scholarly journals Names of phytopathogenic fungi: a practical guide

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro W Crous ◽  
Amy Y Rossman ◽  
Catherine Aime ◽  
Cavan Allen ◽  
Treena Burgess ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Phylogeny ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Natural Classification ◽  
Online Databases ◽  
As Species

Names of phytopathogenic fungi and oomycetes are essential to communicate knowledge about species and their biology, control, and quarantine as well as for trade and research purposes. Many plant pathogenic fungi are pleomorphic, meaning that they produce different asexual (anamorph) and sexual (teleomorph) morphs in their lifecycles. Because of this, more than one name has been applied to different morphs of the same species, which has confused users of names. The onset of DNA technologies makes it possible to connect different morphs of the same species, resulting in a move to a more natural classification system for fungi, in which a single name for a genus as well as species can now be used. The move to a single nomenclature, as well as the advent of molecular phylogeny and the introduction of polythetic taxonomic approaches has been the main driving force for the re-classification of fungi, including pathogens. Nonetheless, finding the correct name for species remains challenging, but there is a series of steps or considerations that could greatly simplify this process, as outlined here. In addition to various online databases and resources, a list of accurate names is herewith provided of the accepted names of the most common genera and species of phytopathogenic fungi.

Are species concepts outdated for fungi? Intraspecific variation in plant-pathogenic fungi illustrates the need for subspecific categorization.

2021 ◽  
pp. 301-319
Author(s):  
Enrique Monte ◽  
Rosa Hermosa ◽  
María del Mar Jiménez-Gasco ◽  
Rafael M. Jiménez-Díaz
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Fungal Diseases ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi

Abstract Precise naming of a species is very important for phytopathogenic fungi because names may carry key information for the management of the fungal diseases. Naming fungal species based on morphological traits or biological properties is outdated and unreliable. This chapter provides the classification of some plant pathogenic fungi including Rhizoctonia solani, Colletotrichum, Fusarium oxysporum, and Verticillum based on morphological, pathogenicity, molecular and phylogenetic analysis. Debate on species identification is no longer a question of being in favour of 'splitters' rather than of 'lumpers', but defining phytopathogenic species is particularly complicated and requires further consideration of subspecific categorizations.

scholarly journals BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PHYTOPATHOGENIC FUNGI USING DIFFERENT EXTRACTS OF CHAETOMIUM CUPREUM

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 328
Author(s):  
Sharmila Tirumale ◽  
Nazir Wani
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Purification And Characterization ◽  
Butanol Extract ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Extracts

Objective: This study evaluated the Chaetomium cupreum extracts as biocontrol agents against four plant pathogenic fungi (Cladosporium cladosporioides, Fusarium oxysporum, Phomopsis azadirachtae, and Rhizoctonia solani).Method: The antifungal activity of n-butanol and ethyl acetate extracts of C. cupreum was evaluated against plant pathogenic fungi using food poison method.Result: In n-butanol extract, the percentage inhibition of mycelial growth against C. cladosporoides was 88.3±0.1, F. oxysporum was 59.4±0.2, R. solani was 56.2±0.9, and P. azadirachtae was 52.0±0.1at 0.25 mg/ml, respectively. In ethyl acetate extract, the percentage inhibition of mycelial growth against C. cladosporoides was 86.0±0.5, F. oxysporum was 66.4±0.1, P. azadirachtae was 55.2±0.9, and R. solani was 52.0±0.1 at 0.25 mg/ml, respectively.Conclusion: It was found that n-butanol extract is more effective than ethyl acetate extract of C. cupreum. Future studies will focus on the purification and characterization of compounds of C. cupreum and their biocontrol capacity with the mechanism for plant pathological applications.

scholarly journals Preliminary checklist of phytopathogenic fungi in Sikkim, India

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prakash Pradhan
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Natural Landscape ◽  
Human Economy ◽  
The Future ◽  
Indian State ◽  
Fungal Phytopathogens ◽  
Present Understanding

Sikkim is an Indian state with unique cultural and natural landscape. Being rich in bioresources, earlier biodiversity explorations have led to enumeration of varied flora and fauna. However, fungi being an important biodiversity component, and especially, the fungal phytopathogens having potential of impacting human economy and food security, present understanding is needed to make vision for the future. In this regard, past works (1877-2011) on phytopathogenic fungi reported from Sikkim were surveyed. In this manuscript, 98 species of plant pathogenic fungi (including anamorphs) under 76 genera are enlisted. The alphabetical checklist of the species is provided herewith. Further updates will be added in the subsequent versions of the publication.

scholarly journals Heterologous Production of β-Caryophyllene and Evaluation of Its Activity against Plant Pathogenic Fungi

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 168
Author(s):  
Fabienne Hilgers ◽  
Samer S. Habash ◽  
Anita Loeschcke ◽  
Yannic Sebastian Ackermann ◽  
Stefan Neumann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Rhodobacter Capsulatus ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Alternaria Brassicicola ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria ◽  
Agricultural Crop ◽  
Caryophyllene Oxide ◽  
Natural Agents

Terpenoids constitute one of the largest and most diverse groups within the class of secondary metabolites, comprising over 80,000 compounds. They not only exhibit important functions in plant physiology but also have commercial potential in the biotechnological, pharmaceutical, and agricultural sectors due to their promising properties, including various bioactivities against pathogens, inflammations, and cancer. In this work, we therefore aimed to implement the plant sesquiterpenoid pathway leading to β-caryophyllene in the heterologous host Rhodobacter capsulatus and achieved a maximum production of 139 ± 31 mg L−1 culture. As this sesquiterpene offers various beneficial anti-phytopathogenic activities, we evaluated the bioactivity of β-caryophyllene and its oxygenated derivative β-caryophyllene oxide against different phytopathogenic fungi. Here, both compounds significantly inhibited the growth of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Fusarium oxysporum by up to 40%, while growth of Alternaria brassicicola was only slightly affected, and Phoma lingam and Rhizoctonia solani were unaffected. At the same time, the compounds showed a promising low inhibitory profile for a variety of plant growth-promoting bacteria at suitable compound concentrations. Our observations thus give a first indication that β-caryophyllene and β-caryophyllene oxide are promising natural agents, which might be applicable for the management of certain plant pathogenic fungi in agricultural crop production.

scholarly journals Towards a natural classification of Dothideomycetes 5: The genera Ascostratum, Chaetoscutula, Ceratocarpia, Cystocoleus, and Colensoniella (Dothideomycetes incertae sedis)

Phytotaxa ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 176 (1) ◽  
pp. 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
QING TIAN ◽  
PUTARAK CHOMNUNTI ◽  
JAYARAMA D. BHAT ◽  
SITI. A. ALIAS ◽  
PETER E. MORTIMER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Natural Classification ◽  
Incertae Sedis ◽  
Form Part ◽  
Modern Classification

In the Outline of Ascomycota 2009, 116 genera were listed under Dothideomycetes, genera incertae cedis. In the present study, we re-examined the generic types of Ascostratum, Chaetoscutula, Ceratocarpia, Cystocoleus and Colensoniella which are relatively poorly documented. We re-described and illustrated the type species of these genera and suggest higher level placements based on a modern classification system. Ascostratum is placed in Myriangiaceae because of similarities with Anhelia, both genera have ascostromata with numerous locules in the upper part and 4–7 transversely septate ascospores. Chaetoscutula is similar to Pododimeria in having the same host and septate, olivaceous-brown ascospores and thus is transferred to Pseudoperisporiaceae. Colensoniella has apothecioid ascomata but 1-septate oblong, uniseriately ascospores that many break in the centre form part-spores and is referred to Patellariaceae. Cystocoleus is a typical of any family of Dothideomycetes, but phylogenetic analysis showed this genus to cluster in Capnodiales incertae sedis. Ceratocarpia has glabrous ascomata, muriform ascospores and evanescent pseudoparaphyses so placed in Chaetothyriaceae. By illustrating the genera we hope to stimulate fresh collections so that these genera can be epitypified and molecular data analyzed to establish a truly natural classification. 

scholarly journals The toxicity of jack bean [Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC.] canatoxin to plant pathogenic fungi

1999 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. A. OLIVEIRA ◽  
V. M. GOMES ◽  
M. P. SALES ◽  
K. V. S. FERNANDES ◽  
C. R. CARLINI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
The Other ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Jack Bean ◽  
Toxic Protein ◽  
Canavalia Ensiformis

Protein fractions obtained from seeds of the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) as well as the amino acid canavanine, present in these seeds, were tested for their capacity to inhibit the growth of the phytopathogenic fungi Macrophomina phaseolina, Colletotrichum gloesporioides, Sclerotium rolfsii and Fusarium oxysporum. We found that most of the proteins examined and also canavanine did not have any effect on the growth of these fungi. On the other hand the toxic protein canatoxin was found to be effective, at a concentration of 2%, in the inhibition of the growth of M. phaseolina, C. gloesporioides and S. rolfsii.

scholarly journals Streptomycetes antagonism against Cladosporium fulvum Cooke and Fusarium oxysporium f.sp. lycopersici

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 1897-1900
Author(s):  
Ana Cristina Fermino Soares ◽  
Carla da Silva Sousa ◽  
Marlon da Silva Garrido
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Spore Germination ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Cladosporium Fulvum ◽  
Secondary Effects ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Development Methods

This research aimed to evaluate the secondary effects of secondary metabolites produced by streptomycetes on spore germination and mycelial growth of the phytopathogenic fungi Cladosporium fulvum Cooke and Fusarium oxysporium f. sp. lycopersici from tomato plants. Metabolites produced by streptomycete isolates codified as AC-147 and AC-92 caused 94.1% inhibition of C. fulvum while AC-95 isolate caused 33.9% inhibition. AC-92 was the most efficient for F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, causing 94.2% inhibition of spore germination. For mycelial growth, AC-26 and AC-92 were the most efficient in inhibiting C. fulvum growth by 46.6% and F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici by 29.9%. These streptomycetes are potential agents for biocontrol development methods of these tomato plant pathogenic fungi.

scholarly journals PROBLEMS OF CLASSIFICATION AND CERTIFICATION BY CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOME FUNGICIDES AND HERBICIDES

2020 ◽  
pp. 35-38
Author(s):  
Marupova Manzura Aminovna ◽  
Ahadjonov Mavlonjon Mahmudjon o’g’li ◽  
Kosimova Hafizakhon
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
The State ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
International Convention ◽  
State Chemical

This article gives the types, meaning, application and classification of fungicides and herbicides. The role of the International Convention on the classification of goods, the significance of the State chemical Commission, as well as suggestions for improving their classification and certification of these substances in the commodity nomenclature of Foreign economic activity (HS code). KEY WORDS: pesticide, herbicide, fungicide, plant pathogenic fungi, commodity nomenclature of foreign economic activity, position, subitem, sub-subitem, ingredient, indicator.

scholarly journals Preliminary checklist of phytopathogenic fungi in Sikkim, India

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prakash Pradhan
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Natural Landscape ◽  
Human Economy ◽  
The Future ◽  
Indian State ◽  
Fungal Phytopathogens ◽  
Present Understanding

Sikkim is an Indian state with unique cultural and natural landscape. Being rich in bioresources, earlier biodiversity explorations have led to enumeration of varied flora and fauna. However, fungi being an important biodiversity component, and especially, the fungal phytopathogens having potential of impacting human economy and food security, present understanding is needed to make vision for the future. In this regard, past works (1877-2011) on phytopathogenic fungi reported from Sikkim were surveyed. In this manuscript, 98 species of plant pathogenic fungi (including anamorphs) under 76 genera are enlisted. The alphabetical checklist of the species is provided herewith. Further updates will be added in the subsequent versions of the publication.

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