scholarly journals Assessment of Diversity in Claviceps africana and Other Claviceps Species by RAM and AFLP Analyses

2000 ◽  
Vol 90 (10) ◽  
pp. 1126-1130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul W. Tooley ◽  
Nichole R. O'Neill ◽  
Erin D. Goley ◽  
Marie M. Carras
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
The United States ◽  
Aflp Analysis ◽  
Indian Isolates ◽  
Claviceps Africana ◽  
Primer Sets

Genetic diversity among isolates of Claviceps africana, the sorghum ergot pathogen, and isolates of other Claviceps spp. causing ergot on sorghum or other hosts, was analyzed by random amplified microsatellite (RAM) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analyses. Of the RAM primer sets tested, one revealed polymorphism in C. africana isolates, with Australian and Indian isolates possessing a unique fragment. AFLP analysis, in addition to clearly distinguishing Claviceps spp., revealed polymorphisms in C. africana. A group of isolates from the United States, Puerto Rico, and South Africa exhibited 95 to 100% similarity with one another. Several isolates from Isabela, Puerto Rico were 100% similar to an isolate from Texas, and another isolate from Puerto Rico was identical with one from Nebraska. Australian and Indian isolates showed greater than 90% similarity with isolates from the United States., Puerto Rico, and South Africa. A number of polymorphisms existed in the United States group, indicating that the recently introduced population contains multiple genotypes. Isolates of C. sorghicola, a newly described sorghum pathogen from Japan, were very distinct from other species via RAM and AFLP analyses, as were isolates from outgroups C. purpurea and C. fusiformis. Both RAM and AFLP analysis will be useful in determining future patterns of intercontinental migration of the sorghum ergot pathogen, with the AFLP method showing greater ability to characterize levels of intraspecific variation.

scholarly journals AFLP Comparisons Among Claviceps africana Isolates from the United States, Mexico, Africa, Australia, India, and Japan

Plant Disease ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 86 (11) ◽  
pp. 1247-1252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul W. Tooley ◽  
Erin D. Goley ◽  
Marie M. Carras ◽  
Nichole R. O'Neill
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Population Subdivision ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Claviceps Africana ◽  
United States Mexico

Eighty-seven isolates of the sorghum ergot pathogen, Claviceps africana, from diverse geographic locations were analyzed using four different amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) primer combinations to determine genetic relationships among isolates. Most isolates showed unique AFLP haplotypes, indicating that substantial genetic variation is present within C. africana populations. Two major groupings of isolates were observable, with ca. 70% similarity between the two groups. One group consisted of Australian, Indian, and Japanese isolates and the other of U.S., Mexican, and African isolates. In spite of overall high levels of genetic diversity observed in C. africana, isolates within the two major groups were between 75 and 100% similar. The observed associations of C. africana isolates from worldwide sources could be the result of intercontinental trade and/or movement of seed. The data indicate that Africa was the likely source of C. africana that has become established in the Americas since 1996. Analysis of additional isolates in future studies will reveal whether these groupings are being maintained or whether population subdivision or reshuffling may occur.

Genetic diversity analysis of kenaf ( Hibiscus cannabinus L.) using AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) markers

2008 ◽  
Vol 7 (02) ◽  
pp. 122-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rouxlene Coetzee ◽  
Liezel Herselman ◽  
Maryke T. Labuschagne
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
North America ◽  
El Salvador ◽  
Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
Hibiscus Cannabinus ◽  
Aflp Analysis ◽  
Diversity Analysis ◽  
Genetic Diversity Analysis ◽  
The Usa

Nineteen kenaf genotypes from Cuba, Taiwan, the USA, El Salvador, Guatemala, Russia, Spain and Indonesia, and three wild types collected in South Africa were analysed for genetic diversity using AFLP analysis. All could be uniquely distinguished from one another, but only a low level of genetic diversity was present. The most distinct accession, Guatemala 4, was 85% similar to all other accessions. The accessions clustered more or less according to known pedigree and/or origin. Two of the three wild types (Hibiscus cannabinusc andH. cannabinusa) clustered separately from the commercial and Russian accessions. One of the wild types,H. cannabinusb clustered with some of the commercial accessions. Commercial accessions in the first subgroup all originated from central and North America, and surrounding islands (Cuba and El Salvador). The Russian accessions are all grouped together. The second subgroup was the only group that contained accessions from different geographical origins.

scholarly journals Genetic diversity among proso millet (Panicum miliaceum) biotypes assessed by AFLP technique

2004 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Karam ◽  
P. Westra ◽  
S.J. Nissen ◽  
S.M. Ward ◽  
J.E.F. Figueiredo
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Panicum Miliaceum ◽  
Proso Millet ◽  
Upgma Cluster Analysis ◽  
Aflp Technique

The Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) technique was used to access genetic diversity between three domestic and nine wild proso millet biotypes from the United States and Canada. Eight primer combinations detected 39 polymorphic DNA fragments, with the genetic distance estimates among biotypes ranging from 0.02 to 0.04. Colorado-Weld County black seeded and Wyoming-Platte County were the most distinct biotypes according to the dissimilarity level. A UPGMA cluster analysis revealed two distinct groups of proso millet without any geographic association. Six weed biotypes exhibiting some characters of cultivated plants were grouped together with domesticated biotypes of proso millet while the three typical wild phenotypes were clearly clustered into another group according to AFLP markers.

WAS ANDREW CARNEGIE GENEROUS?

Think ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (26) ◽  
pp. 91-98
Author(s):  
Daniel Putman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Puerto Rico ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Public Libraries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
The World ◽  
Definition Of

Millions of Americans, as well as millions in Europe, have used or will use a library established by Andrew Carnegie. In his lifetime Carnegie gave the equivalent of several billion dollars in today's money to establish 1,689 public libraries in the United States, Hawaii and Puerto Rico. Moreover, 660 libraries in Britain and Ireland, 125 in Canada, 17 in New Zealand, 12 in South Africa and scattered others around the world exist because of this man.1 And this does not include the extensive positive influence of the foundations and grants established by Carnegie. Aristotle would likely have called him ‘magnificent’. Carnegie had the virtue beyond mere generosity available only to those with the means and position to benefit the polis on a grand scale. Unlike generosity, magnificence involves what Irwin has called ‘the judgment and tact that are needed for large benefactions.2 Whether ‘magnificent’ or ‘generous’ is a better term for Carnegie's character is not my major concern. Carnegie's recent biographer simply uses ‘generous’. So, for the remainder of this paper, I will use ‘generous’.3 But was Carnegie, in fact, generous? This paper will explore both the definition of the virtue and its application to Andrew Carnegie.

scholarly journals The rise of one-person households

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip N. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Puerto Rico ◽  
The United States ◽  
European Countries ◽  
World Population ◽  
National Data ◽  
African Countries ◽  
China And India ◽  
Aids Epidemic

In this visualization, I show the trend in the proportion of households that comprise only one person in 75 countries, representing 73 percent of world population, using national data collected between 1960 and 2019. At the time of the latest observations for each country, the percentage of households that include only one person ranges from 2.6 (Cambodia) to 38 (Switzerland). Europe and the United States have the highest solo living rates, along with two African countries (South Africa and Botswana, both severely affected by the HIV/AIDS epidemic), Israel, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico. In all, 53 of the 75 countries exhibit a rise in one-person households, including all European countries. Those with (generally much smaller) declines are disproportionately in Africa and Asia, including China and India.

scholarly journals The Rise of One-Person Households

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 237802312110623
Author(s):  
Philip N. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Puerto Rico ◽  
The United States ◽  
European Countries ◽  
National Data ◽  
African Countries ◽  
China And India ◽  
Aids Epidemic ◽  
Hiv Aids

In this visualization, the author shows the trend in the proportion of households that comprise only one person in 75 countries, representing 73 percent of the world’s population, using national data collected between 1960 and 2019. At the time of the latest observations for each country, the percentage of households that include only one person ranges from 2.6 (Cambodia) to 38 (Switzerland). Europe and the United States have the highest solo living rates, along with two African countries (South Africa and Botswana, both severely affected by the HIV/AIDS epidemic), Israel, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico. In all, 53 of the 75 countries exhibit increases in one-person households, including all European countries. Those with (generally much smaller) declines are disproportionately in Africa and Asia, including China and India.

Alexander Hamilton and the Early Republic in Edwardian Imperial Thought

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick M. Kirkwood
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Early Republic ◽  
The United States ◽  
Alexander Hamilton ◽  
George Washington ◽  
American Federation ◽  
Treaty Of Versailles ◽  
The Federalist ◽  
The Federalist Papers

In the first decade of the twentieth century, a rising generation of British colonial administrators profoundly altered British usage of American history in imperial debates. In the process, they influenced both South African history and wider British imperial thought. Prior usage of the Revolution and Early Republic in such debates focused on the United States as a cautionary tale, warning against future ‘lost colonies’. Aided by the publication of F. S. Oliver's Alexander Hamilton (1906), administrators in South Africa used the figures of Hamilton and George Washington, the Federalist Papers, and the drafting of the Constitution as an Anglo-exceptionalist model of (modern) self-government. In doing so they applied the lessons of the Early Republic to South Africa, thereby contributing to the formation of the Union of 1910. They then brought their reconception of the United States, and their belief in the need for ‘imperial federation’, back to the metropole. There they fostered growing diplomatic ties with the US while recasting British political history in-light-of the example of American federation. This process of inter-imperial exchange culminated shortly after the signing of the Treaty of Versailles when the Boer Generals Botha and Smuts were publicly presented as Washington and Hamilton reborn.

Global Power Shift

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberts Cynthia ◽  
Leslie Armijo ◽  
Saori Katada
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rising Powers ◽  
Extensive Data ◽  
Power Shift ◽  
Multiple Dimensions ◽  
Global Power ◽  
Rise Of China

This chapter evaluates multiple dimensions of the global power shift from the incumbent G5/G7 powers to the rising powers, especially the members of the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa). Taking note of alternative conceptualizations of interstate “power,” the text maps the redistribution of economic capabilities from the G7 to the BRICS, most particularly the relative rise of China and decline of Japan, and especially Europe. Given these clear trends in measurable material capabilities, the BRICS have obtained considerable autonomy from outside pressures. Although the BRICS’ economic, financial, and monetary capabilities remain uneven, their relative positions have improved steadily. Via extensive data analysis, the chapter finds that whether one examines China alone or the BRICS as a group, BRICS members have achieved the necessary capabilities to challenge the global economic and financial leadership of the currently dominant powers, perhaps even the United States one day.

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