scholarly journals Wheat Blast and Fusarium Head Blight Display Contrasting Interaction Patterns on Ears of Wheat Genotypes Differing in Resistance

2016 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 270-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xia Ha ◽  
Birger Koopmann ◽  
Andreas von Tiedemann
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Interaction Patterns ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Disease Phenotypes ◽  
Wheat Blast ◽  
Sumai 3

The interaction of wheat with two ear pathogens, Magnaporthe wheat blast (MWB) and Fusarium graminearum (Fusarium head blight, FHB), was studied on the phenotypic, histological, and gene expression level. Most of the 27 wheat cultivars inoculated with MWB and F. graminearum displayed inverse disease responses to blast and FHB infection. Two cultivars, Milan and Sumai 3, were selected expressing converse disease phenotypes to blast (Milan, R)/(Sumai 3, S) and FHB (Milan, S)/(Sumai 3, R). Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed early (12 h postinoculation) colonization of the spikelets by MWB similarly on both cultivars, while F. graminearum infected anthers of the susceptible cultivar earlier. Both pathogens grew much faster in the rachilla of susceptible than resistant cultivars, indicating that resistance is mainly expressed in this part connecting the spikelet with the rachis. In general, O2− and H2O2 levels were unrelated to disease expression in the four studied interactions. The differential disease phenotypes, fungal spread in the rachis, and colonization patterns in the spikelets were confirmed by distinct gene expression patterns. Among the eight genes analyzed, seven were more strongly induced by FHB than by blast. Genes for chitinase (Chi2), β-1,3-glucanase (PR2), a plant defensin homolog (PRPI), and peroxidase (Pox2) were strongly upregulated in Milan in response to both pathogens, while PR2 and PR5 (thaumatin-like protein) were transiently triggered by MWB on both cultivars. Upregulation of cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR), cytochrome P450 (CYP709C1), and UDP-glycosyl transferase (UGT) were more prominent in ears infected with F. graminearum, while upregulation of UGT was higher in Sumai 3 when infected with either pathogen. Cultivar resistance to FHB was reflected by clearly higher expression levels of UGT and CYP709C1 in Sumai 3. The differential responses of wheat to the two ear pathogens demonstrated in this study makes it unlikely that common resistance genes exist for control of FHB and blast, suggesting the need to stack many genes associated with resistance in breeding programs for multiple resistance.

QTL-specific microarray gene expression analysis of wheat resistance to Fusarium head blight in Sumai-3 and two susceptible NILs

Genome ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 409-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saber Golkari ◽  
Jeannie Gilbert ◽  
Tomohiro Ban ◽  
J. Douglas Procunier
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Subtractive Hybridization ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Suppressive Subtractive Hybridization ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Microarray Gene Expression ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Sumai 3

Fusarium head blight, predominantly caused by Fusarium graminearum (Schwabe) in North America, is a destructive disease that poses a serious threat to wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) production around the world. cDNA microarrays consisting of wheat ESTs derived from a wheat – F. graminearum interaction suppressive subtractive hybridization library were used to investigate QTL-specific differential gene expression between the resistant Chinese cultivar Sumai-3 and two susceptible near isogenic lines (NILs) following inoculation with F. graminearum. Stringent conditions were employed to reduce the false discovery rate. A total of 25 wheat unigenes were found to express differentially in response to F. graminearum infection. Genes encoding pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins such as β-1,3-glucanase (PR-2), wheatwins (PR-4), and thaumatin-like proteins (PR-5) showed a significant upregulation in genotypes having the Sumai-3 3BS region. For these three genes, the gene activity was significantly less in the genotype (NIL-3) lacking the Sumai-3 3BS segment. Significant upregulation of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase was detected only in the resistant Sumai-3, indicating the importance of both the 2AL and 3BS regions in the activation of effective defense responses to infection by F. graminearum. Differences in gene expression between the resistant Sumai-3 and the susceptible NILs were found to be mainly quantitative in nature.

scholarly journals Localization of hyphal growth associated with mycotoxin production during the malting of Fusarium head blight infected grains

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhao Jin ◽  
Shyam Solanki ◽  
Gazala Ameen ◽  
Thomas Gross ◽  
Roshan Sharma Poudel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Vascular Bundle ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Hyphal Growth ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Aleurone Layer ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Significant Production

ABSTRACTFusarium head blight (FHB) and the occurrence of mycotoxins is the largest food safety threat to malting and brewing grains. Objectives of the current study were to localize the growth of Fusarium within FHB infected kernels and to associate it with the production of DON that occurred during malting. FHB infected barley, wheat, rye, and triticale grains that exhibited large increases in Fusarium Tri5 DNA and trichothecene mycotoxins following malting, were screened for hyphal localization. The growth of hyphae, both on the surface of kernels and within tissues of grain and malt was, imagined by scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy assisted with WGA-Alexa Fluor 488 pre-staining, respectively. In barley, hyphae were primarily present on or within husk, vascular bundle, and pericarp cavities. Following malting, large amounts of hyphal growth were observed in not only these regions, but also in the aleurone layer, endosperm, and embryo. Extensive fungal growth was also observed following malting of wheat, rye, and triticale. Interestingly, these grains already had an extensive internal presence of hyphae in unmalted grain, occurring in the pericarp, testa, vascular bundle, nucellar projection, aleurone layer, endosperm, pericarp and endosperm cavities, and embryo. Shotgun sequencing followed by metagenomics analysis verified that Fusarium spp. accounted for above 90% of the fungal hyphae growing in the interior of grains during malting, which coincided with the significant production of mycotoxins.

scholarly journals Specific Mycoparasite-Fusarium Graminearum Molecular Signatures in Germinating Seeds Disabled Fusarium Head Blight Pathogen’s Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 2461
Author(s):  
Seon Hwa Kim ◽  
Rachid Lahlali ◽  
Chithra Karunakaran ◽  
Vladimir Vujanovic
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Molecular Signatures ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Protein Secondary Structures

Advances in Infrared (IR) spectroscopies have entered a new era of research with applications in phytobiome, plant microbiome and health. Fusarium graminearum 3-ADON is the most aggressive mycotoxigenic chemotype causing Fusarium head blight (FHB) in cereals; while Sphaerodes mycoparasitica is the specific Fusarium mycoparasite with biotrophic lifestyle discovered in cereal seeds and roots. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analyses depicted shifts in the spectral peaks related to mycoparasitism mainly within the region of proteins, lipids, also indicating a link between carbohydrates and protein regions, involving potential phenolic compounds. Especially, S. mycoparasitica contributes to significant changes in lipid region 3050–2800 cm−1, while in the protein region, an increasing trend was observed for the peaks 1655–1638 cm−1 (amide I) and 1549–1548 cm−1 (amide II) with changes in indicative protein secondary structures. Besides, the peak extending on the region 1520–1500 cm−1 insinuates a presence of aromatic compounds in presence of mycoparasite on the F. graminearum root sample. Monitoring shift in improved seed germination, fungus-fungus interface through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and FTIR molecular signatures combined with principal component analysis (PCA) proved useful tools to detect an early mycoparasitism as a vital asset of the preventive biocontrol strategy against plant pathogens.

scholarly journals Studying the Function of Phytoplasma Effector Proteins Using a Chemical-Inducible Expression System in Transgenic Plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (24) ◽  
pp. 13582
Author(s):  
Keziah M. Omenge ◽  
Florian Rümpler ◽  
Subha Suvetha Kathalingam ◽  
Alexandra C. U. Furch ◽  
Günter Theißen
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Expression System ◽  
Inducible Expression ◽  
Effector Proteins ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Protein Accumulation ◽  
Disease Phenotypes ◽  
The Impact

Phytoplasmas are bacterial pathogens that live mainly in the phloem of their plant hosts. They dramatically manipulate plant development by secreting effector proteins that target developmental proteins of their hosts. Traditionally, the effects of individual effector proteins have been studied by ectopic overexpression using strong, ubiquitously active promoters in transgenic model plants. However, the impact of phytoplasma infection on the host plants depends on the intensity and timing of infection with respect to the developmental stage of the host. To facilitate investigations addressing the timing of effector protein activity, we have established chemical-inducible expression systems for the three most well-characterized phytoplasma effector proteins, SECRETED ASTER YELLOWS WITCHES’ BROOM PROTEIN 11 (SAP11), SAP54 and TENGU in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. We induced gene expression either continuously, or at germination stage, seedling stage, or flowering stage. mRNA expression was determined by quantitative reverse transcription PCR, protein accumulation by confocal laser scanning microscopy of GFP fusion proteins. Our data reveal tight regulation of effector gene expression and strong upregulation after induction. Phenotypic analyses showed differences in disease phenotypes depending on the timing of induction. Comparative phenotype analysis revealed so far unreported similarities in disease phenotypes, with all three effector proteins interfering with flower development and shoot branching, indicating a surprising functional redundancy of SAP54, SAP11 and TENGU. However, subtle but mechanistically important differences were also observed, especially affecting the branching pattern of the plants.

A special issue on Fusarium head blight and wheat blast

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 143-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emerson M. Del Ponte ◽  
Barbara Valent ◽  
Gary C. Bergstrom
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Wheat Blast

scholarly journals Effectiveness of marker-based selection for Fusarium head blight resistance in spring wheat

2011 ◽  
Vol 47 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. S123-S129 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Chrpová ◽  
V. Šíp ◽  
T. Sedláček ◽  
L. Štočková ◽  
O. Veškrna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Recombinant Inbred Lines ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Fusarium Head Blight Resistance ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
No Donor ◽  
Selection For ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Sumai 3

The effect of selection for two donor-QTL from Fusarium head blight (FHB) resistant spring wheat variety Sumai 3 on the reduction of deoxynivalenol (DON) content and FHB index was evaluated in field trials over two years (2008, 2009) following artificial inoculation with Fusarium culmorum. This study was conducted on populations of recombinant inbred lines derived from two crosses, Sumai 3/Swedget and Sumai 3/SG-S 191-01. DON content and FHB index were significantly reduced in both crosses in the genotype classes with two stacked donor QTL on chromosomes 3B and 5A in comparison to genotype classes with no donor QTL. In the cross Sumai 3/Swedget the selection for QTL alleles from 3B and 5A resulted in a 63.4% reduction in DON content, and a 51.8% reduction in the FHB index. Similarly, there was a 35.9% and 31.9% reduction, respectively, in the cross Sumai 3/SG-S 191-01. The single effect of the donor-QTL allele from 3B was significant only in the cross Sumai 3/Swedjet. The presence or absence of awns affected both DON content and FHB index in both populations, but was only significantly in the cross Sumai 3/SG-S 191-01. In this cross the effect of selection for fully awned genotypes was particularly evident on a reduction of both DON and FHB index in classes with neither donor QTL, or the 3B QTL. However, the data indicate that the “awnedness” effect on FHB resistance may be highly variable and is probably greater on reducing FHB symptoms than on DON content. The results confirmed that marker-based introgression of resistance QTLs on chromosomes 3B and 5A in traditional breeding materials can enrich populations for resistance types, but it was also shown that the effect of marker-based selection need not be large in all crosses and a similar effect can probably be reached by indirect selection for some FHB-related traits.

scholarly journals Comparative analysis of differential gene expression indicates divergence in ontogenetic strategies of leaves in two conifer genera

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia Webster ◽  
Laura Figueroa-Corona ◽  
Iván Méndez-González ◽  
Lluvia Soto-Álvarez ◽  
David Neale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Gene Interaction ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Interaction Patterns ◽  
Gene Interaction Network ◽  
Stage Of Development

In land plants, heteroblasty broadly refers to a drastic change in morphology during growth through ontogeny. Juniperus flaccida and Pinus cembroides are conifers of independent lineages known to exhibit leaf heteroblasty between the juvenile and adult life stage of development. Juvenile leaves of P. cembroides develop spirally on the main stem and appear decurrent, flattened and needle-like; whereas, adult photosynthetic leaves are triangular or semi-circular needle-like, and grow in whorls on secondary or tertiary compact dwarf shoots. By comparison, J. flaccida juvenile leaves are decurrent and needle-like, and adult leaves are compact, short and scale-like. Comparative analyses were performed to evaluate differences in anatomy and gene expression patterns between developmental phases in both species. RNA from twelve samples was sequenced and analyzed with available software. They were assembled de novo from the RNA-Seq reads. Following assembly, 63,741 high quality transcripts were functionally annotated in P. cembroides and 69,448 in J. flaccida. Evaluation of the orthologous groups yielded 4,140 shared gene families among the four references (adult and juvenile from each species). Activities related to cell division and development were more abundant in juveniles than adults in P. cembroides, and more abundant in adults than juveniles in J. flaccida. Overall, there were 509 up-regulated and 81 down-regulated genes in the juvenile condition of P. cembroides and 18 up-regulated and 20 down-regulated in J. flaccida. Gene interaction network analysis showed evidence of co-expression and co-localization of up-regulated genes involved in cell wall and cuticle formation, development, and phenylpropanoid pathway, in juvenile P. cembroides leaves. Whereas in J. flaccida, differential expression and gene interaction patterns were detected in genes involved in photosynthesis and chloroplast biogenesis. Although J. flaccida and P. cembroides both exhibit leaf heteroblastic development, little overlap was detected and unique genes and pathways were highlighted in this study.

scholarly journals Expansion of internal hyphal growth in Fusarium Head Blight infected grains contribute to the elevated mycotoxin production during the malting process

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhao Jin ◽  
Shyam Solanki ◽  
Gazala Ameen ◽  
Thomas Gross ◽  
Roshan Sharma Poudel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Hyphal Growth ◽  
Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Aleurone Layer ◽  
Scanning Microscope ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Trichothecene Mycotoxin

Fusarium head blight (FHB) and the occurrence of mycotoxins is the largest food safety threat to malting and brewing grains. Worldwide surveys of commercial beers have reported that the trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) is the most frequent contaminant in beer. Although the DON content of grain generally declines during steeping due to its solubilization, Fusarium can continue to grow and produce DON from steeping through the early kilning stage of malting. DON present on malt is largely extracted into beer. The objective of the current study was to localize the growth of Fusarium within FHB infected kernels by developing an improved method and to associate fungal growth with the production of DON during malting. FHB infected barley, wheat, rye, and triticale grains that exhibited large increases in the amount of Fusarium Tri5 DNA and trichothecene mycotoxins following malting were screened for hyphal localization. The growth of fungal hyphae associated with grain and malt was imaged by scanning electron microscope and confocal laser scanning microscope assisted with WGA-Alexa Fluor 488 staining, respectively. In barley, hyphae were present on or within the husk, vascular bundle, and pericarp cavities. Following malting, vast hyphal growth was observed not only in these regions, but also in the aleurone layer, endosperm, and embryo. Extensive fungal growth was also observed following malting of wheat, rye, and triticale. However, these grains already had an extensive internal presence of Fusarium hyphae in the unmalted grain, thus representing an enhanced chance of fungal expansion during the malting.

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