scholarly journals Twist and chew: three-dimensional tongue kinematics during chewing in macaque primates

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kara L. Feilich ◽  
J. D. Laurence-Chasen ◽  
Courtney Orsbon ◽  
Nicholas J. Gidmark ◽  
Callum F. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Complex Shape ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Food Type ◽  
Power Stroke ◽  
Food Bolus ◽  
Tongue Movements ◽  
Powerful Constraint ◽  
Shape Changes ◽  
Molar Region

Three-dimensional (3D) tongue movements are central to performance of feeding functions by mammals and other tetrapods, but 3D tongue kinematics during feeding are poorly understood. Tongue kinematics were recorded during grape chewing by macaque primates using biplanar videoradiography. Complex shape changes in the tongue during chewing are dominated by a combination of flexion in the tongue's sagittal planes and roll about its long axis. As hypothesized for humans, in macaques during tongue retraction, the middle (molar region) of the tongue rolls to the chewing (working) side simultaneous with sagittal flexion, while the tongue tip flexes to the other (balancing) side. Twisting and flexion reach their maxima early in the fast close phase of chewing cycles, positioning the food bolus between the approaching teeth prior to the power stroke. Although 3D tongue kinematics undoubtedly vary with food type, the mechanical role of this movement—placing the food bolus on the post-canine teeth for breakdown—is likely to be a powerful constraint on tongue kinematics during this phase of the chewing cycle. The muscular drivers of these movements are likely to include a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles.

Pecking preferences in hatchlings of the Australian brush-turkey, Alectura lathami (Megapodiidae): the role of food type and colour

2002 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Göth ◽  
Heather Proctor
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Food Type ◽  
Live Prey ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Alectura Lathami ◽  
Mealworm Larvae ◽  
Strong Contrast

Chicks of megapodes, including the Australian brush-turkey, Alectura lathami, live independently, without parents to show them where and what to eat. This paper represents the first investigation of how megapode chicks find and identify food. The specific questions addressed are: whether naive brush-turkey hatchlings are able to differentiate between food and objects that do not give a nutritional reward; whether they possess a preference for certain types of food; and which factors are most likely to trigger feeding in hatchlings. The three questions were approached by pairwise choice tests of two types. In Type 1, chicks were offered mealworm larvae, fruit cubes, seeds and non-nutritious objects (pebbles); in Type 2, chicks were offered beads of four different colours (red, green, blue and yellow). The median peck rate at pebbles was always significantly lower than that at mealworms, fruit or seeds. Mealworms received significantly more pecks than seeds or pebbles. Chicks showed no clear preference for any colour. All chicks also directed some pecks at ‘other items’ that appeared to display a strong contrast against the background of the box they were kept in, either in colour (e.g. dark knotholes in light brown wood) or in shape (three-dimensional, such as claws and faeces). Hatchlings seem to direct their initial pecks at objects that have certain characteristics in common, such as contrast, movement (for live prey) and reflective surfaces (for fruit or seeds). Preference for these rather general characteristics may be adaptive considering that chicks can hatch in various habitats and different months of the year, making the types of food available at hatching unpredictable.

LAMELLIPODIAL AND AMOEBOID CELL LOCOMOTION: THE ROLE OF ACTIN-CYCLING AND BLEB FORMATION

2007 ◽  
Vol 02 (01) ◽  
pp. 5-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
HANS GEORG MANNHERZ ◽  
MONIKA MACH ◽  
DOROTA NOWAK ◽  
MARIA MALICKA-BLASZKIEWICZ ◽  
ANTONINA MAZUR
Keyword(s):  
Actin Filaments ◽  
Apoptotic Cell ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Amoeboid Cell ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
Bleb Formation ◽  
Membrane Stiffness ◽  
Shape Changes ◽  
Amoeboid Cells

Cell migration depends on the rapid changes of the organization of actin filaments and generation of force by motor proteins. Vertebrate cells use two different mechanisms: mesenchymal or amoeboid migration. Cells migrating in mesenchymal mode are elongated and move over a two-dimensional substratum. They extend thin veil-like extensions at their leading face — lamellipodia, whose protrusion depend on polymerization and depolymerization processes of actin. During mesenchymal migration actin filaments are firmly connected by integrins to the extracellular matrix (ECM) at focal contacts, which serve as points of fixation for subsequent cell body traction by force producing actomyosin interactions. Cells migrating in amoeboid fashion are rounded and move through a three-dimensional ECM-network undergoing considerable shape changes and generating vesicle-like surface extensions — so-called blebs. These blebs and the migrating cells exhibit no or strongly reduced affinity to the ECM. Bleb formation depends on a transient decrease of plasma membrane stiffness and locally increased hydrostatic pressure, which is generated by actin-myosin interactions. Formation of numerous surface blebs is also typical of cells that undergo apoptotic cell death. Since these share a number of properties to blebs of amoeboid cells, an analysis is given of the distribution of some cytoskeletal components in apoptotic blebs.

The Role of Three-Dimensional Imaging in Evaluation of the Sinonasal Mass

1996 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Sue Yon Shim ◽  
Ki Joon Sung ◽  
Young Ju Kim ◽  
In Soo Hong ◽  
Myung Soon Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Three Dimensional Imaging ◽  
Sinonasal Mass

Homogenization and Mass Identity vs. Individual Identity. An Analysis in the Light of the Theory of “The Three Dimensional Spiral of Sense

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 40
Author(s):  
Miriam Aparicio
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Individual Identity ◽  
Cognitive Effects ◽  
The Media

This study tests some hypotheses included in the psycho-social-communicational paradigm, which emphasizes the cognitive effects of the media and the role of the psychosocial subject as the recipient

Dysregulation of HOX as a Potential Therapeutic Target in Breast Cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji-Yeon Lee ◽  
Myoung Hee Kim
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Hox Genes ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Genome Structure ◽  
Control Cell ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Hox Protein

: HOX genes belong to the highly conserved homeobox superfamily, responsible for the regulation of various cellular processes that control cell homeostasis, from embryogenesis to carcinogenesis. The abnormal expression of HOX genes is observed in various cancers, including breast cancer; they act as oncogenes or as suppressors of cancer, according to context. In this review, we analyze HOX gene expression patterns in breast cancer and examine their relationship, based on the three-dimensional genome structure of the HOX locus. The presence of non-coding RNAs, embedded within the HOX cluster, and the role of these molecules in breast cancer have been reviewed. We further evaluate the characteristic activity of HOX protein in breast cancer and its therapeutic potential.

Central ossifying fibroma of mandible

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. e239286
Author(s):  
Kumar Nilesh ◽  
Prashant Punde ◽  
Nitin Shivajirao Patil ◽  
Amol Gautam
Keyword(s):  
Fibrous Tissue ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Facial Asymmetry ◽  
Ossifying Fibroma ◽  
Mandible Reconstruction ◽  
Three Dimensional Printing ◽  
Osseous Lesion ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Dimensional Printing

Ossifying fibroma (OF) is a rare, benign, fibro-osseous lesion of the jawbone characterised by replacement of the normal bone with fibrous tissue. The fibrous tissue shows varying amount of calcified structures resembling bone and/or cementum. The central variant of OF is rare, and shows predilection for mandible among the jawbone. Although it is classified as fibro-osseous lesion, it clinically behaves as a benign tumour and can grow to large size, causing bony swelling and facial asymmetry. This paper reports a case of large central OF of mandible in a 40-year-old male patient. The lesion was treated by segmental resection of mandible. Reconstruction of the surgical defect was done using avascular fibula bone graft. Role of three-dimensional printing of jaw and its benefits in surgical planning and reconstruction are also highlighted.

scholarly journals Charge algebra in Al(A)dSn spacetimes

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrien Fiorucci ◽  
Romain Ruzziconi
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Dirichlet Boundary ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dirichlet Boundary Conditions ◽  
Boundary Structure ◽  
Asymptotic Symmetry ◽  
Renormalization Procedure ◽  
Field Dependent ◽  
Odd Dimensions

Abstract The gravitational charge algebra of generic asymptotically locally (A)dS spacetimes is derived in n dimensions. The analysis is performed in the Starobinsky/Fefferman-Graham gauge, without assuming any further boundary condition than the minimal falloffs for conformal compactification. In particular, the boundary structure is allowed to fluctuate and plays the role of source yielding some symplectic flux at the boundary. Using the holographic renormalization procedure, the divergences are removed from the symplectic structure, which leads to finite expressions. The charges associated with boundary diffeomorphisms are generically non-vanishing, non-integrable and not conserved, while those associated with boundary Weyl rescalings are non-vanishing only in odd dimensions due to the presence of Weyl anomalies in the dual theory. The charge algebra exhibits a field-dependent 2-cocycle in odd dimensions. When the general framework is restricted to three-dimensional asymptotically AdS spacetimes with Dirichlet boundary conditions, the 2-cocycle reduces to the Brown-Henneaux central extension. The analysis is also specified to leaky boundary conditions in asymptotically locally (A)dS spacetimes that lead to the Λ-BMS asymptotic symmetry group. In the flat limit, the latter contracts into the BMS group in n dimensions.

scholarly journals Platelet Shape Changes during Thrombus Formation: Role of Actin-Based Protrusions

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (01) ◽  
pp. 014-021
Author(s):  
Markus Bender ◽  
Raghavendra Palankar
Keyword(s):  
Blood Loss ◽  
Actin Filaments ◽  
Thrombus Formation ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Critical Component ◽  
Clot Retraction ◽  
Shape Changes ◽  
Platelet Shape

AbstractPlatelet activation and aggregation are essential to limit blood loss at sites of vascular injury but may also lead to occlusion of diseased vessels. The platelet cytoskeleton is a critical component for proper hemostatic function. Platelets change their shape after activation and their contractile machinery mediates thrombus stabilization and clot retraction. In vitro studies have shown that platelets, which come into contact with proteins such as fibrinogen, spread and first form filopodia and then lamellipodia, the latter being plate-like protrusions with branched actin filaments. However, the role of platelet lamellipodia in hemostasis and thrombus formation has been unclear until recently. This short review will briefly summarize the recent findings on the contribution of the actin cytoskeleton and lamellipodial structures to platelet function.

scholarly journals Learning by Doing: The Use of Distance, Corners and Length in Rewarded Geometric Tasks by Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 2001
Author(s):  
Greta Baratti ◽  
Angelo Rizzo ◽  
Maria Elena Miletto Petrazzini ◽  
Valeria Anna Sovrano
Keyword(s):  
Danio Rerio ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Reference Memory ◽  
Spatial Abilities ◽  
Learning By Doing ◽  
Surface Distance ◽  
Extended Surfaces ◽  
Unequal Length ◽  
Over Time

Zebrafish spontaneously use distance and directional relationships among three-dimensional extended surfaces to reorient within a rectangular arena. However, they fail to take advantage of either an array of freestanding corners or an array of unequal-length surfaces to search for a no-longer-present goal under a spontaneous cued memory procedure, being unable to use the information supplied by corners and length without some kind of rewarded training. The present study aimed to tease apart the geometric components characterizing a rectangular enclosure under a procedure recruiting the reference memory, thus training zebrafish in fragmented layouts that provided differences in surface distance, corners, and length. Results showed that fish, besides the distance, easily learned to use both corners and length if subjected to a rewarded exit task over time, suggesting that they can represent all the geometrically informative parts of a rectangular arena when consistently exposed to them. Altogether, these findings highlight crucially important issues apropos the employment of different behavioral protocols (spontaneous choice versus training over time) to assess spatial abilities of zebrafish, further paving the way to deepen the role of visual and nonvisual encodings of isolated geometric components in relation to macrostructural boundaries.

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