Effect of the 2009 Influenza A/H1N1 Pandemic on Viral Respiratory Infections in the First Year of Life

Viral respiratory infections pose a significant challenge to pediatric infection prevention programs. We explore issues regarding the prevention of viral respiratory infections by discussing transmission of influenza A virus, isolation of infected patients, and hospital programs for influenza vaccination.

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The prevalence of enteroviruses that cause respiratory infections in patients with influenzavirus A/H1N1 hospitalized in the Lublin province

Current Issues in Pharmacy and Medical Sciences ◽

10.1515/cipms-2015-0015 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 27 (3) ◽

pp. 199-201

Author(s):

Adrian Jarzynski ◽

Agata Dubas ◽

Malgorzata Polz-Dacewicz

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Influenza A ◽

Respiratory Tract Infections ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Genetic Material ◽

Respiratory Viruses ◽

Influenza A H1n1 ◽

Tract Infections ◽

Viral Respiratory

ABSTRACT Viruses that cause respiratory tract infections are the most common agents of infectious diseases in humans throughout the world. A virus that infects the respiratory system, may induce various clinical symptoms. What is more, the same symptoms may be caused by different viruses. The aim of the study was to analyze the prevalence of enteroviruses that cause respiratory infections in patients with influenzavirus A/H1N1 hospitalized in the Lublin province. The experimental material was throat and nose swabs taken from patients hospitalized in Lublin and Tomaszow Lubelski. In the group of 44 patients (20 women and 24 men) infected with influenza A/H1N1, the genetic material of enteroviruses was detected in 13 patients (29.5%). Respiratory viruses co-infections are very common in hospitalized patients. Studies show that co-infection with influenza virus and enterovirus are more common in children than in adults. Moreover, viral respiratory tract infections are independent from the patients’ gender.

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Viral respiratory infections during the 2009 influenza A(H1N1) outbreak in the West Midlands Region, UK

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268811002251 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 140 (9) ◽

pp. 1551-1556 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

H. E. TANNER ◽

M. D. CURRAN ◽

E. H. BOXALL ◽

H. OSMAN

Keyword(s):

Influenza A ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Respiratory Viruses ◽

Virus Infections ◽

Influenza Outbreak ◽

Influenza A H1n1 ◽

Significant Difference ◽

West Midlands ◽

The Uk ◽

Viral Respiratory Infections

SUMMARYIn spring 2009 a new strain of influenza A(H1N1) emerged and caused a worldwide pandemic. This study utilized a large collection of respiratory specimens from suspected cases of influenza A(H1N1) in the UK West Midlands during the pandemic in order to investigate which other respiratory viruses were circulating and whether they played any role in the increased hospitalization rates seen during that period. Study specimens were selected from community and hospitalized patients positive and negative for influenza A(H1N1) and tested by PCR for other respiratory viruses. A number of infections diagnosed as influenza during the summer influenza outbreak were found to be due to other virus infections (most commonly rhinovirus). No statistically significant difference was found between the rates of respiratory virus co-infection with H1N1 in patients from community or hospital locations suggesting underlying factors were likely to be more significant than viral co-infections in determining severity of influenza A(H1N1) disease.

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1332. Clinical Indicators for When Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) Is Needed Beyond Nasopharyngeal Swab (NP) Testing for Viral Respiratory Infections

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofab466.1524 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S754-S754

Author(s):

Patrizia Ulrich ◽

Derrick Chen

Keyword(s):

Influenza A ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Kidney Injury ◽

Retrospective Chart Review ◽

Nasopharyngeal Swab ◽

Test Results ◽

Clinical Indicators ◽

Gi Symptoms ◽

Viral Respiratory Infections ◽

Viral Respiratory

Abstract Background This study evaluated the yield of testing NP vs BAL specimens using a multiplex PCR respiratory viral panel (RVP). Methods A retrospective chart review was conducted on all patients from 10/2017-3/2021 who had both an NP swab and BAL tested by RVP within a 4-week period. Results There were 477 cases where patients had both an NP and BAL specimen tested by RVP. Results were NP-/BAL- for 361 (76%) cases, NP+/BAL+ for 58 (12%), NP-/BAL+ for 40 (8%), and NP+/BAL- for 18 (4%). For NP+/BAL+, NP-/BAL+, and NP+/BAL-, respectively, rhinovirus was detected in 23 (40%), 3 (8%), and 16 (89%) cases (p< 0.001); influenza A or B in 9 (16%), 7 (18%), and 0 (0%) (ns); adenovirus in 3 (5%), 10 (25%), and 2 (11%) (p< 0.05); metapneumovirus in 9 (16%), 8 (20%), 2 (11%) (ns); RSV in 8 (14%), 6 (15%), and 1 (6%) (ns); and, parainfluenza in 7 (12%), 6 (15%), and 1 (6%) (ns), respectively. Average ages were 48, 48, and 48 years; numbers of males were 34 (58%), 28 (70%), and 11 (61%); immunocompromised were 56 (97%), 37 (92%), and 17 (94%); and, 16 (28%), 10 (25%), and 6 (33%) had an active malignancy, respectively (all ns). Average symptom durations prior to presentation were 7.0, 13.1, and 9.6 days (ns); pulmonary exams were abnormal in 35 (60%), 24 (60%), and 5 (28%) cases (p< 0.05); shortness of breath (SOB) was present in 40 (69%), 25 (62%), and 8 (44%) (ns); lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) symptoms were absent in 1 (2%), 12 (30%), and 8 (45%) cases (p< 0.01); when spirometry values were available, they were reduced in 28/31 (90%), 15/19 (79%), and 3/8 (37%) cases (p< 0.05); and, mean SpO2 levels were 91.5%, 93.9%, and 93.7% (ns), respectively. Mean temperatures were 99.0F, 99.0F, and 99.1F (ns); chills, sweats, and malaise were present in 27 (47%), 13 (33%), and 3 (17%) cases (p< 0.05); GI symptoms were present in 20 (34%), 5 (13%), and 10 (56%) cases (p< 0.05); and, acute kidney injury was present in 38 (66%), 13 (33%), and 6 (33%) cases (p< 0.05), respectively. Conclusion Most (88%) RVP test results were concordant between NP and BAL. There were significant differences between cases of NP+/BAL+, NP-/BAL+, and NP+/BAL-. Rhinovirus and GI symptoms were more common for NP+/BAL- vs NP-/BAL+. Conversely, pulmonary exams were more often abnormal and spirometry values reduced for NP-/BAL+ vs NP+/BAL-. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

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Comparison of symptoms of influenza A with abacavir-associated hypersensitivity reaction

International Journal of STD & AIDS ◽

10.1258/095646203322025795 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 14 (7) ◽

pp. 478-481 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Philip Keiser ◽

Naiel Nassar ◽

Daniel Skiest ◽

Charla Andrews ◽

Beena Yazdani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Multivariate Analysis ◽

Hypersensitivity Reaction ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Influenza A ◽

Respiratory Symptoms ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽

Gi Symptoms ◽

Viral Respiratory Infections ◽

Viral Respiratory

Differentiation between abacavir hypersensitivity and viral respiratory infections is problematic. Fifteen cases of abacavir hypersensitivity were matched to 30 controls with culture proven influenza A with no abacavir exposure. Rash was associated with hypersensitivity (odds ratio [OR] = 13.1, P = 0.02) as was the presence of nausea (OR = 30, P < 0.001), vomiting (OR = 17.1, P = 0.001) or diarrhoea (OR = 22, P < 0.001). The number of gastrointestinal symptoms was also predictive of hypersensitivity reaction ( P < 0.001). Respiratory symptoms (cough, sore throat, or dyspnoea) were not associated with abacavir hypersensitivity (OR = 0.08, P = 0.001). Multivariate analysis confirmed the following associations for abacavir hypersensitivity: the number of gastrointestinal symptoms (OR = 8.6, P = 0.0032), cough (OR = 0.039, P = 0.02) and rash (OR = 16.9, P = 0.07). Abacavir hypersensitivity is strongly associated with gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. Cough without GI symptoms is associated with influenza.

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Influenza

10.33442/vt202143 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Leong Hoe Nam

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

Pandemic Influenza ◽

Influenza A ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Rna Virus ◽

Treatment Options ◽

Antigenic Drift ◽

New Techniques ◽

Influenza A H1n1 ◽

Viral Respiratory Infections

The influenza virus is a segmented RNA virus with different mechanisms for mutations, and hence for minor (antigenic drift) and major (antigenic shift) changes. Influenza virus A was responsible for pandemics on average every 30 years in the past, with the most recent being the 2009 swine-origin influenza A H1N1 (SO-H1N1). The clinical picture is unspecific: seasonal or pandemic influenza cannot be differentiated from other viral respiratory infections on clinical grounds. PCR has become the standard for microbiological confirmation of the diagnosis. Treatment options remain limited with neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir; zanamivir). Resistance may occur under treatment or under prophylaxis; however, it is still rare overall. Vaccination is still the preferred method for prevention. However, the long lead time for production (at least 6 months) poses a challenge. Innovative new techniques like cell culture or recombinant productions are urgently needed. Pandemic influenza vaccines for SO-H1N1 were shown to be effective and safe in children, pregnant women, adults, and also in elderly. Pre-pandemic vaccines (H5N1) are also available.

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Extensive multiplex PCR diagnostics reveal new insights into the epidemiology of viral respiratory infections

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268816000339 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 144 (10) ◽

pp. 2064-2076 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

S. NICKBAKHSH ◽

F. THORBURN ◽

B. VON WISSMANN ◽

J. McMENAMIN ◽

R. N. GUNSON ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Viral Infection ◽

Multiplex Pcr ◽

Influenza A ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Respiratory Viruses ◽

Viral Population ◽

Future Research ◽

Infection Prevalence ◽

Viral Respiratory Infections ◽

Viral Respiratory

SUMMARYViral respiratory infections continue to pose a major global healthcare burden. At the community level, the co-circulation of respiratory viruses is common and yet studies generally focus on single aetiologies. We conducted the first comprehensive epidemiological analysis to encompass all major respiratory viruses in a single population. Using extensive multiplex PCR diagnostic data generated by the largest NHS board in Scotland, we analysed 44230 patient episodes of respiratory illness that were simultaneously tested for 11 virus groups between 2005 and 2013, spanning the 2009 influenza A pandemic. We measured viral infection prevalence, described co-infections, and identified factors independently associated with viral infection using multivariable logistic regression. Our study provides baseline measures and reveals new insights that will direct future research into the epidemiological consequences of virus co-circulation. In particular, our study shows that (i) human coronavirus infections are more common during influenza seasons and in co-infections than previously recognized, (ii) factors associated with co-infection differ from those associated with viral infection overall, (iii) virus prevalence has increased over time especially in infants aged <1 year, and (iv) viral infection risk is greater in the post-2009 pandemic era, likely reflecting a widespread change in the viral population that warrants further investigation.

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