible ages using microscopy, quantitative bioassays, and weighted gene co-expression analyses. We observed strong transcriptional changes unique to resistant aged fruit 2–4 h post inoculation (hpi). Microscopy and bioassays confirmed this early response, with evidence of pathogen death and infection failure as early as 4 hpi and cessation of pathogen growth by 8–10 hpi. Expression analyses identified candidate genes involved in conferring the rapid response including those encoding transcription factors, hormone signaling pathways, and defenses such as reactive oxygen species metabolism and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Conclusion The early pathogen death and rapid defense response in resistant-aged fruit provide insight into potential mechanisms for ARR, implicating both pre-formed biochemical defenses and developmentally regulated capacity for pathogen recognition as key factors shaping age-related resistance.

scholarly journals TMT-based quantitative proteomic analysis reveals defense mechanism of wheat against the crown rot pathogen Fusarium pseudograminearum

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fangfang Qiao ◽  
Xiwen Yang ◽  
Fengdan Xu ◽  
Yuan Huang ◽  
Jiemei Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Mapk Signaling ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Glutathione Metabolism ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Fusarium Pseudograminearum

Abstract Background Fusarium crown rot is major disease in wheat. However, the wheat defense mechanisms against this disease remain poorly understood. Results Using tandem mass tag (TMT) quantitative proteomics, we evaluated a disease-susceptible (UC1110) and a disease-tolerant (PI610750) wheat cultivar inoculated with Fusarium pseudograminearum WZ-8A. The morphological and physiological results showed that the average root diameter and malondialdehyde content in the roots of PI610750 decreased 3 days post-inoculation (dpi), while the average number of root tips increased. Root vigor was significantly increased in both cultivars, indicating that the morphological, physiological, and biochemical responses of the roots to disease differed between the two cultivars. TMT analysis showed that 366 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified by Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment in the two comparison groups, UC1110_3dpi/UC1110_0dpi (163) and PI610750_3dpi/PI610750_0dpi (203). It may be concluded that phenylpropanoid biosynthesis (8), secondary metabolite biosynthesis (12), linolenic acid metabolites (5), glutathione metabolism (8), plant hormone signal transduction (3), MAPK signaling pathway-plant (4), and photosynthesis (12) contributed to the defense mechanisms in wheat. Protein-protein interaction network analysis showed that the DEPs interacted in both sugar metabolism and photosynthesis pathways. Sixteen genes were validated by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and were found to be consistent with the proteomics data. Conclusion The results provided insight into the molecular mechanisms of the interaction between wheat and F. pseudograminearum.

scholarly journals Developmentally regulated activation of defense allows for rapid inhibition of infection in age-related resistance to Phytophthora capsici in cucumber fruit

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben N. Mansfeld ◽  
Marivi Colle ◽  
Chunqiu Zhang ◽  
Ying-Chen Lin ◽  
Rebecca Grumet
Keyword(s):  
Phytophthora Capsici ◽  
Early Response ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Fruit Peel ◽  
Developmentally Regulated ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Cucumber Fruit ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Transcriptional Changes ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

AbstractBackgroundAge-related resistance (ARR) is a developmentally regulated phenomenon conferring resistance to pathogens or pests. Although ARR has been observed in several host-pathogen systems, the underlying mechanisms are largely uncharacterized. In cucumber, rapidly growing fruit are highly susceptible to Phytophthora capsici but become resistant as they complete exponential growth. We previously demonstrated that ARR is associated with the fruit peel and identified gene expression and metabolomic changes potentially functioning as preformed defenses.ResultsHere, we compare the response to infection in fruit at resistant and susceptible ages using microscopy, quantitative bioassays, and weighted gene co-expression analyses. We observed strong transcriptional changes unique to resistant aged fruit 2-4 hours post inoculation (hpi). Microscopy and bioassays confirmed this early response, with evidence of pathogen death and infection failure as early as 4 hpi and cessation of pathogen growth by 8-10 hpi. Expression analyses identified candidate genes involved in conferring the rapid response including those encoding transcription factors, hormone signaling pathways, and defenses such as reactive oxygen species metabolism and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis.ConclusionThe early pathogen death and rapid defense response in resistant-aged fruit provide insight into potential mechanisms for ARR, implicating both pre-formed biochemical defenses and developmentally regulated capacity for pathogen recognition as key factors shaping age-related resistance.

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