Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a public health problem over all the world. CKD may also be defined by the presence of kidney damage or a reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which is the best overall indicator or index of kidney function. CKD patients are usually treated using kidney dialysis (hemodialysis) that uses a blood filtration mechanism (HD). Several metabolic parameters, such as blood urea, sodium, potassium, and glucose levels, can alter during HD. Osmotic alterations in blood, aqueous and vitreous humor, and other extracellular fluids arise from these fluctuations. That also can affect visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), and retinal thickness. Aim of the Study: To evaluate some of the ocular findings undergoing HD to keep prevent the loss of patient vision such as visual acuity (VA), intraocular pressure (IOP), central corneal thickness (CCT), central Foveal Thickness (CFT), retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL). Patient& Methods: This is a cohort (prospective) design study. This study including Seventy nine patients divided into two groups the first group from one week to six month (9 femal & 18 males) another group over than six month (36 female & 16 male) the average age between (12 to 70 years). This research performed in the three places department of the eye in Al-Hussein hospital in Samawah city, Al-Haboby hospital, Al-Hussein hospital in Dhi Qar city finally in Al-Shaheed Gazy hospital and Baghdad teaching hospital in Baghdad. Examining Visual Acuity by Snellen chart & auto refractometer, IOP& CCT by (CT.1 Computerized Tonometer TOPCON), RNLF and Central Foveal Thickness by OCT (Carl ZEISS, TOPCON). The inclusion criteria were as follows: all the patients undergoing dialysis from one week to over six months. Exclusion criteria were as follows: the patients have diabetic, any patients have a hereditary disease or glaucoma history or laser therapy, or intraocular injection in the eye before dialysis, the patients have a problem in the eye before dialysis such as cataracts or opacity leads to does surgery, the patients who have a refractive error or wear glass had been also excluded. Result: Includes the results of seventy-nine patients (45 females and 34 males) with chronic kidney disease examined ocular findings before a session of dialysis divided into two groups based on their duration of dialysis. Group one with twenty-seven patients (9 female & 18 male) under dialysis from one week to six months with mean & standard deviation (3.2037, ± 1.89259), group tow with fifty tow patients (36 female & 16 male) under dialysis from the duration over than six months with mean & standard deviation (44.2308, ± 26.24367) respectively. Patients aged (12 to 70 years) had mean age & ± standard deviation (35.1481, ± 12.88918), (44.4038, ± 15.42249) for two groups respectively. Patients in two groups had IOP (Right eye), its mean & standard deviation (15, ± 2.34), (15.69, ± 2.56) for group one & group tow respectively. Also, patients had CCT (Right eye) with mean & standard deviation (5.3467E2, ± 39.00296), (5.2312E2, ± 30.44162) for group one & group tow respectively. Patients had CCT (Left) with mean & standard deviation (5.2878E2, ± 37.55748), (5.2179E2, ± 29.58957) for group one & group tow respectively. Patients in two groups had average thickness RNFL (Right eye) with mean & standard deviation (1.0604E2, ± 25.17551), (95.6154, ± 21.27150) for group one & group tow respectively. Also, patients had average thickness RNFL (left eye) with mean & standard deviation (1.0930E2, ±23.80177), (98.7500, ± 23.77334) for group one & group tow respectively. Conclusions: This study found CCT effective with dialysis tend to be thin (53 patient,18 patient in group one &35 in group two) and that will be had a threefold higher risk of developing glaucoma when compared with thick average because of the IOP value affected by it. Refractive error effective with dialysis & become was more prominent that can be shown in the group two have (40 patient from 52) while (15 patient from27) in the group one although a lot of them corrected to the BCVA. In conclusion high value of the C/D ratio formed about (45.57%, 53.16%) to the right &left eye respectively this value will be form important sign of risk factor to progressive of glaucomatous need to be alert in the future. Also our research reveals CFT effective undergoing dialysis the thick value was (56 in the right eye, 55 in the left eye) high compared with the thin (9 in the right&9 in the left eye) & normal (14 in the right eye, 15 in the left eye). All the two groups of patients will be effected by the duration of dialysis with a time.
Epidemiological Findings of Refractive Errors and Amblyopia among the Schoolchildren in Hatta Region of the United Arab Emirates
