Characterization of variation in inclusion of competitive‐food policy items in South Carolina school‐district wellness policies

This chapter assesses how, after the Revolutionary War, Native Americans increased their authority by working with the U.S. government to circumvent hunger. The federal government failed to win power because it cost so much to distribute food aid, and the government was not yet powerful enough to refuse to do so. Postwar Indian country was a place of simultaneous resilience and desolation; although burned villages and scattered tribes provide plentiful evidence of disruption, there were numerous sites where Indian power waxed, at least until the mid-1790s. Approaches to Indian affairs, which included food policy, varied from state to state and evolved in three separate regions in the 1780s and 1790s: the southern states of Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia; the mid-Atlantic states of New York and Pennsylvania; and the old northwest region of the Ohio Valley. Food negotiations reveal similarities between federal and state approaches, but also demonstrate that it was the competition between the states and the federal government that by 1795 left Native Americans more willing to accommodate U.S. officials in a joint cooperative fight against hunger.

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Characterization of Pythium Species Collected from a Multiple Time-Point Sampling of Cucurbits in South Carolina

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-04-20-0728-re ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 104 (11) ◽

pp. 2832-2842

Author(s):

Sean M. Toporek ◽

Anthony P. Keinath

Keyword(s):

South Carolina ◽

The United States ◽

Common Species ◽

Multiple Time ◽

Pythium Species ◽

Multiple Time Point ◽

Mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase ◽

Time Point

Species of Pythium cause root and stem rot in cucurbits, but no formal surveys have been conducted in the United States to identify which species are responsible. The cucurbit hosts bottle gourd, cucumber, Hubbard squash, and watermelon were transplanted in May, July, September, and November into sentinel plots in four and five different fields in 2017 and 2018, respectively, in South Carolina. Eight of the nine fields were replanted in March 2019. Isolates (600) were collected and identified by sequencing DNA of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I region. The four most common species were P. spinosum (45.6% of all isolates), P. myriotylum (20.0%), P. irregulare (15.3%), and P. aphanidermatum (12.8%). P. myriotylum and P. aphanidermatum were predominantly isolated in May, July, and September, whereas P. spinosum and P. irregulare were predominantly isolated in November and March. Isolates of P. ultimum, P. irregulare, and P. spinosum were more virulent than isolates of P. myriotylum and P. aphanidermatum at 25°C. Representative isolates were screened in vitro for sensitivity to three fungicides: mefenoxam, propamocarb, and oxathiapiprolin. All isolates were sensitive to mefenoxam and propamocarb, but these same isolates were insensitive to oxathiapiprolin, except those classified taxonomically in Pythium clade I.

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Preschool Healthy Food Policy Did Not Increase Percent of Food Wasted: Evidence from the Carolinas

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12103024 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (10) ◽

pp. 3024

Author(s):

Roni A. Neff ◽

Daniel A. Zaltz ◽

Amelie A. Hecht ◽

Russell R. Pate ◽

Brian Neelon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

South Carolina ◽

Linear Models ◽

Food Policy ◽

A Priori ◽

Food Group ◽

Adult Care ◽

For Profit ◽

Post Test ◽

Profit Status ◽

Nutrition Standards

This research evaluates the effects of a South Carolina (SC) policy, which changed the nutrition standards for foods served in early care and education (ECE) settings, on wasted food. A two-group pre-test/post-test evaluation was performed in ECE centers serving children age 3–5 from households with lower incomes in SC (n = 102 children from 34 centers, intervention) and North Carolina (NC; n = 99 children from 30 centers, comparison). Direct observation was performed to assess the quantity and kcal of food served and quantity and percent of food discarded, by food group and nutrient, enabling assessment of waste in the absence of intervention. Mixed-effects linear models were fit to estimate, by state, differences in change from baseline to post-implementation at the center level. Covariates were selected a priori, including center enrollment, racial composition, director educational attainment, years in operation, for-profit status, and Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP) participation. Waste of food was high across states and time points. The policy was not associated with a change in percent of food discarded in SC compared to NC in adjusted analyses.

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TWO YEARS OF COMMUNITY NURSING SERVICE IN SCHOOL DISTRICT 4. A REPORT. SPARTANBURG COUNTY, SOUTH CAROLINA

Nursing Research ◽

10.1097/00006199-195908020-00218 ◽

1959 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 110

Author(s):

J. C. HEDDEN ◽

JOHNSON EVELYN ◽

C. BOSSIE SAM

Keyword(s):

South Carolina ◽

School District ◽

Community Nursing ◽

Nursing Service ◽

Spartanburg County

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Characterization of Leaf Spot Pathogens from Several Spinach Production Areas in the United States

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-11-19-2450-re ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 104 (7) ◽

pp. 1994-2004

Author(s):

Bo Liu ◽

Larry Stein ◽

Kimberly Cochran ◽

Lindsey J. du Toit ◽

Chunda Feng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

South Carolina ◽

Leaf Spot ◽

The United States ◽

Leaf Damage ◽

Leaf Spots ◽

Pathogenicity Tests ◽

Agar Media ◽

Production Areas

Leaf spot diseases have become a major concern in spinach production in the United States. Determining the causal agents of leaf spots on spinach, their prevalence and pathogenicity, and fungicide efficacy against these pathogens is vital for effective disease management. Spinach leaves with leaf spots were collected from Texas, California, Arizona, and South Carolina from 2016 to 2018, incubated in a moist chamber, and plated on potato dextrose and tryptic soy agar media. Fungal and bacterial colonies recovered were identified based on morphology and sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer rDNA and 16S rRNA, respectively. Two predominant genera were isolated: (i) Colletotrichum spp., which were identified to species based on sequences of both introns of the glutamate synthetase (GS-I) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh-I) genes; and (ii) Stemphylium spp., identified to species based on sequences of the gapdh and calmodulin (cmdA) genes. Anthracnose (Colletotrichum spinaciae) and Stemphylium leaf spot (Stemphylium vesicarium and S. beticola) were the predominant diseases. Additional fungi recovered at very limited frequencies that were also pathogenic to spinach included Colletotrichum coccodes, C. truncatum, Cercospora beticola, and Myrothecium verrucaria. All of the bacterial isolates were not pathogenic on spinach. Pathogenicity tests showed that C. spinaciae, S. vesicarium, and S. beticola caused significant leaf damage. The fungicides Bravo WeatherStik (chlorothalonil), Dithane F-45 (mancozeb), Cabrio (pyraclostrobin), and Merivon (fluxapyroxad and pyraclostrobin) were highly effective at reducing leaf spot severity caused by an isolate of each of C. spinaciae and S. vesicarium, when inoculated individually and in combination.

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Homebound Instruction of a Multiply Handicapped, Visually Impaired Boy

Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness ◽

10.1177/0145482x8107500607 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 75 (6) ◽

pp. 259-261

Author(s):

Irene Rogers Mcmakin

Keyword(s):

South Carolina ◽

School District ◽

Teaching Methods ◽

Visually Impaired ◽

Classroom Teacher ◽

Regular Classroom ◽

Regular School ◽

Homebound Instruction ◽

Materials Used ◽

Body Cast

The School District of Greenville County, Greenville, South Carolina provides homebound instruction to its students who cannot, for medical reasons, attend regular school. This is a description of the teaching methods and materials used with a multiply handicapped, visually impaired boy, who was in a body cast. With the help of the parents, the student was able to progress at the pace set by the homebound teacher and his regular classroom teacher.

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