scholarly journals Simple learning rules to cope with changing environments

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (27) ◽  
pp. 1193-1202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roderich Groß ◽  
Alasdair I Houston ◽  
Edmund J Collins ◽  
John M McNamara ◽  
François-Xavier Dechaume-Moncharmont ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Simple Extension ◽  
Effective Learning ◽  
Changing Environments ◽  
Learning Rules ◽  
Learning Rates ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Full Knowledge ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Better Than

We consider an agent that must choose repeatedly among several actions. Each action has a certain probability of giving the agent an energy reward, and costs may be associated with switching between actions. The agent does not know which action has the highest reward probability, and the probabilities change randomly over time. We study two learning rules that have been widely used to model decision-making processes in animals—one deterministic and the other stochastic. In particular, we examine the influence of the rules' ‘learning rate’ on the agent's energy gain. We compare the performance of each rule with the best performance attainable when the agent has either full knowledge or no knowledge of the environment. Over relatively short periods of time, both rules are successful in enabling agents to exploit their environment. Moreover, under a range of effective learning rates, both rules are equivalent, and can be expressed by a third rule that requires the agent to select the action for which the current run of unsuccessful trials is shortest. However, the performance of both rules is relatively poor over longer periods of time, and under most circumstances no better than the performance an agent could achieve without knowledge of the environment. We propose a simple extension to the original rules that enables agents to learn about and effectively exploit a changing environment for an unlimited period of time.

scholarly journals THE APPLICATION OF AMINO – AND HYDROXYETHYL IMIDAZOLINES OF PETROLEUM ACIDS AS MULTIFUNCTIONAL ADDITIVES FOR DIESEL FUEL

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 3828-3833
Author(s):  
Anar Amil Namazov ◽  
Vagif Maharram Abbasov ◽  
Tarana Aslan Mammadova ◽  
Khayyam Rahim Valiyev ◽  
Khayala Hamlet Kasamanli
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Boiling Point ◽  
The Other ◽  
Antistatic Property ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Multifunctional Additives ◽  
Antistatic Effect ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Petroleum Acid

In this research, the influence of amino- and hydroxyethyl imidazolines of petroleum acids on the antistatic property and lubricity of diesel fuel has been studied. The researches illustrated that when the boiling point of petroleum acid fractions increases, the influence of imidazolines on the antistatic property and lubricity of diesel fuel decreases. Besides, it has been known that, the influence of aminoethyl imidazolines of petroleum acids on the antistatic property and lubricity of diesel fuel is better than the influence of hydroxyethyl imidazolines, On the other hand, it has been revealed that, when imidazolines of petroleum acids are added to the diesel fuel, the antistatic effect increases over time.

Assessing IPR Disclosure within Standard Setting

2015 ◽  
pp. 86-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Layne-Farrar
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mobile Telephony ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Patent Holder ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
Full Knowledge ◽  
Over Time

As part of its “policy project to examine the legal and policy issues surrounding the problem of potential patent ‘hold-up' when patented technologies are included in collaborative standards,” the Federal Trade Commission held an all-day workshop on June 21, 2011. The first panel of the day focused on patent disclosure rules intended to encourage full knowledge of patents “essential” for a standard and therefore to prevent patent ambush. When patents are disclosed after a standard is defined, the patent holder may have enhanced bargaining power that it can exploit to charge excessive royalties (e.g., greater than the value the patented technology contributes to the product complying with the standard). In this chapter, the authors present a case study on patent disclosure within the ICT sector. Specifically, they take an empirical look at the timing of patent disclosures within the European Telecommunications Standards Institute, the body responsible for some of the world's most prevalent mobile telephony standards. They find that most members officially disclose their potentially relevant patents after the standard is published, and sometimes considerably so. On the other hand, the authors also find that the delay in declaring patents to ETSI standards has been shrinking over time, with disclosures occurring closer to (although for the most part still after) the standard publication date for more recent standard generations as compared to earlier ones. This latter finding coincides with ETSI policy changes, suggesting that standards bodies may be able to improve patent disclosure with more precise rules.

LOCATION PARAMETER ESTIMATION OF A MULTISPECTRAL SAMPLE BY A MEDIAN OPERATION

1988 ◽  
Vol 02 (02) ◽  
pp. 287-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
CARLOS A. POMALAZA-RÁEZ ◽  
YU-SHAN FONG
Keyword(s):  
Parameter Estimation ◽  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Location Parameter ◽  
Numerical Results ◽  
The Other ◽  
Statistical Characteristics ◽  
Simple Extension ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Numerical Complexity ◽  
Better Than

Three different kinds of median type estimators for use in applications where the underlying probability distributions are multivariate are proposed and analyzed. The numerical complexity and the statistical characteristics of the estimators are studied and discussed. Numerical results give evidence that the estimator which is a simple extension of the scalar median has an overall performance that is the same or better than the other two proposed estimators.

Unlearning in Free Learning as a Function of Context Change and Retention Interval

1969 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 943-946 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Abra ◽  
Patricia S. Belton
Keyword(s):  
Retention Interval ◽  
The Other ◽  
Context Change ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
The Third ◽  
Group Control ◽  
Learning Trials ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Better Than

A list of 20 words was presented 4 times to 3 groups of Ss. After each presentation, Ss attempted to recall as many of the words as possible, in any order they wished. Two experimental groups then learned a second unrelated list for 6 such free-learning trials, while the third group (control) did not. One of the experimental groups had a changed environment for List-2 learning, while the other group was unchanged. Retention of both lists (MMFR) was tested either after List-2 learning or 24 hr. later. The control recalled List 1 better than the two experimental groups, which did not differ from each other. List-1 recall in the experimental groups did not change over time.

scholarly journals Multiple paper monies in Sweden 1789–1903: substitution or complementarity?

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torbjörn Engdahl ◽  
Anders Ögren
Keyword(s):  
Money Supply ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
The Other ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Geographical Variations ◽  
Relative Value ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Better Than

AbstractComplementarity of money means that two or more kinds of monies together fulfil the demands of the users better than they would without the existence of the other(s). In this article we study complementarity between paper monies in Sweden. We address four questions: 1. What was used as money at a macro-level (money supply) and at a micro-level (monetary remittances)? 2. What was the relative value of different monies in parallel circulation? 3. Were there seasonal variations in use and/or value of these monies? 4. Were there geographical variations in use and value? What we find is that the complementarity helped to solve the problem of providing sufficient liquidity domestically over time and space and thus contributed to the maintenance of a stable value of the currency.

Applying Different Learning Rules in Neuro-Symbolic Integration

2012 ◽  
Vol 433-440 ◽  
pp. 716-720
Author(s):  
Saratha Sathasivam
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Learning Rule ◽  
Computation Time ◽  
Activation Function ◽  
The Other ◽  
Symbolic Integration ◽  
Learning Rules ◽  
Hebb Rule ◽  
Pseudo Inverse ◽  
Better Than

Pseudo inverse learning rule and new activation unction performance will be evaluated and compared with the primitive learning rule, Hebb rule. Comparisons are made between these three rules to see which rule is better or outperformed other rules in the aspects of computation time, memory and complexity. From the computer simulation that has been carried out, the new activation function performs better than the other two learning methods.

Closing the GAP—A 5Å Scanning Microscope

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 6-7
Author(s):  
A. V. Crewe
Keyword(s):  
Normal Form ◽  
The Other ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Scanning Microscope ◽  
Conventional Microscope ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Closing The Gap ◽  
Thermal Sources ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Transmission Microscope

We have become accustomed to differentiating between the scanning microscope and the conventional transmission microscope according to the resolving power which the two instruments offer. The conventional microscope is capable of a point resolution of a few angstroms and line resolutions of periodic objects of about 1Å. On the other hand, the scanning microscope, in its normal form, is not ordinarily capable of a point resolution better than 100Å. Upon examining reasons for the 100Å limitation, it becomes clear that this is based more on tradition than reason, and in particular, it is a condition imposed upon the microscope by adherence to thermal sources of electrons.

Emotional Impact Feedback Changes How We Remember Negative Autobiographical Experiences

2010 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 354-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie K. T. Takarangi ◽  
Deryn Strange
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
The Other ◽  
Personal Perspective ◽  
Emotional Impact ◽  
Potential Mechanism ◽  
Negative Experiences ◽  
Negative Memory ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Negative Memories ◽  
Over Time

When people are told that their negative memories are worse than other people’s, do they later remember those events differently? We asked participants to recall a recent negative memory then, 24 h later, we gave some participants feedback about the emotional impact of their event – stating it was more or less negative compared to other people’s experiences. One week later, participants recalled the event again. We predicted that if feedback affected how participants remembered their negative experiences, their ratings of the memory’s characteristics should change over time. That is, when participants are told that their negative event is extremely negative, their memories should be more vivid, recollected strongly, and remembered from a personal perspective, compared to participants in the other conditions. Our results provide support for this hypothesis. We suggest that external feedback might be a potential mechanism in the relationship between negative memories and psychological well-being.

Coevolution

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avi Max Spiegel
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
The Political ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Islamist Movements

This chapter seeks to understand how Islamist movements have evolved over time, and, in the process, provide important background on the political and religious contexts of the movements in question. In particular, it shows that Islamist movements coevolve. Focusing on the histories of Morocco's two main Islamist movements—the Justice and Spirituality Organization, or Al Adl wal Ihsan (Al Adl) and the Party of Justice and Development (PJD)—it suggests that their evolutions can only be fully appreciated if they are relayed in unison. These movements mirror one another depending on the competitive context, sometimes reflecting, sometimes refracting, sometimes borrowing, sometimes adapting or even reorganizing in order to keep up with the other.

Correspondances étymologiques, lexicales et sémantiques dans le processus de féminisation de noms de profession, métiers et activités dans les sociétés française et roumaine

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-422
Author(s):  
Estelle Variot
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Roman World ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Over Time

"Etymological, Lexical and Semantic Correspondences in the Process of Feminization of Professional Names, Trades and Activities in French and Romanian Societies. The feminization of thought represented by language and of its varieties in the Roman World has allowed to highlight some convergences that come from a common linguistic heritage, often from Greek and Latin and some hesitation about adapting society to its realities. The feminization of some words which comes from an ancient process illustrates on the one hand the potential of the language and on the other hand some constraints sometimes linked to the society itself, which creates transitional periods, between matching grammatical correction and the evolution of linguistic uses over time. The possibilities of lexical enrichment (internal creation or loan) show the means available in French and Romanian and some convergences in the area of derivation, of lexical units and their etymologies. The grammatical perspective and word constructing methods make it possible to give keys for the feminization of names of trades or professions. Likewise, recording entries in the lexicon, their evolution, their assimilation or sometimes their forgetfulness, for the benefit of new constructions highlight the existence of objective and subjective criteria which teach us a lot about society as a whole. Keywords: feminization of professions, internal and external enrichment, suffixal match, use of words, grammar, lexicon, French and Romanian."

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