scholarly journals Coordinating cell polarity and cell cycle progression: what can we learn from flies and worms?

Open Biology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (8) ◽  
pp. 130083 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Noatynska ◽  
Nicolas Tavernier ◽  
Monica Gotta ◽  
Lionel Pintard
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Cell Cycle Progression ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Asymmetric Cell Division ◽  
Control Cell ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Cycle Progression

Spatio-temporal coordination of events during cell division is crucial for animal development. In recent years, emerging data have strengthened the notion that tight coupling of cell cycle progression and cell polarity in dividing cells is crucial for asymmetric cell division and ultimately for metazoan development. Although it is acknowledged that such coupling exists, the molecular mechanisms linking the cell cycle and cell polarity machineries are still under investigation. Key cell cycle regulators control cell polarity, and thus influence cell fate determination and/or differentiation, whereas some factors involved in cell polarity regulate cell cycle timing and proliferation potential. The scope of this review is to discuss the data linking cell polarity and cell cycle progression, and the importance of such coupling for asymmetric cell division. Because studies in model organisms such as Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster have started to reveal the molecular mechanisms of this coordination, we will concentrate on these two systems. We review examples of molecular mechanisms suggesting a coupling between cell polarity and cell cycle progression.

scholarly journals JAK/STAT pathway promotes Drosophila neuroblast proliferation via the direct CycE regulation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lijuan Du ◽  
Jian Wang
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Cell Cycle Progression ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Control Cell ◽  
Proliferative Potential ◽  
Cell Cycle Regulators ◽  
Cycle Progression ◽  
Stat Signaling ◽  
Stat Pathway

AbstractHow neural stem cells regulate their proliferative potential and lineage diversity is a central problem in developmental neurobiology. Drosophila Mushroom bodies (MBs), centers of olfactory learning and memory, are generated by a specific set of neuroblasts (Nbs) that are born in the embryonic stage and continuously proliferate till the end of the pupal stage. Although MB presents an excellent model for studying neural stem cell proliferation, the genetic and molecular mechanisms that control the unique proliferative characteristics of the MB Nbs are largely unknown. Further, the signaling cues controlling cell cycle regulators to promote cell cycle progression in MB Nbs remain poorly understood. Here, we report that JAK/STAT signaling pathway is required for the proliferation activity and maintenance of MB Nbs. Loss of JAK/STAT activity severely reduces the later-born MB neuron types and leads to premature neuroblast termination, which can be rescued by tissue-specific overexpression of CycE and diap1. Higher JAK/STAT pathway activity in MB results in more neurons, without producing supernumerary Nbs. Furthermore, we show that JAK/STAT signaling effector Stat92E directly regulates CycE transcription in MB Nbs. Finally, MB Nb clones of loss or excess CycE phenocopy those of decreased or increased JAK/STAT signaling pathway activities. We conclude that JAK/STAT signaling controls MB Nb proliferative activity through directly regulating CycE expression to control cell cycle progression.

scholarly journals Analysis of Cell Cycle Progression in the Budding Yeast S. cerevisiae

2021 ◽  
pp. 265-276
Author(s):  
Deniz Pirincci Ercan ◽  
Frank Uhlmann
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Cell Cycle Progression ◽  
Budding Yeast ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Cyclin Dependent Kinase ◽  
Cycle Progression ◽  
Daughter Cells ◽  
Substrate Phosphorylation

AbstractThe cell cycle is an ordered series of events by which cells grow and divide to give rise to two daughter cells. In eukaryotes, cyclin–cyclin-dependent kinase (cyclin–Cdk) complexes act as master regulators of the cell division cycle by phosphorylating numerous substrates. Their activity and expression profiles are regulated in time. The budding yeast S. cerevisiae was one of the pioneering model organisms to study the cell cycle. Its genetic amenability continues to make it a favorite model to decipher the principles of how changes in cyclin-Cdk activity translate into the intricate sequence of substrate phosphorylation events that govern the cell cycle. In this chapter, we introduce robust and straightforward methods to analyze cell cycle progression in S. cerevisiae. These techniques can be utilized to describe cell cycle events and to address the effects of perturbations on accurate and timely cell cycle progression.

scholarly journals Cycling in a crowd: coordination of plant cell division, growth, and cell fate

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Sablowski ◽  
Crisanto Gutierrez
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Cell Cycle Progression ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Cell Fates ◽  
Cycle Progression ◽  
Cell Divisions ◽  
Major Player

Abstract The reiterative organogenesis that drives plant growth relies on the constant production of new cells, which remain encased by interconnected cell walls. For these reasons, plant morphogenesis strictly depends on the rate and orientation of both cell division and cell growth. Important progress has been made in recent years in understanding how cell cycle progression and the orientation of cell divisions are coordinated with cell and organ growth and with the acquisition of specialized cell fates. We review basic concepts and players in plant cell cycle and division, and then focus on their links to growth-related cues, such as metabolic state, cell size, cell geometry, and cell mechanics, and on how cell cycle progression and cell division are linked to specific cell fates. The retinoblastoma pathway has emerged as a major player in the coordination of the cell cycle with both growth and cell identity, while microtubule dynamics are central in the coordination of oriented cell divisions. Future challenges include clarifying feedbacks between growth and cell cycle progression, revealing the molecular basis of cell division orientation in response to mechanical and chemical signals, and probing the links between cell fate changes and chromatin dynamics during the cell cycle.

scholarly journals The FACT complex and cell cycle progression are essential to maintain asymmetric transcription factor partitioning during cell division

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Herrero ◽  
Sonia Stinus ◽  
Eleanor Bellows ◽  
Peter H Thorpe
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Cell Cycle Progression ◽  
Asymmetric Cell Division ◽  
Cycle Progression ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Daughter Cells ◽  
Cycle Arrest ◽  
Reverse Genetic Screen

AbstractThe polarized partitioning of proteins in cells underlies asymmetric cell division, which is an important driver of development and cellular diversity. Like most cells, the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae divides asymmetrically to give two distinct daughter cells. This asymmetry mimics that seen in metazoans and the key regulatory proteins are conserved from yeast to human. A well-known example of an asymmetric protein is the transcription factor Ace2, which localizes specifically to the daughter nucleus, where it drives a daughter-specific transcriptional network. We performed a reverse genetic screen to look for regulators of asymmetry based on the Ace2 localization phenotype. We screened a collection of essential genes in order to analyze the effect of core cellular processes in asymmetric cell division. This identified a large number of mutations that are known to affect progression through the cell cycle, suggesting that cell cycle delay is sufficient to disrupt Ace2 asymmetry. To test this model we blocked cells from progressing through mitosis and found that prolonged cell cycle arrest is sufficient to disrupt Ace2 asymmetry after release. We also demonstrate that members of the evolutionary conserved FACT chromatin-remodeling complex are required for both asymmetric and cell cycle-regulated localization of Ace2.

scholarly journals Surface sensing stimulates cellular differentiation inCaulobacter crescentus

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (30) ◽  
pp. 17984-17991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rhett A. Snyder ◽  
Courtney K. Ellison ◽  
Geoffrey B. Severin ◽  
Gregory B. Whitfield ◽  
Christopher M. Waters ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Cellular Differentiation ◽  
Cell Cycle Progression ◽  
Caulobacter Crescentus ◽  
Control Cell ◽  
Chromosome Replication ◽  
Cycle Progression ◽  
Surface Sensing ◽  
Surface Contact

Cellular differentiation is a fundamental strategy used by cells to generate specialized functions at specific stages of development. The bacteriumCaulobacter crescentusemploys a specialized dimorphic life cycle consisting of two differentiated cell types. How environmental cues, including mechanical inputs such as contact with a surface, regulate this cell cycle remain unclear. Here, we find that surface sensing by the physical perturbation of retracting extracellular pilus filaments accelerates cell-cycle progression and cellular differentiation. We show that physical obstruction of dynamic pilus activity by chemical perturbation or by a mutation in the outer-membrane pilus secretin CpaC stimulates early initiation of chromosome replication. In addition, we find that surface contact stimulates cell-cycle progression by demonstrating that surface-stimulated cells initiate early chromosome replication to the same extent as planktonic cells with obstructed pilus activity. Finally, we show that obstruction of pilus retraction stimulates the synthesis of the cell-cycle regulator cyclic diguanylate monophosphate (c-di-GMP) through changes in the activity and localization of two key regulatory histidine kinases that control cell fate and differentiation. Together, these results demonstrate that surface contact and sensing by alterations in pilus activity stimulateC. crescentusto bypass its developmentally programmed temporal delay in cell differentiation to more quickly adapt to a surface-associated lifestyle.

scholarly journals ENSA and ARPP19 differentially control cell cycle progression and development

2019 ◽  
Vol 218 (2) ◽  
pp. 541-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khaled Hached ◽  
Perrine Goguet ◽  
Sophie Charrasse ◽  
Suzanne Vigneron ◽  
Maria P. Sacristan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Cell Cycle Progression ◽  
Control Cell ◽  
Mitotic Division ◽  
Mouse Embryonic Fibroblast ◽  
Conditional Knockout ◽  
Cycle Progression ◽  
Mouse Embryogenesis ◽  
Gene Ablation

Greatwall (GWL) is an essential kinase that indirectly controls PP2A-B55, the phosphatase counterbalancing cyclin B/CDK1 activity during mitosis. In Xenopus laevis egg extracts, GWL-mediated phosphorylation of overexpressed ARPP19 and ENSA turns them into potent PP2A-B55 inhibitors. It has been shown that the GWL/ENSA/PP2A-B55 axis contributes to the control of DNA replication, but little is known about the role of ARPP19 in cell division. By using conditional knockout mouse models, we investigated the specific roles of ARPP19 and ENSA in cell division. We found that Arpp19, but not Ensa, is essential for mouse embryogenesis. Moreover, Arpp19 ablation dramatically decreased mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) viability by perturbing the temporal pattern of protein dephosphorylation during mitotic progression, possibly by a drop of PP2A-B55 activity inhibition. We show that these alterations are not prevented by ENSA, which is still expressed in Arpp19Δ/Δ MEFs, suggesting that ARPP19 is essential for mitotic division. Strikingly, we demonstrate that unlike ARPP19, ENSA is not required for early embryonic development. Arpp19 knockout did not perturb the S phase, unlike Ensa gene ablation. We conclude that, during mouse embryogenesis, the Arpp19 and Ensa paralog genes display specific functions by differentially controlling cell cycle progression.

scholarly journals Asymmetric Transcription Factor Partitioning During Yeast Cell Division Requires the FACT Chromatin Remodeler and Cell Cycle Progression

Genetics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 216 (3) ◽  
pp. 701-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Herrero ◽  
Sonia Stinus ◽  
Eleanor Bellows ◽  
Lisa K. Berry ◽  
Henry Wood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Cell Cycle Progression ◽  
Asymmetric Cell Division ◽  
Cycle Progression ◽  
Cell Cycle Delay ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Ram Network

The polarized partitioning of proteins in cells underlies asymmetric cell division, which is an important driver of development and cellular diversity. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae divides asymmetrically, like many other cells, to generate two distinct progeny cells. A well-known example of an asymmetric protein is the transcription factor Ace2, which localizes specifically to the daughter nucleus, where it drives a daughter-specific transcriptional network. We screened a collection of essential genes to analyze the effects of core cellular processes in asymmetric cell division based on Ace2 localization. This screen identified mutations that affect progression through the cell cycle, suggesting that cell cycle delay is sufficient to disrupt Ace2 asymmetry. To test this model, we blocked cells from progressing through mitosis and found that prolonged metaphase delay is sufficient to disrupt Ace2 asymmetry after release, and that Ace2 asymmetry is restored after cytokinesis. We also demonstrate that members of the evolutionarily conserved facilitates chromatin transcription (FACT) chromatin-reorganizing complex are required for both asymmetric and cell cycle-regulated localization of Ace2, and for localization of the RAM network components.

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