Enviromental Pattern Analysis of Biodiesel (Castor, Coconut, MGB) to Support Alternative Energy using CFD approach

The Ship uses the MTU 16V956 TB 92 propulsion engine with a piston-type Mexican Hat combustion chamber. In general, the crown is used on machines with large torque. Besides that, the crown shape in the combustion chamber is also very influential on the formation of a mixture of fuel and air before the combustion process occurs. So it is necessary to know about the spray pattern of biodiesel fuel of enviromental things (castor, coconut, used cooking oil/MGB) in the Mexican Hat combustion chamber. In this study, using the Mexican Hat-shaped piston crown simulation method, the first step was to test the spray pattern of the three types of biodiesel (castor, coconut, used cooking oil) by simulating a tube with an injection pressure of 350 bar gauge pressure inside a barometric pressure tube. While the completion in the Mexican Hat combustion chamber with a chamber pressure of 35 bar gauge and injection pressure of 350 bar gauge was completed with the CFD program, Fluent 6.2, and the results of the three biodiesels were compared. From the CFD simulation results obtained spray patterns of the three types of biodiesel (castor, coconut, used cooking oil). At the same injection pressure and chamber pressure, used cooking biodiesel has the longest penetration length, followed by castor biodiesel and coconut biodiesel. The spray angle of coconut biodiesel is the largest, followed by castor biodiesel and used cooking oil biodiesel. SMD coconut biodiesel is the smallest, followed by castor biodiesel and used cooking oil biodiesel.

Effect of spray air settings of speed-increasing contra-angle handpieces on intrapulpal temperatures, drilling times, and coolant spray pattern

Objectives Decreasing aerosol leaks are of great interest, especially in the recent era of COVID-19. The aim was to investigate intrapulpal heat development, coolant spray patterns, and the preparation efficiency of speed-increasing contra-angle handpieces with the spray air on (mist) or off (water jet) settings during restorative cavity preparations. Methods Standard-sized cavities were prepared in 80 extracted intact human molar teeth using diamond cylindrical drills with a 1:5 speed-increasing contra-angle handpiece. A custom-made device maintained the standardized lateral drilling force (3 N) and predetermined depth. Temperatures were measured using intrapulpal thermocouple probes. The four experimental groups were as follows: mist cooling mode at 15 mL/min (AIR15), water jet cooling mode at 15 mL/min (JET15), mist cooling mode at 30 mL/min (AIR30), and water jet cooling mode at 30 mL/min (JET30). The coolant spray pattern was captured using macro-photo imaging. Results The JET15 group had the highest increase in temperature (ΔT = 6.02 °C), while JET30 (ΔT = 2.24 °C; p < 0.001), AIR15 (ΔT = 3.34 °C; p = 0.042), and AIR30 (ΔT = 2.95 °C; p = 0.003) had significantly lower increases in temperature. Fine mist aerosol was formed in the AIR15 and AIR30 preparations but not in the JET15 and JET30 preparations (p < 0.001). The irrigation mode had no influence on the preparation time (p = 0.672). Conclusions Water jet irrigation using coolant at 30 mL/min appeared to be the optimal mode. Considering the safe intrapulpal temperatures and the absence of fine mist aerosols, this mode can be recommended for restorative cavity preparations. Clinical significance To increase infection control in dental practices, the water jet irrigation mode of speed-increasing handpieces with coolant flow rates of 30 mL/min should be considered for restorative cavity preparations.

Spray Pattern of Aluminum Coatings with the Rectangular Cross-Section Nozzle Calculated by the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in High-Pressure Cold Spray

In the cold spray process; cross-sectional shape of the nozzle has a significant effect on spray pattern of coatings. The circular exit nozzle is parabolic in shape. So; spray pattern with the rectangular nozzle is wider than that with the circular spray nozzle. The goal of this investigation is to establish a design for the cold spray gun nozzle to gain more uniform spray profile of coatings. We have investigated the influence of expansion ratio; nozzle total length and the ratio of nozzle length of divergent section and parallel section of rectangular nozzle on behaviors of gas and particle by the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in high pressure cold spraying. We have studied copper particles so far. In this study; we will examine aluminum particles. First; we investigate the influence of the size and shape of the rectangular section nozzle on the velocity; temperature; and particle distribution of aluminum particles by CFD. After that; the rectangular section nozzles were fabricated and coating formation experiments were conducted; spray patterns and coating cross-sectional structures were observed; and coating adhesion was also evaluated. The nozzle material was polybenzimidazole resin; which is difficult for aluminum particles to attach to nozzle walls.

Application of Sprinkler Head Discharge Obstruction in Semiconductor Factories

Semiconductor factories are significantly affected by the spray pattern of ceiling sprinkler heads owing to the large scale and complex mix of organic/exhaust ducts and multiple pipes. Therefore, sprinkler heads are installed in the spray disorder section of the lower barrier. However, more efficient installation measures are needed to mitigate the absence of detailed installation standards and interference with human and equipment transport lines. Currently, installation causes major confusion at construction sites and increases construction costs. The purpose of this research is to overcome these challenges by evaluating the operation status of sprinkler facilities in semiconductor factories, identify problems, and suggest more efficient installation measures. An installation plan that considers maintenance and fire extinguishing performance together is reviewed, and supported systematically with a relevant checklist.

Effect of Carrier Volume and Application Method on Waterhyacinth Response to 2,4-D, Glyphosate, and Diquat

Mesocosm studies were conducted in 2020 to evaluate the effects of carrier volume and application method on waterhyacinth response to 2,4-D, glyphosate, and diquat. Carrier volumes of 935, 467, and 187 L ha-1 were applied using either a conventional stream, conventional cone, adjustable cone, or a drizzle stream spray pattern. Reducing carrier volume from 935 L ha-1 reduced spray coverage up to 60% depending on application method. However, reducing carrier volume did not diminish efficacy of any herbicide or application method. Alternatively, waterhyacinth control from 2,4-D increased 10 to 26% when applied using 187 L ha-1 compared to 935 L ha-1. Likewise, waterhyacinth biomass was reduced 91% when 2,4-D was applied using 935 L ha-1; however, treatment applied at 187 L ha-1 resulted in 99% biomass reduction. In general, 2,4-D resulted in roughly 10% greater control when conventional or adjustable cone applications were used compared to either stream applications. Waterhyacinth control 7 days after treatment (DAT) from diquat increased with decreasing carrier volumes; however, treatment effects in diquat experiments were not detected at other evaluation intervals. Glyphosate efficacy was highly influenced by carrier volume as waterhyacinth control increased up to 61% when applied using 187 L ha-1 compared to 935 L ha-1. Moreover, waterhyacinth biomass reduction increased from 55% in 935 L ha-1 treatment to 97% in 187 L ha-1 treatments. Glyphosate application methods consisting of conventional stream or conventional cone sprayers resulted in slightly increased waterhyacinth control by 28 DAT; however, no differences among application methods were observed in waterhyacinth biomass data. These data support further evaluations of alternative application techniques for waterhyacinth control under field conditions as well as other herbicides and aquatic plant species.

Evaluation of Horizontal Patternators According to International Standard Requirements for Boom Sprayers

HighlightsHorizontal distribution according ISO Standard 16119 is a measurement procedure to evaluate boom sprayers.ISO Standards 5682-1 and 5682-2 establish technical requirements for horizontal patternators.In this study, three types of patternators were evaluated to test their capability to meet the standards.The evaluated patternators showed similar results for spray distribution patterns.Minor deviations from ISO Standard 5682 did not imply differences according ISO Standard 16119.Abstract. Uniformity of spray volume distribution is one of the officially established measurements for the evaluation of horizontal boom sprayers according to ISO Standard 16119 and requirements established by ISO Standard 16122. Measurement of spray distribution patterns requires the use of specific devices such as horizontal patternators, which are included in the technical specifications for ISO Standards 5682-1 and 5682-2. Three such devices were tested, including two manual patternators (fixed and mobile) and one electronic patternator. According to information provided by the manufacturers, all three patternators align with ISO requirements. This study evaluated and compared the results obtained with the three patternators. Specifically, the horizontal distributions measured by the patternators were evaluated and compared using four nozzle types (XR 11003, AIXR 11003, TTJ60 11003, and AITTJ60 11003), three boom heights, and three operating pressures. Tests were conducted to quantify single-nozzle spray patterns, the coefficient of variation (CV) of the entire boom distribution, the liquid recovery capability of the three patternators, and the ability to simulate the entire boom spray distribution from a single-nozzle spray pattern. Results demonstrated correct functioning of all three patternators, resulting in identical conclusions considering the requirements established in the ISO standards. The CV values of the horizontal distributions were less than 10% for all cases. Moreover, the trends in values for all the evaluated factors (nozzle type, boom height, and operating pressure) were the same, independent of the patternator used. Keywords: ISO 16119, ISO 16122, ISO 5682, Liquid recovery, Nozzle spray pattern, Patternator, Spray boom, Transverse distribution, Uniformity.

Development and Prototype Testing of an Agricultural Nozzle Clog Detection Device

HighlightsPrototypes of an agricultural nozzle clog detection system (for 18 nozzles) have been successfully developed.Spray quality characteristics (droplet size, pattern, and coverage) were not significantly affected when testing the device with extended-range nozzles (TeeJet XR8004).Most of the spray quality characteristics were significantly affected when testing the device with ultra low-drift nozzles (John Deere PSULDQ2004).Abstract. Agricultural nozzles are the main components that perform the spraying of agrochemicals, and their proper functionality is a key element for uniform spray application on crops. Because nozzles have small orifices, they can become clogged when there is debris from the agrochemical in the tank. Nozzle clogging during spray application results in poor pest and weed management and increased cost for re-spraying the affected crop row. Measures used to prevent nozzles from clogging include using screens or strainers to filter out debris before it reaches the nozzle tip, as well as performing regular checks on the nozzles. However, nozzle clogging still occurs during spraying despite the precautions taken. Thus, a device that can detect nozzle clogging during spraying is necessary to enable a quicker response that will ensure uniform application across each row of the crop. A novel, patented device for detecting clogged nozzles that is externally attachable to each nozzle on a sprayer boom was developed in the Precision Application Technology Lab at Arkansas State University. The main objective of this article is to present a general description of this prototype nozzle clog detection device and the nozzle clog detection system. Spray droplet size and pattern tests under controlled conditions and spray coverage tests under field conditions were conducted with and without the device to determine if there were significant differences in droplet size, spray pattern, or spray coverage between using and not using the device. The tests demonstrated that this new technology has potential for detecting clogged nozzles without significantly influencing spray quality for extended-range nozzles but not for ultra low-drift nozzles. To increase the reliability of the performance of this new technology, further improvements in the design need to be considered. Keywords: Clogged nozzle, Detection, Droplet size, Prototype device, Spray coverage, Spray pattern.

Development of an end-effector system for autonomous spraying applications and radiation surveying

This paper presents the design and testing of a scale proof-of-concept prototype robotic end-effector system for autonomous robotic shotcrete application and radiation surveying in underground uranium mining environments. The system presented consists of two functionally distinct prototype tools that achieve the independent tasks of autonomous robotic spray pattern control and surface radiation surveying. The first prototype tool presented is a novel, robotic shotcrete spraying tool that is capable of autonomously maintaining and adjusting its circular spray pattern diameter on target surfaces in response to changes in target surface distance. Control algorithms are presented that give the robotic shotcrete spraying tool the capability to produce advanced figure eight and spiral spraying patterns for surface preparation applications that involve spot filling deep surface cracks and pockets. Physical testing of the prototype tool empirically verified its ability to maintain circular spray pattern diameters at various target distances and demonstrated the application potential of the advanced figure eight and spiral spraying patterns. The second prototype tool presented is a Geiger–Müller tube-based radiation detection tool that uses lead shielding and a single-hole collimator in combination with precise robotic positioning to capture localized radiation measurements of surfaces within radiation-rich environments. Physical testing of the prototype tool demonstrated its ability to create radiation survey profiles that distinctly characterized the radiological profile of test target surfaces embedded with various radioactive sources.

Determination of Spray Pattern and Plume Geometry of Combined Budesonide and Formoterol Fumarate pressurized Metered Dose Inhalation Aerosol

Budesonide and formoterol fumarate pressurized metered-dose inhaler (pMDI) is combined aerosol dosage form. The label claim of this combined dosage form is 100 mcg of Budesonide and 6 mcg of Formoterol Fumarate per actuation. It is prescribed for the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Formoterol fumarate is an anti-asthmatic drug (Bronchodilator), and Budesonide is Anti Inflammatory drug (Glucocortico steroid).The objective of plume geometry and spray pattern study is to monitor the consistency and quality of a device when actuated. The plume and pattern study aims to develop a formulation with robust device which can deliver an accurate amount of drug directly to the lungs of a patient. The chemistry manufacturing and controls (CMC) guideline outlined the basic data required for spray pattern and plume geometry measurement for different pMDI devices. In 2013, draft guidance on bioavailability and bioequivalence (BABE) of pMDI published, which provides details on plume geometry and spray pattern, image collection and evaluation.In the present study, the spray patterns were collected at 2 distances 3 and 6 cm from the actuator device's exit. The spray pattern Ovality results at 3 cm show 2.52% variation and at 6 cm results show 4.31% variation. Method precision, ruggedness and robustness study for Spray pattern also performed at 6 cm distance from actuator orifice. The plume geometry was collected at 6 cm distance from the exit of an actuator device. Plume geometry results show that Plume height is found in the range 16.20 cm to 18.98 cm, Plume angle is found from 17.7–24.9°, and Plume width is found between 3.68 to 4.57 cm.