scholarly journals Infant anticipatory stress

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Haley ◽  
Jennifer Cordick ◽  
Sarah Mackrell ◽  
Immaculate Antony ◽  
Maireanne Ryan-Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Stress Hormones ◽  
Stressful Events ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Stressful Event ◽  
First Year ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

In humans, anticipatory stress involves activation of the limbic–hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, which releases stress hormones such as cortisol in response to an impending stressor. Conditioning of the stress response to anticipate and prepare for future challenges is a hallmark of adaptation. It is unknown whether human infants in the first year of life have developed the neural circuitry to support the anticipation of stressful events in an attachment context. Here, we show that human infants at six months of age produce an anticipatory stress response, as indicated by the release of stress hormones, when re-exposed after 24 h to a context in which they demonstrated a stress response to a disruption in the parent–infant relationship. Although infant stress response (cortisol elevation) was greater to the stressful event (parent unresponsiveness) than to the second exposure to the stress context (room, chair, presence of parent and experimenter, etc.), it was greater in the stress group than in the control group on both days. Results suggest that human infants have the capacity to produce an anticipatory stress response that is based on expectations about how their parents will treat them in a specific context.

Distribution ofStreptococcus mitisbiovar 1 phenotypes on shedding and non-shedding oral surfaces of human infants during the first year of life

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Kirchherr ◽  
George H. Bowden ◽  
Dorothy A. Richmond ◽  
Michael J. Sheridan ◽  
Katherine A. Wirth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
First Year ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
First Year Of Life

The critical role of experience in the early development of multisensory perception

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (0) ◽  
pp. 200
Author(s):  
David J. Lewkowicz
Keyword(s):  
Selective Attention ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Early Experience ◽  
Multisensory Perception ◽  
First Year ◽  
Early Deprivation ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Perceptual Skills ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Perceptual Narrowing

Human infancy is a time of rapid neural and behavioral development and multisensory perceptual skills emerge during this time. Both animal and human early deprivation studies have shown that experience contributes critically to the development of multisensory perception. Unfortunately, Bodison because the human deprivation studies have only studied adult responsiveness, little is known about the more immediate effects of early experience on multisensory development. Consequently, we have embarked on a program of research to investigate how early experience affects the development of multisensory perception in human infants. To do so, we have focused on multisensory perceptual narrowing, an experience-dependent process where initially broad perceptual tuning is narrowed to match the infant’s native environment. In this talk, I first review our work demonstrating that multisensory narrowing characterizes infants’ response to non-native (i.e., monkey) faces and voices, that the initially broad tuning is present at birth, that narrowing also occurs in the audiovisual speech domain, and that multisensory narrowing is an evolutionarily novel process. In the second part of the talk, I present findings from our most recent studies indicating that experience has a seemingly paradoxical effect on infant response to audio–visual synchrony, that experience narrows infant response to amodal language and intonational prosody cues, and that experience interacts with developmental changes in selective attention during the first year of life resulting in dramatic developmental shifts in human infants’ selective attention to the eyes and mouth of their interlocutors’ talking faces.

scholarly journals Auditory temporal abilities in children with history of recurrent otitis media in the first years of life and persistent in preschool and school ages

CoDAS ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 494-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priscila Cruvinel Villa ◽  
Sthella Zanchetta
Keyword(s):  
Otitis Media ◽  
Otitis Media With Effusion ◽  
Temporal Frequency ◽  
Control Group ◽  
First Year ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Frequency Pattern ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Recurrent Otitis Media

PURPOSE: To study the temporal auditory ordering and resolution abilities in children with and without a history of early OME and ROME, as well as to study the responses according to age. METHODS: A total of 59 children were evaluated, and all of them presented pure tone thresholds within the normal range at the time of the conduction of the hearing tests. The children were divided into two groups according to the occurrence of episodes of recurrent otitis media. Then, each group was divided into two subgroups according to age: 7- and 8-year olds, and 9- and 10-year olds. All children were assessed with standard tests of temporal frequency (ordination) and gaps-in-noise (resolution). RESULTS: For the temporal abilities studied, children with a history of otitis media presented significantly lower results compared to the control group. In the frequency pattern test, the correct answers increased with age in both groups. In the identification of silence intervals, the control group showed no change in threshold regarding to age, but this change was present in the group with a history of otitis media. CONCLUSION: Episodes of otitis media with effusion in the first year of life, recurrent and persistent in preschool and school ages, negatively influence the temporal ordering and resolution abilities.

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome in a Twin: A Comparison of Sibling Histories

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 146-150
Author(s):  
A. Kahn ◽  
D. Blum ◽  
M. F. Muller ◽  
L. Montauk ◽  
A. Bochner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome ◽  
Infant Death ◽  
Sudden Infant Death ◽  
Clinical Risk Factor ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sudden Infant ◽  
First Year ◽  
Control Infant ◽  
The Mean ◽  
First Year Of Life

To determine possible characteristics of infant victims of sudden death, we examined 114 items related to the pre- and postnatal histories of 42 pairs of twins one of whom died of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) leaving a surviving sibling. Interviews with the parents were conducted after the occurrence of SIDS, and the data were checked with records held by gynecologists and pediatricians. To evaluate the specificity of any factors, we studied a control group of 42 age- and sex-matched pairs of twins, both of whom survived the first year of life. Only 11 of 114 characteristics were significantly related to SIDS: future victims had a smaller weight and height at birth, stayed longer in the nursery, and followed a moving object with their eyes, had head control, and smiled at a later age than their surviving siblings. They also fatigued more often during feeding (11/42) and had reduced arm and neck tonus (9/42). They were described as longer sleepers than their surviving siblings. During sleep, some SIDS twins, but no surviving twin, were found to be cyanotic at least once or pale (4/42) and were repeatedly covered with abundant sweat (8/42). In the control group of normal twins, the occurrence of most of these characteristics was found with a frequency comparable to that seen in the SIDS infants; the specificity of these characteristics is thus considered doubtful. The mean birth weight and height were significantly greater in the control group, and no control infant had an episode of cyanosis or pallor or repeated episodes of profuse sweating observed during their sleep. It is concluded that, if further research validates the occurrence of night hyperhydrosis in some future SIDS victims, this symptom could be a clinical risk factor.

scholarly journals Stability of neuronal avalanches and long-range temporal correlations during the first year of life in human infants

2020 ◽  
Vol 225 (3) ◽  
pp. 1169-1183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mostafa Jannesari ◽  
Alireza Saeedi ◽  
Marzieh Zare ◽  
Silvia Ortiz-Mantilla ◽  
Dietmar Plenz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
First Year ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Temporal Correlations ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Neuronal Avalanches

scholarly journals Distribution ofStreptococcus mitisbiovar 1 phenotypes on shedding and non-shedding oral surfaces of human infants during the first year of life

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 138-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Kirchherr ◽  
George H. Bowden ◽  
Dorothy A. Richmond ◽  
Michael J. Sheridan ◽  
Katherine A. Wirth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
First Year ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
First Year Of Life

The interaction between perinatal factors and childhood abuse in the risk of developing anorexia nervosa

2009 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 657-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Favaro ◽  
E. Tenconi ◽  
P. Santonastaso
Keyword(s):  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Childhood Abuse ◽  
Low Birthweight ◽  
Stressful Events ◽  
Stressful Event ◽  
Perinatal Complications ◽  
Perinatal Factors ◽  
Additive Interaction ◽  
Response Systems

BackgroundPerinatal factors seem to be implicated in the pathogenesis of anorexia nervosa (AN) and may be involved in the programming of stress response systems in humans. Our aim was to explore one of the possible pathways to explain the association between perinatal complications and a psychiatric disorder. In particular, we tested the hypothesis that neonatal immaturity may confer an enhanced vulnerability to AN after exposure to a severe stressful event, such as childhood abuse.MethodThe sample was composed of subjects who took part in a prevalence study carried out on a representative sample of the general population and cases of AN referred to an out-patient specialist unit. All subjects (n=663) were born in the two obstetric wards of Padua Hospital between 1971 and 1979. We analysed data using both a case-control and a cohort design.ResultsWe found that functional signs of neonatal dysmaturity, but not a low birthweight or prematurity, had a significant additive interaction with childhood abuse in determining the risk for this illness. In normal subjects, but not in subjects with AN, neonatal dysmaturity was associated with being small, short or thin for gestational age at birth.ConclusionsThe synergistic effect of neonatal dysmaturity and childhood abuse in increasing the risk for AN provides evidence for the hypothesis that a prenatal programming of stress response systems can result in an impairment of the individual's resilience to severe stressful events.

P01-303-Vegetative status in infants of high-risk for schizophrenia

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 305-305
Author(s):  
M.A. Kalinina ◽  
G.N. Schimonova
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Mental State ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Prognostic Significance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Control Group ◽  
First Year ◽  
Autonomic Tone ◽  
Autonomic Disorders ◽  
First Year Of Life

IntroductionThe study of clinical features and prognostic significance of autonomic disorders are among the most pressing problems of modern medicine.ObjectivesDynamically within 5 years were observed 50 children at high risk for schizophrenia and 40 children with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy of the general population. Aims. Evaluation of prognostic significance of autonomic disorders in infancy for mental health in older age groups.MethodsAll patients were examined by clinical methods and EEG, neurosonografia, original screening tables for early childhood.ResultsIn the first year of life in children at high risk for schizophrenia observed mental and motor development within the syndrome of PDD.In infancy the vagotonic orientation prevailed 72, 5%. By 3 years it changed to the amphotonic orientation reaching 76, 0% of children, while the 10, 0% acquired sympathotony, the rest remained vagotonic.The mental state of 37 children to 5 years qualified as schizotipical disorder (F 21.8). In 13 children it was diagnosed schizophrenia, children's type (F20.8). Frequent and sudden changes in the type of tonus correlated with the deterioration of the mental state of a different nature.In the control group at the first year of life prevailed vagotonic orientation, which gradually to age of one year changed by eutonic. During the first 3–5 months of infancy revealed some unstable circulatory, sleep disorders.ConclusionsThe instability of autonomic tone and an abundance of vegetative violations indicate the risk of mental pathology.

scholarly journals Prevalence and predisponent factors of molar-incisor hypomineralization in primary dentition

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. e211202
Author(s):  
Ana de Lourdes Sá de Lira ◽  
Francisca Janiele de Sousa ◽  
Francisco Dário Carvalho de Sousa ◽  
Maria Karen Vasconcelos Fontenele ◽  
Carlos Kelvin Campos Ribeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severity Index ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Predisposing Factors ◽  
Primary Dentition ◽  
Control Group ◽  
First Year ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Molar Incisor Hypomineralization ◽  
First Year Of Life

Aim: To evaluate the prevalence and predisposing factors for hypomineralization of second molars in children in primary dentition. Methods: A questionnaire was applied to parents to analyze predisposing factors and to assist in the diagnosis of hypomineralization in children between 2 and 6 years old, followed by an intraoral examination based on indices of non-fluorotic enamel defects in the primary dentition, according to the “Modified Index DDE” to determine demarcated opacity and HSPM presence / severity index to assess hypomineralization. Children from public and private schools were dived into two groups: if they presented HSPM-Group 1 (G1) and if they did not have HSPM-Control group (CG). Results: The most frequent predisposing factors associated with the child were Illness in the first year of life (X2= 6.49; p=0.01) and antibiotic use in the first year of life (X2= 41.82; p= 0.01). The factors associated with the mother were hypertension (X2= 9.36; p=0.01), infections during pregnancy (X2=14.80; p=0.01) and alcohol consumption during pregnancy (X2=97.33; p=0.01). There was a prevalence of 3.9% of HSPM in 14 children, with statistical difference regarding gender (X2 = 4.57; p <0.05), with boys presenting a higher frequency. In G1 hypomineralization was of the type with demarcated opacity, with more prevalent characteristics the yellowish spot, with moderate post-eruptive fracture and acceptable atypical restorations. All lesions were located in the labial region with 1/3 of extension. Conclusion: The prevalence of HSPM in children between 2 and 6 years old was 3.9%, with a predominance in males, with tooth 65 being the most affected. There was an association between HSPM and infection in the first year of life, as well as the use of antibiotics and sensitivity in the teeth affected by the lesion. There was an association between HSPM and hypertension, infection and mothers' alcohol use during pregnancy.

The Emergence of Intentional Communication in Ontogeny, Phylogeny, and Pathology

1997 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 216-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luigia Camaioni
Keyword(s):  
Children With Autism ◽  
First Year ◽  
Gestural Communication ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Intentional Communication ◽  
Communicative Development ◽  
Language And Social Interaction ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
Special Case

The emergence of intentional gestural communication around the end of the first year of life is widely recognized as a basic milestone in the infant's communicative development. Two types of comparison are carried out in this paper. The first comparison concerns the gestural communication of human infants and of our nearest primate relatives, the apes, and especially the well-studied chimpanzees. The second comparison considers a special case of gestural communication, namely children with autism, who fail to develop some important forms of communication, language, and social interaction that normal infants develop in the first 2 years of life. In seeking to explain the patterns of similarities and differences derived from these two comparisons, the possible role of several developmental processes will be considered and evaluated: social sensitivity, sensitivity to eye contact and gaze, understanding of agency, and understanding of subjectivity.

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