Notices of publications relating to the history of the Royal Society

1951 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 144-147
Keyword(s):  
Applied Sciences ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Scientific Instruments ◽  
Science Technology ◽  
History Of ◽  
Tycho Brahe ◽  
Scientific Academies ◽  
Selection Of

To Fellows of a Society which is so justly proud of its history and traditions as is the Royal Society, it is a matter of great interest and importance that there should be an authoritative and accessible account of the mental climate which preceded and accompanied its foundation, in order that that great event may be appreciated in its correct setting of contemporary superstition, thought and endeavour. This is exactly what is provided by Dr Douglas McKie’s new edition of A. Wolf’s A History of Science, Technology, and Philosophy in the 16th and 17th Centuries . The work begins with the emergence of modern science from the fog of the middle ages, and an account of the work of its two first great exponents, Copernicus and Galileo. This is followed by the origin of the various scientific academies and a chapter on scientific instruments and their perfection. Next come the various branches of science, treated in terms of the most important contributions made by their great men. Astronomy and its progress introduces Tycho Brahe, Kepler and Newton ; Huygens, Flamsteed and Halley. Mathematics bring in Napier, Descartes, Pascal, Wallis, Newton and Leibniz, to mention only a few. Mechanics introduces Torricelli, Wren, Newton and Boyle. Light involves Descartes, Hooke, Huygens and Newton, again making only a selection of names. Chemistry is the occasion for including Helmont, Boyle, Hooke and Mayow. Biology is represented by the work of Gesner, Ray, Vesalius, Harvey, Malpighi, Swammerdam and Leeuwenhoek. Other chapters deal with electricity and magnetism, meteorology, geology, medicine and physiology. Progress in the applied sciences is shown in the fields of agriculture, textiles, building, mining and metallurgy, mechanical engineering and calculators.

Philosophcal review of h. white̕s tropological theory in the context of the new philosophy of history

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (152) ◽  
pp. 92-99
Author(s):  
S. M. Geiko ◽  
◽  
O. D. Lauta
Keyword(s):  
Modern Science ◽  
Historical Knowledge ◽  
Text Organization ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Actual Material ◽  
The Common ◽  
Historical Nature ◽  
Selection Of

The article provides a philosophical analysis of the tropological theory of the history of H. White. The researcher claims that history is a specific kind of literature, and the historical works is the connection of a certain set of research and narrative operations. The first type of operation answers the question of why the event happened this way and not the other. The second operation is the social description, the narrative of events, the intellectual act of organizing the actual material. According to H. White, this is where the set of ideas and preferences of the researcher begin to work, mainly of a literary and historical nature. Explanations are the main mechanism that becomes the common thread of the narrative. The are implemented through using plot (romantic, satire, comic and tragic) and trope systems – the main stylistic forms of text organization (metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, irony). The latter decisively influenced for result of the work historians. Historiographical style follows the tropological model, the selection of which is determined by the historian’s individual language practice. When the choice is made, the imagination is ready to create a narrative. Therefore, the historical understanding, according to H. White, can only be tropological. H. White proposes a new methodology for historical research. During the discourse, adequate speech is created to analyze historical phenomena, which the philosopher defines as prefigurative tropological movement. This is how history is revealed through the art of anthropology. Thus, H. White’s tropical history theory offers modern science f meaningful and metatheoretically significant. The structure of concepts on which the classification of historiographical styles can be based and the predictive function of philosophy regarding historical knowledge can be refined.

scholarly journals The Early Royal Society and Visual Culture

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 350-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sachiko Kusukawa
Keyword(s):  
Visual Culture ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Early Modern Science ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
History Of

Recent studies have fruitfully examined the intersection between early modern science and visual culture by elucidating the functions of images in shaping and disseminating scientific knowledge. Given its rich archival sources, it is possible to extend this line of research in the case of the Royal Society to an examination of attitudes towards images as artifacts—manufactured objects worth commissioning, collecting, and studying. Drawing on existing scholarship and material from the Royal Society Archives, I discuss Fellows’ interests in prints, drawings, varnishes, colorants, images made out of unusual materials, and methods of identifying the painter from a painting. Knowledge of production processes of images was important to members of the Royal Society, not only as connoisseurs and collectors, but also as those interested in a Baconian mastery of material processes, including a “history of trades.” Their antiquarian interests led to discussion of painters’ styles, and they gradually developed a visual memorial to an institution through portraits and other visual records.

scholarly journals Charles Babbage and the Ophthalmoscope

1940 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 146-148 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Active Part ◽  
Scientific Instruments ◽  
Astronomical Society ◽  
Royal Astronomical Society ◽  
Great Utility ◽  
History Of ◽  
Design And Construction

In the early part of 1940, at one of the dinners of the Royal Society A Dining Club, Sir John Parsons drew the attention of those present to a fact of some interest in the history of the Society, namely, that the Ophthalmoscope had been invented by Charles Babbage, F.R.S., in 1847, four years before H. von Helmholtz published his Eines Augen-Spiegels in 1851. Von Helmholtz however foresaw the great utility of his invention and devised a much more efficient instrument without knowing what Babbage had done and it is to him therefore that the credit belongs. Babbage is well known as a mathematician who interested himself in the design and construction of scientific instruments. He was at Peterhouse, Cambridge, and was elected to the Fellowship of the Society in 1816. From 1828 to 1839 he held the Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at Cambridge, but is said to have delivered no lectures during his tenure of it. He took an active part in the foundation of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1820, and was secretary of it until 1824.

scholarly journals Instruments and relics

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-485
Author(s):  
Rebekah Higgitt
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Early History ◽  
Scientific Instruments ◽  
Self Presentation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Royal Society Of London

Abstract Despite the age and prestige of the Royal Society of London, the history of its collections of scientific instruments and apparatus has largely been one of accidental accumulation and neglect. This article tracks their movements and the processes by which objects came to be recognized as possessing value beyond reuse or sale. From at least the mid-nineteenth century, the few surviving objects with links to the society’s early history and its most illustrious Fellows came to be termed ‘relics’, were treated with suitable reverence, put on display and made part of the society’s public self-presentation. If the more quotidian objects survived into the later 1800s, when their potential as objects for collection, research, display, reproduction and loan began to be appreciated, they are likely to have survived to the present day.

History of Philosophy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktor Kanke
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Religious Studies ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Russian Philosophy ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
Xix Century

The textbook is a sequential course in the history of philosophy. The history of philosophical innovations from antiquity to the present day is considered. The content of the philosophy of Antiquity, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, Modern times, and the XIX century is presented. Special attention is paid to the main philosophical trends of the twentieth century, as well as Russian philosophy, including the Soviet period. The course is based on the achievements of modern science, as well as analytical philosophy, phenomenology, hermeneutics, poststructuralism and other major philosophical trends of our time. The theory of conceptual transduction is used. It is intended for bachelors studying in the enlarged group of training areas 47.00.00 "Philosophy, Ethics and Religious Studies" and other training areas. It is of considerable interest to a wide range of readers interested in the development of philosophical knowledge.

scholarly journals About the Founding of Sarajevo

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (41) ◽  
pp. 85-97
Author(s):  
Aladin Husić ◽  
Behija Zlatar ◽  
Enes Pelidija
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Careful Selection ◽  
Urban Settlement ◽  
The Status ◽  
Urban Settlements ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City ◽  
Selection Of

This paper highlights the significance of dates in the history of all settlements, and in particular an urban settlement, and the significance of introducing them into their chronological calendar. This is particulary significant for urban settlements and the dates of their gaining the status of a city, which is a very important historical and civilizational act by which the proper legal status of a settlement and its inhabitants would be acknowledged and verified. By this act, a settlement was singled out from a multitude of other populated places in its surroundings for its urban, social and cultural characteristics with regard to its status. This matter raises no questions by any means about the continuity of life in the wider area of an emerging or newly- declared urban settlement. However, the differences in status and socioeconomic aspects are clearly shown. A complex legal procedure for gaining, acknowledging and verifying the status of a city in the case of Sarajevo had to be observed. The motives for choosing the location for building a new complex were highlighted, the complex with suitable urban facilities and under the urban criteria that needed to be met in order to be able in any way to apply for the status of a city. A source on this matter, produced immediately after the foundation of the city and its legal verification, contains an answer to such questions. The careful selection of the location for the emerging city was made, namely the land for those facilities was chosen by the founder „ ... because he found it suitable for building a šeher (city) on it... “ This syntagm also answers the question of whether it is an entirely new or some earlier founded settlement. The Brodac Settlement, with a newly- formed city founded within its boundaries, appears in the sources in parallel with the name of the city of Sarajevo until the middle of the 16th century, which clearly confirms that it was a completely new settlement that had been founded within the boundaries of the Brodac village, and surely it had not been founded on a previously built rural or town settlement. Moreover, other settlements found in the vicinity of the city kept their names from the Middle Ages and throughout centuries to the present day they have been recognisable and distinguishable for those names as the parts of the Sarajevo city zone.

scholarly journals History of Psychology

Psychology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Devonis ◽  
Wade Pickren
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Special Section ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
The United States ◽  
History Of Psychology ◽  
Standard Textbook ◽  
History Of ◽  
Selection Of

At its inception as a specialty within psychology in the first decades of the 20th century, the history of psychology was usually conceived as an extension of the history of philosophy, with perhaps some special attention given to the development of modern science. Within the last thirty years, the history of psychology has come of age and has become as diverse as its sprawling subject: historical studies have proliferated as psychologists’ activities have expanded and diversified. Alongside the original purpose of delineating the evolution of psychology from the historical roots of science, philosophy, medicine, and other intellectual traditions, recent histories of psychology have been very concerned with describing and explaining the social, organizational, and political context of psychological events and theories. Thus, the scholar of the history of any area of psychology would do well to become acquainted with other specialized literature not only of the specific area of psychology in which the historical events take place, but also of the political, social, and economic systems which condition them. Those with an interest in the history of any area of psychology which is not represented in any part of this necessarily selective article should adopt the attitude of confident pioneering which characterizes the leading historical scholarship in psychology today, school themselves in some basic techniques of historical investigation, and contribute to the further deepening and elaboration of our rich historical record. The timeframe of this article is the period from 1900 onward, mainly in the United States and Western Europe. This article contains a brief orientation and a section on the history of psychology as represented in Textbooks, classic and modern. There are also several sections expanding on the range of essential reference resources: Encyclopedias, Dictionaries, and Bibliographies; Compendia and Readers, along with collections of primary-source excerpts; Journals and blogs; Illustrations, Artifacts, and Archives; Timelines and Rankings of Eminence; Biography and Autobiography; and background about major Professional Organizations connected to the history of psychology. The philosophical context is represented by sections containing critiques of standard textbook history, sections that contextualize psychology’s history within the philosophy of science (see History and Philosophy of Science), a section on disciplinary taxonomy organized around the question of the Unity vs. Diversity of Psychology, and a section on several “crises” in 20th-century psychology. There is a selection of works surveying the transformation of psychology from science to applied technology (see the Transition from Science to Technology, 1880–1970). Histories of Subfields—theoretical and applied, with a special section on clinical psychology—are included, along with sections detailing the history of psychology in the contexts of Race, Ethnicity, and Culture as well as Gender. Finally, the section on Future Directions includes a selection of works pointing toward areas of potential future development in the field.

Geschiedenis Van Leerstofselectie Voor Het Vreemde-Talenonderwijs

1977 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 37-46
Author(s):  
J.P. Menting
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Language Teaching ◽  
Foreign Language Teaching ◽  
Short History ◽  
Short Discussion ◽  
International Language ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Function ◽  
Selection Of

A short history is sketched of the selection of vocabulary in foreign language teaching. The author briefly touches on the position and function of Latin in classical times and the changes thereof in the Renaissance. Gradually, from the end of the Middle Ages French took over as an international language. So French had to be taught. And vocabulary to be selected. Frequency of occurrence as a principle of selection was not consciously applied, however, before the 20th century. The remainder of the article deals with the history of the frequency lists in this century and explains the methods used, the difficulties, the advancement since computers assist the selector, and the appli-cations to foreign language teaching. The author concludes with a short discussion of why selection is still a problem and according to him still necessary.

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