Prospects for using extractive oils of spicy-aromatic raw materials in the technology of formed semi-finished products

To improve public health, it is necessary to produce products that include natural ingredients with antioxidant properties. In foreign and domestic practice, there is a significant number of multifunctional additives of plant origin, which combine the ability to improve the antioxidant and flavoring properties of finished products. The development of the technology of meat and fish formed semi-finished products of the Ayurvedic direction is relevant today. The main raw materials for the production of batches of meat and fish formed were poultry meat, sea fish – hake, pollock, ocean saithe, haddock, which have the greatest amount of protein. As a result of a comparison of the chemical composition of fish and meat raw materials, organoleptic studies, it was found that the most optimal ratio was the samples in which chicken fillets and ocean fish fillets – haddock were used in a ratio of 50 : 50 %; pollock – In a ratio of 60 : 40 %. To extend the shelf life of the developed meat and fish formed, we have chosen extractive cardamom oils and a mixture of rosemary and thyme. Four variants of formulations were developed with the addition of extractive oils of cardamom and a mixture of rosemary and thyme in the amount of 2, 3, 5 and 8 % to the mass of raw minced meat. As a result of organoleptic studies, a comparative analysis of the average ratings of each sample using different amounts of fish raw materials, it was found that among the additives presented, the best is a mixture of extractive oils of rosemary and thyme with, namely, a sample of meat and fish formed semi-finished products using haddock fish fillets and a sample in the composition which includes pollock fillet with a blend of rosemary and thyme extractive oils. Also, microbiological studies of samples of meat and fish formed were carried out with the addition of a mixture of extractive oils of rosemary and thyme. Based on the results of microbiological studies, the safety and quality of the developed products have been confirmed.

Essential oils as multifunctional additives in biodegradable linear low density polyethylene/starch blends

Purpose This study aims to develop a biodegradable linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE)/starch blends with improved mechanical and flow characteristics and evaluate the probability of using essential oils such as Moringa oleifira and castor oils as green plasticizers and compatibilizers to avoid using harmful chemicals. Design/methodology/approach Corn starch was blended with LLDPE through the melt blending technique. The corn starch content was varied from 5 to 40 phr in LLDPE. To enhance poor mechanical characteristic of the LLDPE/starch, essential oils such as M. oleifira and castor oils were incorporated into the composites with different concentrations starting from 1 to 7 phr. The essential oils’ effect on mechanical, flow character, thermal stability and electrical properties of the LLDPE/starch was also investigated. The morphology of LLDPE/starch containing essential oils was also investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Findings The results revealed that increasing the corn starch content had an adverse effect on mechanical and flow characteristics of the composites, whereas incorporation of essential oils had increased the flow and mechanical characteristics of the composites. Also, dielectric measurements revealed that permittivity and dielectric loss increased by increasing oil content. Moreover, the values of the blends containing castor oil are higher compared to that containing M. oleifira. The SEM micrographs illustrated that the presence of essential oils in LLDPE/starch enhanced the distribution and the homogeneity of the composites, and the particle size of starch granules became smaller in LLDPE matrix. Originality/value This study aims to introduce green plasticizer and compatibilizer to avoid using harmful chemicals in packaging industry.

A long-life lithium-oxygen battery via a molecular quenching/mediating mechanism

Lithium-oxygen (Li-O2) batteries have drawn intensive attention owing to their exceptionally high theoretical specific energy. However, their further advancement has been significantly hindered by challenges including low discharge capacity, poor energy efficiency, severe parasitic reactions, etc. Here, we report a highly Li-O2 battery operated via a new quenching/mediating mechanism that relies on the direct chemical reactions between a versatile molecule and superoxide radical/Li2O2 nanoparticles. The battery exhibits a 46-fold increase of discharge capacity, a low charge over-potential of 0.7 V, and an ultralong cycle life > 1400 cycles. The tailor-designed organic molecule features two redox mediator-active 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (TEMPO) moieties bridged by a quenching-active perylene diimide (PDI) backbone. The PDI-TEMPO molecule not only acts as a soluble redox mediator to catalyze both discharge and charge reactions, but also serves as a reusable superoxide radical quencher to chemically react with superoxide species generated during the operation of Li-O2 batteries, leading to the formation of Li2O2 nanoparticles which are much easier to decompose than the conventional toroidal-shaped Li2O2. The all-in-one molecule as a multifunctional additive can tackle various issues of parasitic reactions associated with superoxide radicals, singlet oxygen, high over-potentials, and lithium corrosion, beyond the mere combination of PDI and TEMPO moieties’ functionalities. The molecular design of multifunctional additives combining the capabilities of redox mediators, superoxide radical quencher and beyond opens a new avenue for developing high-performance Li-O2 batteries.

STUDY OF THE COMPATIBILITY OF S-CONTAINING PHENOLIC ANTIOXIDANT ADDITIVES AND OILS FOR TWO-STROKE ENGINES

Двухтактные двигатели за счет простоты своей конструкции, небольшого количества деталей и компактности пользуются большим спросом во многих отраслях, преимущественно для садовой техники и мотоциклов. В таких двигателях используется бензо-масляная смесь для создания масляной пленки, обеспечения достаточной смазки трущихся деталей и защиты их от коррозии. К современному моторному маслу для двухтактного двигателя существует ряд требований: полное выгорание без образования кокса, золы, отложений, хорошее растворение и перемешивание с топливом, противоизносные, антикоррозионные, смазывающие свойства при высоких температурах. Одновременного выполнения всех требований достичь представляется проблематично. Производители моторных масел используют различные присадки, улучшающие функциональные свойства масел. Известно, что содержание присадки в масле может достигать 3%. В настоящей статье рассматривается возможность использования S-содержащих пространственно-затрудненных фенолов как многофункциональных присадок. Эти вещества обладают высокой антиокислительной активностью за счет своего строения, благодаря которому замедляются процессы окисления. В качестве объекта сравнения были взяты показатели базовых масел, полученные при исследовании низкотемпературных свойств, кинематической вязкости и определении индекса вязкости. Низкотемпературные свойства присадок в смеси с маслом показали возможность использования этих веществ и в качестве пеногасящей присадки. Результаты исследования кинематической вязкости масел с присадками показали небольшое увеличение адсорбционной способности масла на деталях двигателя. Использование S-содержащих пространственно-затрудненных фенолов в составе смазывающей композиции представляется целесообразным. По исследуемым показателям можно видеть, что данные соединения совместимы с базовыми маслами. Two-stroke engines, due to their simplicity of design, a small number of parts and compactness, are in great demand in many industries, mainly for garden equipment and motorcycles. These engines use a petrol-oil mixture to create an oil film, ensure sufficient lubrication of rubbing parts and protect them from corrosion. There are a number of requirements for a modern engine oil for a two-stroke engine: complete burnout without the formation of coke, ash, deposits, good dissolution and mixing with fuel, antiwear, anti-corrosion, lubricating properties at high temperatures. It seems problematic to achieve the simultaneous fulfillment of all requirements. Motor oil manufacturers use a variety of additives to improve the performance of oils. It is known that the additive content in oil can be up to 3%. This article discusses the possibility of using S-containing sterically hindered phenols as multifunctional additives. These substances have high antioxidant activity due to their structure, due to which oxidation processes are slowed down. As an object of comparison, the indicators of base oils were taken, obtained in the study of low-temperature properties, kinematic viscosity and determination of the viscosity index. The low-temperature properties of the additives mixed with oil have shown the possibility of using these substances as a defoaming additive. The results of studying the kinematic viscosity of oils with additives showed a slight increase in the adsorption capacity of the oil on engine parts. The use of S-containing sterically hindered phenols in the composition of the lubricating composition seems to be expedient. According to the studied indicators, it can be seen that these compounds are compatible with base oils.

A Short Review on Polymeric Biomaterials as Additives for Lubricants

With increasing environmental concerns and the depletion of petroleum resources, the development of lubricant additives from bioresources has attracted much attention recently. In this review, we reported a few polymers and polymer composites that are synthesized from vegetable oils (soybean oil, sunflower oil, rice bran oil, and castor oil) and used as multifunctional additives in the formulation of eco-friendly lubricant compositions. We mentioned the preparation of vegetable oil-based homo- and copolymers and their characterization by different spectral techniques (FTIR/NMR). The average molecular weights of the polymers are determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Performance evaluations of the polymeric materials mainly as a viscosity index improver (VII), pour point depressant (PPD), and most importantly antifriction additives when blended with lubricating base oils are indicated. Standard ASTM methods have been applied to evaluate their performances. The findings have shown that all the additives discussed are non-toxic, biodegradable, and showed excellent performances compared to commercial petroleum-based additives.