scholarly journals Identification and Functional Verification of Differences in Phenolic Compounds Between Resistant and Susceptible Populus Species

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (4) ◽  
pp. 805-812
Author(s):  
Yongxia Li ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Ningning Sun ◽  
Xuan Wang ◽  
Yuqian Feng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
The Other ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Functional Verification ◽  
Botryosphaeria Dothidea ◽  
Antifungal Activities ◽  
Populus Species ◽  
Serious Disease

Poplar canker, mainly caused by Botryosphaeria species, is a serious disease that has resulted in the reduced productivity and death of poplar worldwide. Different Populus species have varied resistance levels to poplar canker; however, whether phenolic compounds in poplar are involved in this resistance remains uncertain. Here, we determined the concentrations of phenolic compounds and their antifungal activities in canker-resistant P. tomentosa and canker-susceptible P. beijingensis. We identified 29 phenolic compounds with significantly different concentrations between the two species. Salicylic acid (SA), tremuloidin, salicin, and poplin were dominant in P. tomentosa, while benzoic acid (BA) and catechol were dominant in P. beijingensis. These six phenolic compounds were further tested for antifungal activities. SA, BA, and catechol showed significant antifungal activities against Botryosphaeria dothidea, while the other three compounds showed no activity. As BA or catechol can be converted in plants to SA, which is a remote signaling molecule that plays an important role in plant defenses, we presumed that the resistance of P. tomentosa was initiated by SA, while the susceptibility of P. beijingensis resulted from the absence of SA. Further studies are required to confirm this hypothesis. These results provide a foundation for future research on the disease-resistance mechanisms of poplar.

Compositions of Bud and Leaf Exudates of Some Populus Species Compared

1992 ◽  
Vol 47 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 329-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Greenaway
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Populus Alba ◽  
Leaf Exudate ◽  
Caffeic Acid Esters ◽  
Populus Species ◽  
Acid Esters

Bud and leaf exudates from Populus alba, P. balsamifera, P. nigra and P. tremuloides were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and their components were identified. For three of the four species, P. alba, P. balsamifera and P. nigra, the bud and leaf exudates were similar within each species, though there were marked differences between species. Bud and leaf exudates of P. alba contained only hydrocarbons, those of P. balsamifera contained primarily dihydrochalcones and those of P. nigra contained primarily caffeic acid esters. Bud and leaf exudates of P. tremuloides were different both from each other and from those of the other three species. Bud exudate of P. tremuloides contained a range of phenolic compounds which were largely lacking from the leaf exudate.

scholarly journals Effect of Pre-Fermentative Maceration and Fining Agents on Protein Stability, Macromolecular, and Phenolic Composition of Albariño White Wines: Comparative Efficiency of Chitosan, k-Carrageenan and Bentonite as Heat Stabilisers

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 608
Author(s):  
Inma Arenas ◽  
Miguel Ribeiro ◽  
Luís Filipe-Ribeiro ◽  
Rafael Vilamarim ◽  
Elisa Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Protein Stability ◽  
White Wine ◽  
The Other ◽  
White Wines ◽  
Comparative Efficiency ◽  
Fining Agents ◽  
Protein Instability ◽  
Related Proteins ◽  
Protein Stabilisation

In this work, the effect of pre-fermentative skin maceration (PFSM) on the chemical composition of the macromolecular fraction, polysaccharides and proteins, phenolic compounds, chromatic characteristics, and protein stability of Albariño monovarietal white wines was studied. PFSM increased the extraction of phenolic compounds and polysaccharides and reduced the extraction of pathogenesis-related proteins (PRPs). PFSM wine showed significantly higher protein instability. Sodium and calcium bentonites were used for protein stabilisation of wines obtained with PFSM (+PFSM) and without PFSM (−PFSM), and their efficiencies compared to fungal chitosan (FCH) and k-carrageenan. k-Carrageenan reduced the content of PRPs and the protein instability in both wines, and it was more efficient than sodium and calcium bentonites. FCH was unable to heat stabilise both wines, and PRPs levels remained unaltered. On the other hand, FCH decreased the levels of wine polysaccharides by 60%. Sodium and calcium bentonite also decreased the levels of wine polysaccharides although to a lower extent (16% to 59%). k-Carrageenan did not affect the wine polysaccharide levels. Overall, k-carrageenan is suitable for white wine protein stabilisation, having a more desirable impact on the wine macromolecular fraction than the other fining agents, reducing the levels of the wine PRPs without impacting polysaccharide composition.

Children With Intellectual Disability and Victimization: A Logistic Regression Analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 107755952199417
Author(s):  
Katherine R. Brendli ◽  
Michael D. Broda ◽  
Ruth Brown
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
District Of Columbia ◽  
The Other ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Common Assumption ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Demographic Correlates

It is a common assumption that children with disabilities are more likely to experience victimization than their peers without disabilities. However, there is a paucity of robust research supporting this assumption in the current literature. In response to this need, we conducted a logistic regression analysis using a national dataset of responses from 26,572 parents/caregivers to children with and without disabilities across all 50 states, plus the District of Columbia. The purpose of our study was to acquire a greater understanding of the odds of victimization among children with and without intellectual disability (ID), while controlling for several child and parent/adult demographic correlates. Most notably, our study revealed that children with ID have 2.84 times greater odds of experiencing victimization than children without disabilities, after adjusting for the other predictors in the model. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.

scholarly journals A taxonomy of antonymy in Arabic: Egyptian and Saudi proverbs in comparison

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 200-222
Author(s):  
Hamada Hassanein ◽  
Mohammad Mahzari
Keyword(s):  
Main Clause ◽  
The Other ◽  
Subordinate Clause ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Case Marking ◽  
News Discourse ◽  
Discourse Functions ◽  
Syntactic Frames

Abstract This study has set out to identify, quantify, typify, and exemplify the discourse functions of canonical antonymy in Arabic paremiography by comparing two manually collected datasets from Egyptian and Saudi (Najdi) dialects. Building upon Jones’s (2002) most extensive and often-cited classification of the discourse functions of antonyms as they co-occur within syntactic frames in news discourse, the study has substantially revised this classification and developed a provisional and dynamic typology thereof. Two major textual functions are found to be quantitatively significant and qualitatively preponderant: ancillarity (wherein an A-pair of canonical antonyms project their antonymicity onto a more important B-pair) and coordination (wherein one antonym holds an inclusive or exhaustive relation to another antonym). Three new functions have been developed and added to the retrieved classification: subordination (wherein one antonym occurs in a subordinate clause while the other occurs in a main clause), case-marking (wherein two opposite cases are served by two antonyms), and replacement (wherein one antonym is substituted with another). Semicanonical and noncanonical guises of antonymy are left and recommended for future research.

scholarly journals Impact of Specialty Malts on Wort and Beer Characteristics

Fermentation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 137
Author(s):  
Luis F. Castro ◽  
Abigail D. Affonso ◽  
Renata M. Lehman
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fermentable Sugars ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Total Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Polyphenol Content ◽  
The Impact

Specialty malts are commonly used in brewing to provide flavor, aroma, and color to wort and beer. The use of specialty malts contributes to the variety of beer products; therefore, it is important to understand their effect on the characteristics of wort and beer. This study investigates the impact of various specialty malts on wort and beer properties. A control beer was prepared with 100% base malt, and four beer treatments were prepared with the addition of kilned, roasted, and caramel specialty malts. For each treatment, 20% of the base malt was substituted with the various specialty malts when preparing the wort. The fermentable sugars and free amino nitrogen (FAN) content for each wort were analyzed. Alcohol by volume (ABV), international bitterness units (IBU), diacetyl, and polyphenol content of each prepared beers were subsequently analyzed. Results showed that wort prepared with the addition of roasted and caramel malts contained a lower concentration of fermentable sugars and FAN than wort prepared with the base and kilned malts. Beers prepared with the addition of roasted and caramel malts exhibited the lowest levels of ABV, as well as the lowest levels of diacetyl. These beers also exhibited higher levels of total phenolic compounds compared to the other beer samples. No change was observed in IBU levels as a result of brewing with the different specialty malts. This study illustrates how the use of specialty malts impacts wort and beer properties, providing useful information to aid in the production of quality beer products.

Dirty Work and Dirtier Work: Differences in Countering Physical, Social, and Moral Stigma

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blake E. Ashforth ◽  
Glen E. Kreiner
Keyword(s):  
Distinct Group ◽  
The Other ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Identity Threat ◽  
Dirty Work ◽  
Exotic Dancers ◽  
Organization Level ◽  
Group A

The literature on dirty work has focused on what physically (e.g., garbage collectors), socially (e.g., addiction counsellors), and morally (e.g., exotic dancers) stigmatized occupations have in common, implying that dirty work is a relatively monolithic construct. In this article, we focus on thedifferencesbetween these three forms of dirty work and how occupational members collectively attempt to counter the particular stigma associated with each. We argue that the largest differences are between moral dirty work and the other two forms; if physical and social dirty work tend to be seen as more necessary than evil, then moral dirty work tends to be seen as more evil than necessary. Moral dirty work typically constitutes a graver identity threat to occupational members, fostering greater entitativity (a sense of being a distinct group), a greater reliance on members as social buffers, and a greater use of condemning condemners and organization-level defensive tactics. We develop a series of propositions to formalize our arguments and suggest how this more nuanced approach to studying dirty work can stimulate and inform future research.

Preharvest salicylic acid treatments improve phenolic compounds and biogenic amines in ‘Niagara Rosada’ table grape

2021 ◽  
Vol 176 ◽  
pp. 111505
Author(s):  
Estevão Perin Gomes ◽  
Cristine Vanz Borges ◽  
Gean Charles Monteiro ◽  
Matheus Antonio Filiol Belin ◽  
Igor Otavio Minatel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salicylic Acid ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Biogenic Amines ◽  
Table Grape ◽  
Niagara Rosada ◽  
Acid Treatments

Distribution of PPX2 Mutations Conferring PPO-Inhibitor Resistance in Palmer Amaranth Populations of Tennessee

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 592-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Drake Copeland ◽  
Darci A. Giacomini ◽  
Patrick J. Tranel ◽  
Garret B. Montgomery ◽  
Lawrence E. Steckel
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
The Other ◽  
Group 14 ◽  
Row Crops ◽  
Site Of Action ◽  
Inhibitor Resistance ◽  
New Mutations

AbstractProtoporphyrinogen IX oxidase (PPO)–inhibiting herbicides (WSSA Group 14) have been used in agronomic row crops for over 50 yr. Broadleaf weeds, including glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth, have been controlled by this herbicide site of action PRE and POST. Recently, Palmer amaranth populations were reported resistant to PPO inhibitors in 2011 in Arkansas, in 2015 in Tennessee, and in 2016 in Illinois. Historically, the mechanism for this resistance involves the deletion of a glycine at position 210 (ΔG210) in a PPO enzyme encoded by the PPX2 gene; however, the ΔG210 deletion did not explain all PPO inhibitor–resistant Palmer amaranth in Tennessee populations. Recently, two new mutations within PPX2 (R128G, R128M) that confer resistance to PPO inhibitors were identified in Palmer amaranth. Therefore, research is needed to document the presence and distribution of the three known mutations that confer PPO inhibitor resistance in Tennessee. In 2017, a survey was conducted in 18 fields with Palmer amaranth to determine whether resistance existed and the prevalence of each known mutation in each field. Fomesafen was applied at 265 g ai ha–1 to Palmer amaranth infestations within each field to select for resistant weeds for later analysis. Where resistance was described (70% of surviving plants), the ΔG210 mutation was detected in 47% of resistant plants. The R128G mutation accounted for 42% of resistance, similar to the frequency of the ΔG210 mutation. The R128M mutation was less frequent than the other two mutations, accounting for only 10% of the resistance. All mutations detected in this study were heterozygous. Additionally, no more than one of the three PPX2 mutations were detected in an individual surviving plant. Similar to previous research, about 70% of PPO resistance was accounted for by these three known mutations, leaving about 30% of resistance not characterized in Tennessee populations. Survivors not showing the three known PPO mutations suggest that other resistance mechanisms are present.

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