Are species concepts outdated for fungi? Intraspecific variation in plant-pathogenic fungi illustrates the need for subspecific categorization.

2021 ◽  
pp. 301-319
Author(s):  
Enrique Monte ◽  
Rosa Hermosa ◽  
María del Mar Jiménez-Gasco ◽  
Rafael M. Jiménez-Díaz
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Fungal Diseases ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi

Abstract Precise naming of a species is very important for phytopathogenic fungi because names may carry key information for the management of the fungal diseases. Naming fungal species based on morphological traits or biological properties is outdated and unreliable. This chapter provides the classification of some plant pathogenic fungi including Rhizoctonia solani, Colletotrichum, Fusarium oxysporum, and Verticillum based on morphological, pathogenicity, molecular and phylogenetic analysis. Debate on species identification is no longer a question of being in favour of 'splitters' rather than of 'lumpers', but defining phytopathogenic species is particularly complicated and requires further consideration of subspecific categorizations.

scholarly journals Names of phytopathogenic fungi: a practical guide

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro W Crous ◽  
Amy Y Rossman ◽  
Catherine Aime ◽  
Cavan Allen ◽  
Treena Burgess ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Phylogeny ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Natural Classification ◽  
Online Databases ◽  
As Species

Names of phytopathogenic fungi and oomycetes are essential to communicate knowledge about species and their biology, control, and quarantine as well as for trade and research purposes. Many plant pathogenic fungi are pleomorphic, meaning that they produce different asexual (anamorph) and sexual (teleomorph) morphs in their lifecycles. Because of this, more than one name has been applied to different morphs of the same species, which has confused users of names. The onset of DNA technologies makes it possible to connect different morphs of the same species, resulting in a move to a more natural classification system for fungi, in which a single name for a genus as well as species can now be used. The move to a single nomenclature, as well as the advent of molecular phylogeny and the introduction of polythetic taxonomic approaches has been the main driving force for the re-classification of fungi, including pathogens. Nonetheless, finding the correct name for species remains challenging, but there is a series of steps or considerations that could greatly simplify this process, as outlined here. In addition to various online databases and resources, a list of accurate names is herewith provided of the accepted names of the most common genera and species of phytopathogenic fungi.

scholarly journals Phylogeny- and morphology-based recognition of new species in the spider-parasitic genus Gibellula (Hypocreales, Cordycipitaceae) from Thailand

MycoKeys ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 17-42
Author(s):  
Wilawan Kuephadungphan ◽  
Kanoksri Tasanathai ◽  
Booppa Petcharad ◽  
Artit Khonsanit ◽  
Marc Stadler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
New Species ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Biodiversity Hotspot ◽  
Host Behavior ◽  
Vast Array ◽  
First Time ◽  
Over Time

Thailand is known to be a part of what is called the Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot, hosting a vast array of organisms across its diverse ecosystems. This is reflected by the increasing number of new species described over time, especially fungi. However, a very few fungal species from the specialized spider-parasitic genus Gibellula have ever been reported from this region. A survey of invertebrate-pathogenic fungi in Thailand over several decades has led to the discovery of a number of fungal specimens with affinities to this genus. Integration of morphological traits into multi-locus phylogenetic analysis uncovered four new species: G. cebrennini, G. fusiformispora, G. pigmentosinum, and G. scorpioides. All these appear to be exclusively linked with torrubiella-like sexual morphs with the presence of granulomanus-like asexual morph in G. pigmentosinum and G. cebrennini. A remarkably high host specificity of these new species towards their spider hosts was revealed, and for the first time, evidence is presented for manipulation of host behavior in G. scorpioides.

scholarly journals Double Gamers—Can Modified Natural Regulators of Higher Plants Act as Antagonists against Phytopathogens? The Case of Jasmonic Acid Derivatives

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (22) ◽  
pp. 8681
Author(s):  
Nicolò Orsoni ◽  
Francesca Degola ◽  
Luca Nerva ◽  
Franco Bisceglie ◽  
Giorgio Spadola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Jasmonic Acid ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Phaeomoniella Chlamydospora ◽  
Horticultural Crops

As key players in biotic stress response of plants, jasmonic acid (JA) and its derivatives cover a specific and prominent role in pathogens-mediated signaling and hence are promising candidates for a sustainable management of phytopathogenic fungi. Recently, JA directed antimicrobial effects on plant pathogens has been suggested, supporting the theory of oxylipins as double gamers in plant-pathogen interaction. Based on these premises, six derivatives (dihydrojasmone and cis-jasmone, two thiosemicarbazonic derivatives and their corresponding complexes with copper) have been evaluated against 13 fungal species affecting various economically important herbaceous and woody crops, such as cereals, grapes and horticultural crops: Phaeoacremonium minimum, Neofusicoccum parvum, Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, Fomitiporia mediterranea, Fusarium poae, F. culmorum, F. graminearum, F. oxysporum f. sp. lactucae,F. sporotrichioides, Aspergillus flavus, Rhizoctonia solani,Sclerotinia spp. and Verticillium dahliae. The biological activity of these compounds was assessed in terms of growth inhibition and, for the two mycotoxigenic species A. flavus and F. sporotrichioides, also in terms of toxin containment. As expected, the inhibitory effect of molecules greatly varied amongst both genera and species; cis-jasmone thiosemicarbazone in particular has shown the wider range of effectiveness. However, our results show that thiosemicarbazones derivatives are more effective than the parent ketones in limiting fungal growth and mycotoxins production, supporting possible applications for the control of pathogenic fungi.

scholarly journals BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PHYTOPATHOGENIC FUNGI USING DIFFERENT EXTRACTS OF CHAETOMIUM CUPREUM

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 328
Author(s):  
Sharmila Tirumale ◽  
Nazir Wani
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Purification And Characterization ◽  
Butanol Extract ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Extracts

Objective: This study evaluated the Chaetomium cupreum extracts as biocontrol agents against four plant pathogenic fungi (Cladosporium cladosporioides, Fusarium oxysporum, Phomopsis azadirachtae, and Rhizoctonia solani).Method: The antifungal activity of n-butanol and ethyl acetate extracts of C. cupreum was evaluated against plant pathogenic fungi using food poison method.Result: In n-butanol extract, the percentage inhibition of mycelial growth against C. cladosporoides was 88.3±0.1, F. oxysporum was 59.4±0.2, R. solani was 56.2±0.9, and P. azadirachtae was 52.0±0.1at 0.25 mg/ml, respectively. In ethyl acetate extract, the percentage inhibition of mycelial growth against C. cladosporoides was 86.0±0.5, F. oxysporum was 66.4±0.1, P. azadirachtae was 55.2±0.9, and R. solani was 52.0±0.1 at 0.25 mg/ml, respectively.Conclusion: It was found that n-butanol extract is more effective than ethyl acetate extract of C. cupreum. Future studies will focus on the purification and characterization of compounds of C. cupreum and their biocontrol capacity with the mechanism for plant pathological applications.

scholarly journals Preliminary checklist of phytopathogenic fungi in Sikkim, India

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prakash Pradhan
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Natural Landscape ◽  
Human Economy ◽  
The Future ◽  
Indian State ◽  
Fungal Phytopathogens ◽  
Present Understanding

Sikkim is an Indian state with unique cultural and natural landscape. Being rich in bioresources, earlier biodiversity explorations have led to enumeration of varied flora and fauna. However, fungi being an important biodiversity component, and especially, the fungal phytopathogens having potential of impacting human economy and food security, present understanding is needed to make vision for the future. In this regard, past works (1877-2011) on phytopathogenic fungi reported from Sikkim were surveyed. In this manuscript, 98 species of plant pathogenic fungi (including anamorphs) under 76 genera are enlisted. The alphabetical checklist of the species is provided herewith. Further updates will be added in the subsequent versions of the publication.

scholarly journals Antifungal Activity of Arginine-Based Surfactants

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria E. Fait ◽  
Helen P. S. da Costa ◽  
Cleverson D. T. Freitas ◽  
Laura Bakás ◽  
Susana R. Morcelle
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Membrane Integrity ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Trichophyton Mentagrophytes ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Colletotrichum Lindemuthianum ◽  
Mechanism Of Toxicity ◽  
Surface Active

Background:Amino acid based surfactants constitute an important class of surface active biomolecules showing remarkable biocompatible properties. Antimicrobial activity is one of the most remarkable biological properties of this kind of surfactants, which have been widely studied against a broad spectrum of microorganisms. However, the antifungal activity of this kind of compound has been less well investigated. The aim of this work is the study of the antifungal activity of two novel argininebased surfactants (Nα-benzoyl-arginine decylamide, Bz-Arg-NHC10 and Nα-benzoyl-arginine dodecylamide, Bz-Arg-NHC12), obtained by an enzymatic strategy, against phytopathogenic filamentous fungi and dermatophyte strains.Methods:Four phytopathogenic fungi (Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Colletotrichum lindemuthianum) and two human pathogenic fungi (dermatophytes Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes) were tested. Inhibition of vegetative growth and conidia germination was investigated for the phytopathogenic fungi. In order to elucidate the possible mechanism of biocide action, membrane integrity, as well as the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were evaluated. Additionally, the inhibition of germination of dermatophyte microconidia due to both arginine-based surfactants was studied. Minimum inhibitory concentration, as well as the concentration that inhibits 50% of germination were determined for both compounds and both fungal strains.Results:For the vegetative growth of phytopathogenic fungi, the most potent arginine-based compound was Bz-Arg-NHC10. All the tested compounds interfered with the conidia development of the studied species. Investigation of the possible mechanism of toxicity towards phytopathogenic fungi indicated direct damage of the plasma membrane and production of ROS. For the two strains of dermatophyte fungi tested, all the proved compounds showed similar fungistatic efficacy.Conclusion:: Bz-Arg-NHC10 and Bz-Arg-NHC12 were demonstrated to have broad biocidal ability against the proliferative vegetative form and the asexual reproductive conidia. Results suggest that both membrane permeabilization and induction of oxidative stress are part of the antifungal mechanisms involved in the interruption of normal conidia development by Bz-Arg-NHCn, leading to cell death.

scholarly journals Plant Pathogenic Fungi Associated with Coraebus florentinus (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) Attacks in Declining Oak Forests

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Pinna ◽  
Benedetto T. Linaldeddu ◽  
Vitale Deiana ◽  
Lucia Maddau ◽  
Lucio Montecchio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Western Mediterranean ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Oak Trees ◽  
Coraebus Florentinus

The black-banded oak borer, Coraebus florentinus, is an emerging pest of oak trees in the western Mediterranean region. Larvae of the insect are xylophagous and progressively excavate an annular gallery that interrupts sap flow, resulting in the death of the attacked branches. Until now, limited information has been available regarding the ecological interactions between C. florentinus and the main plant pathogenic fungi involved in the etiology of oak decline. Knowledge of these interactions is important in understanding their impact in natural ecosystems and developing appropriate management strategies. Therefore, in this study, we characterized the fungal communities occurring in the exoskeleton of adults and larvae of C. florentinus and associated with the necrotic wood tissues surrounding the branch galleries of declining oak trees. A total of 29 fungal species were identified based on DNA sequence data and morphological features, of which 14 were from symptomatic woody tissues, six from insect exoskeleton, and nine from both insects and symptomatic wood tissues. The most frequent fungal species, Cryphonectria naterciae (15.9% of isolates), Dothiorella iberica (11.3%), and Diplodia corticola (9.9%), were isolated from both insect and gallery systems. All three species are well-known oak pathogens and are reported here, for the first time, to be associated with C. florentinus. At the same time, 89.6% of the fungal taxa were isolated from one or two sites, highlighting the site-dependence of fungal community assemblages.

scholarly journals Heterologous Production of β-Caryophyllene and Evaluation of Its Activity against Plant Pathogenic Fungi

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 168
Author(s):  
Fabienne Hilgers ◽  
Samer S. Habash ◽  
Anita Loeschcke ◽  
Yannic Sebastian Ackermann ◽  
Stefan Neumann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Rhodobacter Capsulatus ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Alternaria Brassicicola ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria ◽  
Agricultural Crop ◽  
Caryophyllene Oxide ◽  
Natural Agents

Terpenoids constitute one of the largest and most diverse groups within the class of secondary metabolites, comprising over 80,000 compounds. They not only exhibit important functions in plant physiology but also have commercial potential in the biotechnological, pharmaceutical, and agricultural sectors due to their promising properties, including various bioactivities against pathogens, inflammations, and cancer. In this work, we therefore aimed to implement the plant sesquiterpenoid pathway leading to β-caryophyllene in the heterologous host Rhodobacter capsulatus and achieved a maximum production of 139 ± 31 mg L−1 culture. As this sesquiterpene offers various beneficial anti-phytopathogenic activities, we evaluated the bioactivity of β-caryophyllene and its oxygenated derivative β-caryophyllene oxide against different phytopathogenic fungi. Here, both compounds significantly inhibited the growth of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Fusarium oxysporum by up to 40%, while growth of Alternaria brassicicola was only slightly affected, and Phoma lingam and Rhizoctonia solani were unaffected. At the same time, the compounds showed a promising low inhibitory profile for a variety of plant growth-promoting bacteria at suitable compound concentrations. Our observations thus give a first indication that β-caryophyllene and β-caryophyllene oxide are promising natural agents, which might be applicable for the management of certain plant pathogenic fungi in agricultural crop production.

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