scholarly journals Application of Alternative Fumigants Through Drip Irrigation Systems

2002 ◽  
Vol 92 (12) ◽  
pp. 1349-1355 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. Ajwa ◽  
T. Trout ◽  
J. Mueller ◽  
S. Wilhelm ◽  
S. D. Nelson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Worker Exposure ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Optimum Application

Strawberry fields in California (9,500 ha annually) are pre-plant fumigated with methyl bromide and chloropicrin to prevent serious soil pest and disease problems. Although soil fumigation with methyl bromide has ensured stability of strawberry production, its use is being discontinued because of its effect on stratospheric ozone. The likely short-term alternatives such as 1,3-dichloropropene, chloropicrin, and metham sodium, although not ozone depleters, are potentially hazardous to the environment and humans if applied improperly. Water-soluble formulations of alternative fumigants can be applied through drip irrigation systems established to irrigate crops. In comparison to conventional shank methods of injection, application of soluble formulations through drip irrigation systems would be economical and environmentally friendly, reduce worker exposure, and allow for simultaneous or sequential application of a combination of fumigants. This paper discusses techniques developed to apply alternative fumigants through drip irrigation systems, and reviews ongoing studies to determine optimum application rates, soil conditions, plastic mulches, and amount of irrigation water used to apply these alternative fumigants.

Soil moisture distribution under trickle irrigation: a review

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 761-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arpna Bajpai ◽  
Arun Kaushal
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Moisture Distribution ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Initial Water Content ◽  
Water Application ◽  
Trickle Irrigation ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Soil Moisture Distribution

Abstract The wetting pattern of soil under trickle (drip) irrigation is governed by soil texture, structure, initial water content, emitter spacing, discharge rate and irrigation frequency. For efficient management of trickle irrigation moisture distribution plays an important role. The degree of soil wetted volume in an irrigation system determines the amount of water required to wet the root zone. This article helps in understanding moisture distribution for different lateral spacing, emitter spacing, emitter discharge rates and drip line installation depth for trickle irrigation under various soil conditions all over the world. This review reveals that soil moisture distribution and uniformity within the soil profile were affected by the distance between emitters rather than the distance between drip lines. In drip irrigation systems, the less the dripper spacing, the greater the moisture distribution as well as water use efficiency and crop yield. The radial spread of moisture was greater at lower water application rates, whereas the vertical spread was greater at higher water application rates. The vertical movement of soil moisture was greater than the horizontal movement under surface as well as subsurface drip irrigation systems. Deeper drip tape installations had a potential risk of not providing moisture to shallow rooted crops.

scholarly journals Scientific Substantiation of Introduction of Systems of Small-Intensive Irrigation Under Conditions of Mineral Farming in Azerbaijan

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 467-474
Author(s):  
RAE. Z.H. Aliyev
Keyword(s):  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Scientific Substantiation ◽  
Strong Winds ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Local Water ◽  
Universal Application

The study of the world experience and the results of long-term experiments with drip irrigation systems in the Republic in various climatic and soil conditions shows that the creation of irrigation systems of this type is effective and economically profitable when irrigation of various perennial plantations, vegetable, tilled crops, ornamental plantations, nurseries etc. Drip irrigation has almost universal application, in particular, it is applicable where other methods of irrigation can not be used or ineffective: With a complex relief and a large slope of the site (up to 45 degrees or more); In areas with prolonged droughts and constant strong winds; For local water sources with a relatively limited amount of water; On soils with low power and very low or high hygroscopicity; On soils prone to salinity; When used for irrigation of water with a high content of water-soluble salts, etc.

scholarly journals Maintenance Considerations for Drip Irrigation Systems

1992 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 38 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.C. Sanders
Keyword(s):  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
System Efficiency ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Lateral Lines ◽  
Water Meter

Because drip irrigation systems are very susceptible to clogging, maintenance revolves around flushing the system. Both primary and secondary filters and main and lateral lines and drip tubes require flushing on a regular basis. Chlorination and use of acid often are necessary for keeping lines clear of contaminants. Rubber gaskets and diaphragms should be replaced every 2 years. A water meter will assist in assuring that desired application rates are being obtained. The use of air vents assures that air locks do not reduce system efficiency. The calibration of injector pumps should be verified at least two times per season.

scholarly journals Drip Application of Alternative Fumigants to Methyl Bromide for Strawberry Production

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (7) ◽  
pp. 1707-1715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Husein A. Ajwa ◽  
Thomas Trout
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Soil Fumigation ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Methyl Isothiocyanate ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Metam Sodium ◽  
Pathogen Populations

Strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duchesne) is a high-value cash crop that benefits from preplant soil fumigation with methyl bromide (MB) and chloropicrin (CP). Methyl bromide will be banned in the U.S. and other developed countries by 2005 for most uses. Potential alternative chemicals to replace methyl bromide for soil fumigation include CP, 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D), and methyl isothiocyanate (MITC) generators such as metam sodium (MS). Commercial formulations of these fumigants applied singly and in combination through drip irrigation systems were evaluated at two sites for three consecutive growing seasons as alternatives to MB:CP fumigation for strawberry production. A mixture of 1,3-D and CP was shank injected as Telone C35 (62% 1,3-D and 35% CP) at 374 kg·ha-1. An emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulation of 1,3-D and CP was applied as InLine (60% 1,3-D and 32% CP) at 236 and 393 L·ha-1 through drip irrigation systems in three amounts of irrigation water (26, 43, and 61 L·m-2). Chloropicrin (CP EC, 96%) was drip applied singly at 130 or 200 L·ha-1. Metam sodium was applied singly as Vapam HL in three amounts of water and in combination with InLine and CP EC. Strawberry growth, fruit yields, disease pressure, and weed biomass were compared to an untreated control and shank injection with MB:CP mixture (67:33) at 425 kg·ha-1. For soils high in pathogen populations, fruit yield from the untreated plots was 34% to 50% relative to the MB:CP treatment. The greatest (95% to 110%) yields relative to MB:CP were in the high rates of the InLine treatments. Yields from simultaneous drip fumigation with a combination of Vapam HL and InLine or CP EC were less (67% to 79%) than yields from shank fumigation with MB:CP due to 1,3-D and CP hydrolysis reactions with Vapam HL or the generated MITC in the irrigation water that reduced the efficacy of these combinations to control soilborne pathogens. Application of reduced rates of InLine or CP EC followed 6 days later with reduced rates of Vapam HL controlled soil borne pathogens and weeds and produced the greatest fruit yield relative to all treatments. Chemical names used: 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D); methyl bromide (MB); trichloronitromethane (chloropicrin, CP); sodium methyldithiocarbamate (metam sodium); methyl isothiocyanate (MITC).

scholarly journals DESIGN AND TESTING OF A NURSERY BLOCK FOR WATER RUNOFF RESEARCH

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 602a-602
Author(s):  
Janet C. Cole ◽  
John M. Dole ◽  
Vicki L. Stamback
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Water Runoff ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
Hot Weather ◽  
Liquid Fertilization

Water quality has become a significant issue in the nursery industry. Local testing of runoff contamination from nursery production is, however, of little value to other growers because of the variation in management practices and nursery layouts. Two nursery blocks have been designed and constructed to test runoff from production with sprinkler and drip irrigation systems in combination with constant liquid fertilization and controlled release fertilizers. Management practices using various combinations of irrigation systems with fertilizer application rates are being tested in a small area with reasonable control of inputs. Preliminary data has shown no difference in plant response to irrigation method, but runoff was significantly reduced with drip irrigation. Plant quality was better with controlled release fertilizer, which generally yielded less N and P contamination in runoff, than constant liquid fertilization except during extremely hot weather.

scholarly journals Application of Preplant Fumigants via Drip Irrigation Systems for the Management of Root Rot of Melons Caused by Monosporascus cannonballus

Plant Disease ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 87 (10) ◽  
pp. 1176-1178 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Stanghellini ◽  
D. M. Ferrin ◽  
D. H. Kim ◽  
M. M. Waugh ◽  
K. C. Radewald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Monosporascus Cannonballus ◽  
Hot Gas ◽  
Equivalent Rate ◽  
Vine Decline ◽  
Pathogen Populations ◽  
Better Than

Root rot and vine decline, caused by Monosporascus cannonballus, is a destructive disease of melons in the desert production regions of southern California. In 1998, we initiated studies on the use of preplant fumigation to reduce resident pathogen populations in soil. Preplant fumigation with methyl iodide injected as a hot gas at 448.4 kg/ha through drip irrigation tape in preformed, tarped beds consistently provided significant (P < 0.05) reductions in the percentage of roots infected compared with the nonfumigated controls; these reductions were equal to or better than those achieved with an equivalent rate (448.4 kg/ha) of methyl bromide. Chloropicrin applied in water at 249.0 kg/ha through buried drip irrigation tape to either tarped or nontarped beds significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the percentages of both roots infected and roots on which perithecia were produced compared with nonfumigated controls.

Identification and Management of Clustered Pellitory (Parietaria praetermissa) in Citrus Groves

EDIS ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (5) ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Ramdas Kanissery ◽  
Biwek Gairhe ◽  
Brent Sellers ◽  
Steve Futch
Keyword(s):  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Spray Pattern ◽  
Citrus Groves ◽  
Low Volume ◽  
Florida Citrus ◽  
Heavy Infestation

In Florida, clustered pellitory is becoming a troublesome weed for citrus, especially from the winter through early summer. Inadequate management of this weed can result in its heavy infestation in tree rows and can interrupt the spray pattern of low-volume drip irrigation systems. This new 3-page publication of the UF/IFAS Horticultural Sciences Department will assist Florida citrus growers with proper identification of clustered pellitory and with adoption of adequate and timely strategies to manage this weed in their groves. Written by Ramdas Kanissery, Biwek Gairhe, Brent Sellers, and Steve Futch. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/hs1341

Удобрение перца сладкого

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.A. Borisov ◽  
A.M. Menshikh ◽  
V.S. Sosnov ◽  
G.F. Monakhos
Keyword(s):  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Sweet Pepper ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Organic Mineral ◽  
Soluble Fertilizer

Показано действие минеральных удобрений, микрокристаллического комплексного водорастворимого удобрения «Мастер» и органоминерального наноудобрения с ростостимулирующей активностью «Арксойл» при капельном орошении на урожайность и качество сладкого перца нового гибрида F1 Темп. Сочетание основного удобрения с листовой и корневой подкормками позволяет получить до 65 т/га плодов перца высокого качества.The action of mineral fertilizers, microcrystalline complex water soluble fertilizer Master and organic mineral nano-fertilizer with growth-stimulating activity Arksoil under drip irrigation on the productivity and quality of sweet pepper of the new hybrid F1 Temp is shown. The combination of basic fertilizer with leaf and root fertilizing allows to obtain up to 65 t/ha of pepper fruits of high quality.

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