scholarly journals ENDURANCE TRAINING ATTENUATES CARDIOVASCULAR DRIFT AT THE SAME ABSOLUTE WORK RATE

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew L Kearney ◽  
Amy E Fogelman ◽  
Nathan T Kuipers ◽  
Chester A Ray
Keyword(s):  
Endurance Training ◽  
Work Rate ◽  
Cardiovascular Drift

Anaerobic threshold alterations caused by endurance training in middle-aged men

1979 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 1039-1046 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Davis ◽  
M. H. Frank ◽  
B. J. Whipp ◽  
K. Wasserman
Keyword(s):  
Endurance Training ◽  
Anaerobic Threshold ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Work Rate ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Co2 Output ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Cycle Endurance

Nine previously sedentary middle-aged males underwent cycle endurance training 45 min/day for 9 wk with an average attendance of 4.1 days/wk. Seven males served as controls. Before and after the training period, the subjects performed three cycle ergometer tests. Work rate was incremented by 15 W/min, to the limit of the subjects' tolerance, in the first two tests; the third test consisted of contant-load cycling at an O2 uptake (VO2) just below the pretraining anaerobic threshold (AT). After training, the AT increased significantly by 44%, expressed as absolute VO2, and by 15%, expressed relative to VO2 max. Significant increases were also noted in VO2max (25%), maximal minute ventilation (19%), and maximal work rate (28%). The test-retest correlation coefficients for the AT (%VO2max) were 0.91, pre- and posttraining. Training did not alter steady-state VO2 during the submaximal exercise test whereas significant decreases occurred in CO2 output, VE, respiratory quotient, and VE/VO2. No changes occurred in the control subjects during this period. These results demonstrate that the AT is profoundly influenced by endurance training in previously sedentary middle-aged males.

Does True Inter-Individual Variability Exist in Individual Responses After Endurance Training?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simo Lu
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Measurement Error ◽  
Endurance Training ◽  
Training Group ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Work Rate ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Random Measurement Error ◽  
Random Measurement ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: Despite the apparent existence of individual responses, it remains unknown whether the variability observed in peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) and work rate at onset of blood lactate (OBLAWR) response following exercise training reflects true inter-individual differences. To date, few studies include a non-exercise control group to determine the impact of random/measurement error on the variability associated with VO2peak and OBLAWR responses to endurance training. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether true individual differences exist in responses to training by assessing whether the variability in VO2peak and OBLAWR responses following training exceeded the variability in a non-training control group. Methods: 16 recreationally active males completed two incremental ramp tests to determine VO2peak and OBLAWR. Participants were assigned into the control group (n = 7) or the training group (n = 9; endurance training: 30 minutes of 65% of work rate at VO2peak, four times per week) in a manner to counterbalance baseline VO2peak measures. Results: VO2peak increased significantly (p < 0.05) (+338 ± 416.2 mL/min/kg) and OBLAWR (+32.1 ± 29.2 W) increased following endurance training. The SD in change scores was greater in the training group for VO2peak and OBLAWR than the parallel control group. Specifically, this resulted in large and moderately-large effect sizes at respective values of 0.6 for VO2peak and 0.5 for OBLAWR. Conclusion: Although these preliminary results may suggest that the variability in VO2peak and OBLAWR responses to endurance training reflect true inter-individual variability beyond random/measurement error, a definitive conclusion can be made upon the completion of the study.

Effect of Endurance Training on the &OV0312;O2???Work Rate Relationship in Normoxia and Hypoxia

2005 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 664-669 ◽  
Author(s):  
FABRICE PRIEUR ◽  
HENRI BENOIT ◽  
THIERRY BUSSO ◽  
JOSIANE CASTELLS ◽  
CHRISTIAN DENIS
Keyword(s):  
Endurance Training ◽  
Work Rate ◽  
Rate Relationship

Progressive effect of endurance training on VO2 kinetics at the onset of submaximal exercise

1995 ◽  
Vol 79 (6) ◽  
pp. 1914-1920 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Phillips ◽  
H. J. Green ◽  
M. J. MacDonald ◽  
R. L. Hughson
Keyword(s):  
Endurance Training ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Oxidative Capacity ◽  
Exponential Model ◽  
Work Rate ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
O2 Uptake ◽  
Oxidative Potential ◽  
Mean Response Time ◽  
Vo2 Kinetics

The rates of increase in O2 uptake (VO2) after step changes in work rate from 25 W to 60% of pretraining peak VO2 (VO2 peak) were measured at various times during an endurance training program (2 h/day at 60% pretraining VO2 peak). Seven untrained males [23 +/- 1 (SE) yr] performed a series of repeated step changes in work rate before training (PRE) and after 4 days (4D), 9 days (9D), and 30 days (30D) of training. VO2 kinetic responses were determined from breath-by-breath data averaged across four repetitions and analyzed using a two-component exponential model. Mean response time (time taken to reach 63% of steady-state VO2) was faster (P < 0.01) than PRE (38.1 +/- 2.6 s) at both 4D (34.9 +/- 2.4 s) and 9D (32.5 +/- 1.8 s) and was faster (P < 0.01) at 30D than at all other times (28.3 +/- 1.0 s). Blood lactate concentrations (after 6 min of cycling) were also lower at 4D and 9D than PRE (P < 0.01) and were lower at 30D than at all other times (P < 0.01). VO2 peak was unchanged from PRE (3.52 +/- 0.20 l/min) at 8D (3.55 +/- 0.20 l/min) but was increased (P < 0.01) at 30D (3.89 +/- 0.18 l/min). Muscle oxidative capacity (maximal citrate synthase activity) was not significantly increased until 30D (P < 0.01). It is concluded that at least part of the acceleration of whole body VO2 kinetics with endurance training is a rapid phenomenon, occurring before changes in VO2 peak and/or muscle oxidative potential.

scholarly journals Effect of normobaric hypoxic exercise on blood pressure in old individuals

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Hein ◽  
Kristine Chobanyan-Jürgens ◽  
Uwe Tegtbur ◽  
Stefan Engeli ◽  
Jens Jordan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Endurance Training ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Work Rate ◽  
Incremental Exercise ◽  
Exercise Tests ◽  
Exercise Blood Pressure ◽  
Constant Work Rate ◽  
Registration Number ◽  
Rate Test

Abstract Purpose To test the hypothesis that the combination of endurance training and hypoxia leads to greater improvements in resting and exercise blood pressure in old sedentary individuals compared to endurance training only. Methods We randomly assigned 29 old overweight participants (age: 62 ± 6 years, body mass index (BMI): 28.5 ± 0.5 kg/m2, 52% men) to single blind 8-week bicycle exercise in hypoxia (fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO2) = 0.15) or normoxia (FIO2 = 0.21). Brachial blood pressure was measured at rest, during maximal incremental exercise testing, and during a 30 min constant work rate test, at baseline and after the training period. Results Work rate, heart rate and perceived exertion during training were similar in both groups, with lower oxygen saturation for participants exercising under hypoxia (88.7 ± 1.5 vs. 96.2 ± 1.2%, t(27) = − 13.04, p < 0.001, |g|= 4.85). Office blood pressure and blood pressure during incremental exercise tests did not change significantly in either group after the training program. Systolic blood pressure during the constant work rate test was reduced after training in hypoxia (160 ± 18 vs. 151 ± 14 mmHg, t(13) = 2.44 p < 0.05, |d|= 0.55) but not normoxia (154 ± 22 vs. 150 ± 16 mmHg, t(14) = 0.75, p = 0.46, |d|= 0.18) with no difference between groups over time (F = 0.08, p = 0.77, η2 = 0.01). Conclusion In old individuals hypoxia in addition to exercise does not have superior effects on office or exercise blood pressure compared to training in normoxia. Trial registration number ClinicalTrials.gov No. NCT02196623 (registered 22 July 2014).

scholarly journals The Interval-Based Physiological and Mechanical Demands of Cross-Country Ski Training

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 1371-1377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pål Haugnes ◽  
Jan Kocbach ◽  
Harri Luchsinger ◽  
Gertjan Ettema ◽  
Øyvind Sandbakk
Keyword(s):  
Endurance Training ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
Work Rate ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
External Work ◽  
Flat Terrain ◽  
Metabolic Intensity ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite

Purpose: To investigate fluctuations in speed, work rate, and heart rate (HR) when cross-country ski skating across varying terrains at different endurance-training intensities. Methods: Seven male junior Norwegian skiers performed maximal-speed (Vmax) tests in both flat and uphill terrains. Thereafter, 5-km sessions at low (LIT), moderate (MIT), and high intensity (HIT) were performed based on their own perception of intensity while monitored by a global navigation satellite system with integrated barometry and accompanying HR monitor. Results: Speed, HR, and rating of perceived exertion gradually increased from LIT to MIT and HIT, both for the total course and in flat and uphill terrains (all P < .05). Uphill work rates (214 [24] W, 298 [27] W, and 350 [54] W for LIT, MIT, and HIT, respectively) and the corresponding percentage of maximal HR (79.2% [6.1]%, 88.3% [2.4]%, and 91.0% [1.7]%) were higher than in flat terrain (159 [16] W, 206 [19] W, and 233 [72] W vs 72.3% [6.3]%, 83.2% [2.3]%, and 87.4% [2.0]% for LIT, MIT, and HIT, respectively) (all P < .01). In general, ∼13% point lower utilization of maximal work rate was reached in uphill than in flat terrain at all intensities (all P < .01). Conclusions: Cross-country ski training across varying terrains is clearly interval based in terms of speed, external work rate, and metabolic intensity for all endurance-training intensities. Although work rate and HR were highest in uphill terrain at all intensities, the utilization of maximal work rate was higher in flat terrain. This demonstrates the large potential for generating external work rate when uphill skiing and the corresponding downregulation of effort due to the metabolic limitations.

Mediation of reduced ventilatory response to exercise after endurance training

1987 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 1533-1538 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Casaburi ◽  
T. W. Storer ◽  
K. Wasserman
Keyword(s):  
Endurance Training ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Work Rate ◽  
Exercise Tests ◽  
Average Decrease ◽  
Cycle Ergometer Exercise ◽  
Ergometer Exercise ◽  
The Difference

To investigate the mechanism by which ventilatory (VE) demand is modulated by endurance training, 10 normal subjects performed cycle ergometer exercise of 15 min duration at each of four constant work rates. These work rates represented 90% of the anaerobic threshold (AT) work rate and 25, 50, and 75% of the difference between maximum O2 consumption and AT work rates for that subject (as determined from previous incremental exercise tests). Subjects then underwent 8 wk of strenuous cycle ergometer exercise for 45 min/day. They then repeated the four constant work rate tests at work rates identical to those used before training. During tests before and after training, VE and gas exchange were measured breath by breath and rectal temperature (Tre) was measured continuously. A venous blood sample was drawn at the end of each test and assayed for lactate (La), epinephrine (EPI), and norepinephrine (NE). We found that the VE for below AT work was reduced minimally by training (averaging 3 l/min). For the above AT tests, however, training reduced VE markedly, by an average of 7, 23, and 37 l/min for progressively higher work rates. End-exercise La, NE, EPI, and Tre were all lower for identical work rates after training. Importantly, the magnitude of the reduction in VE was well correlated with the reduction in end-exercise La (r = 0.69) with an average decrease of 5.8 l/min of VE per milliequivalent per liter decrease in La. Correlations of VE with NE, EPI, and Tre were much less strong (r = 0.49, 0.43, and 0.15, respectively).

scholarly journals Left ventricular adaptations following short-term endurance training

2005 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 454-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack M. Goodman ◽  
Peter P. Liu ◽  
Howard J. Green
Keyword(s):  
Ejection Fraction ◽  
Endurance Training ◽  
Functional Response ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Work Rate ◽  
Lv Function ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Lv Ejection Fraction

This study examined the effects of short-term endurance training (ET) on the left ventricular (LV) adaptation and functional response to a series of exercise challenges with increasing intensity. Eight untrained men, with a mean age of 19.4 ± 0.5 (SE) yr, were studied before and after 6 days of ET consisting of cycling 2 h/day at 65% peak aerobic power (V̇o2max). LV ejection fraction and LV volumes were assessed by radionuclide angiography at rest and during exercise at three uninterrupted successive work rates corresponding to 53, 68, and 83% of V̇o2max, each lasting 20 min. ET produced a calculated plasma volume expansion of 11.4 ± 2.2% ( P < 0.05). The increase in plasma volume was accompanied by an increase in V̇o2max from 45.9 ± 1.9 to 49.0 ± 1.0 ml·kg−1·min−1 ( P < 0.01) and a decrease in maximal heart rate (197 ± 2.3 to 188 ± 1.0 beats/min; P < 0.01). Resting LV function was not changed, although there was a trend for higher stroke volumes (SVs) and improvement in the rapid filling phase of diastole ( P = 0.08). Training induced an increase in exercise SV by 10.4, 10.2, and 7% at 53, 68, and 83% V̇o2max, respectively ( P < 0.01). These changes were secondary to increases in end-diastolic volume, which increased significantly at each exercise work rate following training (139 ± 6 to 154 ± 6 ml at 53% V̇o2max, and from 136 ± 5 to 156 ± 5 ml at 83% V̇o2max; P < 0.01). End-systolic volumes were unchanged after ET. A significant bradycardia was observed both at rest (decreasing 7%) and exercise (decreasing 10.4%). LV ejection fraction during exercise was increased slightly by training, reaching significance at the highest work rate, after 60 min of exercise. ( P < 0.05). Cardiac output was higher following training at the highest workload (20.8 ± 2.2 vs. 22.9 ± 3.1 l/min; P < 0.01). These data indicate that short-term training elicits rapid adaptation to the LV functional response exercise, with increases in SV being secondary to a Frank-Starling effect with minor changes in contractile performance. This produced a volume-induced bradycardia and increase in LV filling, which may be of benefit during prolonged exercise.

Effects of Antioxidant Supplementation and Exercise Training on Erythrocyte Antioxidant Enzymes

2006 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 324-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marsh ◽  
Laursen ◽  
Coombes
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Endurance Training ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Antioxidant Defenses ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽  
Antioxidant Supplementation ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Antioxidant Supplements

Erythrocytes transport oxygen to tissues and exercise-induced oxidative stress increases erythrocyte damage and turnover. Increased use of antioxidant supplements may alter protective erythrocyte antioxidant mechanisms during training. Aim of study: To examine the effects of antioxidant supplementation (α-lipoic acid and α-tocopherol) and/or endurance training on the antioxidant defenses of erythrocytes. Methods: Young male Wistar rats were assigned to (1) sedentary; (2) sedentary and antioxidant-supplemented; (3) endurance-trained; or (4) endurance-trained and antioxidant-supplemented groups for 14 weeks. Erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and catalase (CAT) activities, and plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) were then measured. Results: Antioxidant supplementation had no significant effect (p > 0.05) on activities of antioxidant enzymes in sedentary animals. Similarly, endurance training alone also had no effect (p > 0.05). GPX (125.9 ± 2.8 vs. 121.5 ± 3.0 U.gHb–1, p < 0.05) and CAT (6.1 ± 0.2 vs. 5.6 ± 0.2 U.mgHb–1, p < 0.05) activities were increased in supplemented trained animals compared to non-supplemented sedentary animals whereas SOD (61.8 ± 4.3 vs. 52.0 ± 5.2 U.mgHb–1, p < 0.05) activity was decreased. Plasma MDA was not different among groups (p > 0.05). Conclusions: In a rat model, the combination of exercise training and antioxidant supplementation increased antioxidant enzyme activities (GPX, CAT) compared with each individual intervention.

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