Chemistry of the Four Seasons; Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter. An Essay, principally concerning Natural Phenomena, admitting of interpretation by Chemical Science, and illustrating passages of Scripture

In this paper, the daily precipitation data of 19 meteorological stations in Guizhou Province from 1961 to 2015 are used. Using GIS spatial analysis method and linear trend analysis method, the distribution characteristics of annual and seasonal precipitation in Guizhou province were analyzed from space and time. The results show that: (1) From the perspective of spatial distribution, annual precipitation is generally less in the south and north and less in the east and west. The precipitation in winter and spring is east-west distribution and decreases from east to west in the four seasons. The precipitation in summer is roughly north-south and south-north less. The precipitation in autumn is mainly concentrated in southwest Guizhou and Chishui valley. (2) From the time distribution point of view, the precipitation in Guizhou Province showed a general downward trend, of which the precipitation in spring, autumn and winter showed a decreasing trend, the downward trend in autumn was more obvious, and the precipitation in summer increased but not obviously.

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A Sediment Diagenesis Model of Seasonal Nitrate and Ammonium Flux Spatial Variation Contributing to Eutrophication at Taihu, China

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17114158 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (11) ◽

pp. 4158 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Linda Sarpong ◽

Yiping Li ◽

Eyram Norgbey ◽

Amechi S. Nwankwegu ◽

Yue Cheng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Water Column ◽

Algal Blooms ◽

Latin Hypercube Sampling ◽

Sediment Flux ◽

Low Oxygen ◽

Four Seasons ◽

Sediment Diagenesis ◽

Oxygen Conditions ◽

Autumn And Winter

Algal blooms have thrived on the third-largest shallow lake in China, Taihu over the past decade. Due to the recycling of nutrients such as nitrate and ammonium, this problem has been difficult to eradicate. Sediment flux, a product of diagenesis, explains the recycling of nutrients. The objective was to simulate the seasonal spatial variations of nitrate and ammonium flux. In this paper, sediment diagenesis modeling was applied to Taihu with Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code (EFDC). Latin hypercube sampling was used to create an input file from twelve (12) nitrogen related parameters of sediment diagenesis and incorporated into the EFDC. The results were analyzed under four seasons: summer, autumn, winter, and spring. The concentration of NH4–N in the sediment–water column increased from 2.744903 to 22.38613 (g/m3). In summer, there was an accumulation of ammonium in the water column. In autumn and winter, the sediment was progressively oxidized. In spring, low-oxygen conditions intensify denitrification. This allows algal blooms to continue to thrive, creating a threat to water quality sustainability. The sediment diagenesis model, coupled with water quality measured data, showed an average relative error for Total Nitrogen (TN) of 38.137%, making the model suitable. Future studies should simulate phosphate flux and measure sediment fluxes on the lake.

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Seasonal variability of the composition and structure of parasite communities of red porgy, Pagrus pagrus (Perciformes: Sparidae) off Brazil

Helminthologia ◽

10.1515/helmin-2015-0038 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 52 (3) ◽

pp. 236-243 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

I. A. Soares ◽

J. L. Luque

Keyword(s):

Rainy Season ◽

Dominant Species ◽

Parasite Community ◽

Reproductive Activity ◽

Metazoan Parasites ◽

Parasite Communities ◽

Four Seasons ◽

Composition And Structure ◽

Pagrus Pagrus ◽

Autumn And Winter

Abstract A study of seasonal variation of metazoan parasite community of Pagrus pagrus was conducted between January and December 2012. Two hundred forty specimens of Pagrus pagrus were collected in four seasons (autumn and winter in dry season and spring and summer in rainy season) from off the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Twenty one species of metazoan parasites were found, with larvae of Hysterothylacium sp. being the dominant species. The highest values of prevalence and abundance was during the rainy season with peak prevalence of monogeneans and nematodes, period of action of the South Atlantic Central Waters (SACW) and reproductive activity of the host, suggesting that the sasonal variation in the parasites community was influenced for these phenomena.

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Size Distribution, Seasonal Variations and Sources of Carbonaceous Aerosol in a Typical Industrial City Nanjing in Yangtze River Delta, China

10.20944/preprints201703.0010.v1 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Honglei Wang ◽

Junlin An ◽

Bin Zhu ◽

Lijuan Shen ◽

Qing Duan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biomass Burning ◽

Seasonal Variations ◽

Yangtze River ◽

Yangtze River Delta ◽

River Delta ◽

Carbonaceous Aerosol ◽

Size Spectra ◽

Industrial City ◽

Four Seasons ◽

Autumn And Winter

In order to investigate the size distributions and seasonal variations of carbonaceous aerosols (OC and EC), the carbonaceous species were collected and then analyzed by using a 9-stage Anderson-type aerosol sampler and DRI Model 2001A Thermal/Optical Carbon Analyzer on the typical industrial city Nanjing in Yangtze River Delta, China in the summer, autumn and winter of 2013 and spring of 2014. OC, EC, SOC and POC exhibited obvious seasonal variations, with the highest level in winter (39.1±14.0, 5.7±2.1, 23.6±11.7 and 14.1±5.7 μg•m-3) and the lowest level in summer (20.6±6.7, 3.3±2.0, 12.2±3.8 and 8.4±4.1 μg•m-3), and were mainly centralized in PM1.1 in four seasons. The concentrations of OC in PM1.1 varied in the order of winter > autumn > spring > summer, while EC ranked in the order of autumn > winter > summer > spring. In the PM1.1-2.1 and PM2.1-10, the concentrations of OC and EC decreased in the sequence of winter > spring > autumn > summer. The size spectra of OC, EC and SOC had bimodal distributions in four seasons, except for EC with four peaks in summer. The size spectra of POC varied greatly with seasons, exhibiting bimodal distribution in winter, trimodal distribution in spring and summer, and four peaks in autumn. The OC/EC ratios were 7.0, 6.3, 7.6 and 6.9 in spring, summer, autumn and winter, respectively, which demonstrated the abundance of secondary organic aerosols in Nanjing. The sources of carbonaceous aerosol varied significantly with seasons, and were dominated by vehicle exhaust, coal and biomass burning in PM2.1, and dominant by dust, coal and biomass burning in PM2.1-10.

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Spatiotemporal variations of multi-scale drought in Shandong Province from 1961 to 2017

Water Science & Technology Water Supply ◽

10.2166/ws.2020.332 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Tian Yao ◽

Qiang Zhao ◽

Xin-ying Li ◽

Zhen-tao Shen ◽

Peng-yu Ran ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Shandong Province ◽

Eastern Region ◽

Monthly Precipitation ◽

Water Resource System ◽

Mountainous Regions ◽

Multi Scale ◽

Four Seasons ◽

Atmospheric Circulation Indices ◽

Autumn And Winter ◽

Annual Scale

Abstract Drought has caused serious damage to the water resource system and agricultural production in Shandong Province, China. This study calculated the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) based on the monthly precipitation and average temperature data of 25 meteorological stations in Shandong Province from 1961 to 2017. The trend analysis method and ArcGIS software were utilized to analyze the multi-scale (SPEI-1, SPEI-3, and SPEI-12) spatiotemporal changes of drought. The results revealed that (1) The intensity of drought showed an increasing trend in Shandong Province from 1961 to 2017; (2) The main periods of the drought on the seasonal scale (spring, summer, autumn, and winter) and annual scale were 8 years, 4 years, 15 years, 4 years, and 4 years, respectively; (3) Of the four seasons, the frequency of drought in autumn and winter were the highest. At the annual scale, the high-frequency drought areas were mainly concentrated in the southern mountainous regions; (4) In terms of the spatial change trend of drought, Shandong Province as a whole displayed a trend of becoming wet in the central and southwest regions and dry in the eastern region; and (5) Droughts were discovered to be simultaneously influenced by multiple atmospheric circulation indices in Shandong Province.

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The Precipitation Variations in the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau during 1961-2015

10.20944/preprints201701.0128.v1 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Guoning Wan ◽

Meixue Yang ◽

Zhaochen Liu ◽

Xuejia Wang ◽

Xiaowen Liang

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Tibetan Plateau ◽

Precipitation Variability ◽

Annual Precipitation ◽

The Tibetan Plateau ◽

Four Seasons ◽

Winter Half ◽

Summer Half ◽

Surrounding Areas ◽

Autumn And Winter

The Tibetan Plateau(TP) is known as ‘the water tower of Asian’, its precipitation variation play an important role in the eco-hydrological processes and water resources regimes. based on the monthly mean precipitation data of 65 meteorological stations over the Tibetan Plateau and the surrounding areas from 1961-2015,variations, trends and temporal-spatial distribution were analyzed, furthermore, the possible reasons were also discussed preliminarily. The main results are summarized as follows: the annual mean precipitation in the TP is 465.54mm during 1961-2015, among four seasons, the precipitation in summer accounts for 60.1% of the annual precipitation, the precipitation in summer half year (May.- Oct.) accounts for 91.0% while that in winter half year (Nov.- Apr.) only accounts for 9.0%; During 1961-2015, the annual precipitation variability is 0.45mm/a and the seasonal precipitation variability is 0.31mm/a, 0.13mm/a, -0.04mm/a and 0.04mm/a in spring, summer, autumn and winter respectively on the TP; The spatial distribution of precipitation can be summarized as decreasing from southeast to northwest in the TP, the trend of precipitation is decreasing with the increase of altitude, but the correlation is not significant. The rising of air temperature and land cover changes may cause the precipitation by changing the hydrologic cycle and energy budget, furthermore, different pattern of atmospheric circulation can also influence on precipitation variability in different regions.

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The Joys of Spring

Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) ◽

10.1027/1618-3169/a000166 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 60 (2) ◽

pp. 71-79 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Leigh M. Riby

Keyword(s):

Task Performance ◽

Target Stimulus ◽

Event Related Potentials ◽

Attention And Memory ◽

Program Music ◽

Four Seasons ◽

Related Potentials ◽

Autumn And Winter ◽

The Impact ◽

Cognitive Event

This study used Vivaldi’s Four Seasons, an extraordinary example of program music, to explore the consequence of music exposure on cognitive event-related potentials (ERPs). Seventeen participants performed a three-stimulus visual odd-ball task while ERPs were recorded. Participants were required to differentiate between a rare target stimulus (to elicit a memory updating component; P3b), a rare novel stimulus (to elicit a novelty attention component; P3a), and a frequent nontarget stimulus. During task performance participants listened to the four concertos: Spring, Summer, Autumn, and Winter in comparison to a silent control condition. Additionally, the three movements of each concerto have a fast, slow, fast structure that enabled examination of the impact of tempo. The data revealed that “Spring,” particularly the well-recognized, vibrant, emotive, and uplifting first movement, had the ability to enhance mental alertness and brain measures of attention and memory.

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The seasons of the year in Old English

Anglo-Saxon England ◽

10.1017/s0263675100002180 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 26 ◽

pp. 231-263 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Earl R. Anderson

Keyword(s):

Old Age ◽

Old English ◽

Four Seasons ◽

Autumn And Winter

‘Feower tida synd getealde on anum geare’, Ælfric writes inDe temporibus anni, translating a portion of Bede'sDe temporum ratione, and he enumerates the seasons together with their Latin counterparts: ‘Veris lenctentid …Aestasis sumer …Autumnusis hærfest …Hiemsis winter.’ Byrhtferth of Ramsey enumerates ‘Þa feower timan … lengten, sumor, hærfest and winter’, allegorizing them as symbols of childhood, adolescence, manhood and old age, of blood, choler, black bile and phlegm, and of air, fire, earth and water, and elsewhere he refers to ‘gewrixlunge Þæsra feower timan, Þæt ys lenctenis and sumoris and hærfestis and wintres’. From these passages, and others like them, it would appear that the Anglo-Saxons observed four seasons: spring, summer, autumn and winter. This conclusion seems obvious enough and represents the conceptual baseline for the Bosworth–Toller dictionary entries forlencten, andlenctentid, sumer, hærfestandwinter, even though it is clear from their own citations thatlenctenandlenctentidoften mean ‘Lent’ andhærfestoften means ‘harvest’.

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The Study and Analysis on Seasonal Variations of Nano and Microalgae in Stomach Contents of Venerupis philippinarum in Xiangshan Bay

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.517 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 955-959 ◽

pp. 517-522

Author(s):

Gen Hai Zhu

Keyword(s):

Seasonal Variations ◽

Dominant Species ◽

Skeletonema Costatum ◽

Stomach Contents ◽

Species Number ◽

Venerupis Philippinarum ◽

Xiangshan Bay ◽

Four Seasons ◽

Autumn And Winter

In this study, we analyzed the compositions and seasonal variations of nanoand microalgae in stomach contents of Venerupis philippinarum in Xiangshan Bay. 132 species of nanoand microalgae were identified in Venerupis philippinarum stomach contents in four seasons. The nanoand microalgae in Venerupis philippinarum ingested were changed with variations of seasons. The nanoand microalgae ingested in spring and summer were larger than those ingested in autumn and winter, while the species number ingested in spring were more than those ingested in summer, autumn or winter. The nanoalgae in Venerupis philippinarum stomach contents were smaller than 20 micrometer and the dominant species were Skeletonema costatum, Navicula perminuta, Paralia sulcata, Leptocylindrus minimus, Cylotella spp., Nitzschia spp., etc. The microalgae were larger than 20 micrometers and the dominant species were Coscinodiscus jonesianus.

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Aerosol pH and its influencing factors in Beijing

10.5194/acp-2018-270 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Jing Ding ◽

Pusheng Zhao ◽

Jie Su ◽

Qun Dong ◽

Xiang Du

Keyword(s):

Inorganic Ions ◽

Dilution Effect ◽

Liquid Water Content ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Aerosol Acidity ◽

Four Seasons ◽

Different Seasons ◽

Fine Mode ◽

Autumn And Winter ◽

Physical And Chemical

Abstract. Acidity (pH) plays a key role in the physical and chemical behavior of aerosol and cannot be measured directly. In this work, aerosol liquid water content (ALWC) and size-resolved pH are predicted by thermodynamic model (ISORROPIA-II) in 2017 of Beijing. The mean aerosol pH over four seasons is 4.3±1.6 (spring), 4.5±1.1 (winter), 3.9±1.3 (summer), 4.1±1.0 (autumn), respectively, showing the moderate aerosol acidity. The aerosol pH in fine mode is in the range of 1.8 ~ 3.9, 2.4 ~ 6.3 and 3.5 ~ 6.5 for summer, autumn and winter, respectively. And coarse particles are generally neutral or alkaline. Diurnal variation of aerosol pH follows both aerosol components (especially the sulfate) and ALWC. For spring, summer and autumn, the averaged nighttime pH is 0.3~0.4 unit higher than that on daytime. Whereas in winter, the aerosol pH is relatively low at night and higher at sunset. SO42− and RH are two crucial factors affecting aerosol pH. For spring, winter and autumn, the effect of SO42− on aerosol pH is greater than RH, and it is comparable with RH in summer. The aerosol pH decreases with elevated SO42− concentration. As the NO3− concentration increases, the aerosol pH firstly increases and then decreases. Sulfate-dominant aerosols are more acidic with pH lower than 4, whereas nitrate-dominated aerosols are weak in acidity with pH ranges 3~5. In recent years, the dominance of NO3− in inorganic ions may be another reason responsible for the moderately acidic aerosol. ALWC has a different effect on aerosol pH in different seasons. In winter, the increasing RH could reduce the aerosol pH whereas it shows a totally reverse tendency in summer, and the elevated RH has little effect on aerosol pH in spring and autumn when the RH is between 30 % and 80 %. The dilution effect of ALWC on Hair+ is only obvious in summer. The elevated NH3 and NH4+ could reduce aerosol acidity by decreasing Hair+ concentration exponentially.

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