Rich do not rise early: spatio-temporal patterns in the mobility networks of different socio-economic classes

We analyse the urban mobility in the cities of Medellín and Manizales (Colombia). Each city is represented by six mobility networks, each one encoding the origin-destination trips performed by a subset of the population corresponding to a particular socio-economic status. The nodes of each network are the different urban locations whereas links account for the existence of a trip between two different areas of the city. We study the main structural properties of these mobility networks by focusing on their spatio-temporal patterns. Our goal is to relate these patterns with the partition into six socio-economic compartments of these two societies. Our results show that spatial and temporal patterns vary across these socio-economic groups. In particular, the two datasets show that as wealth increases the early-morning activity is delayed, the midday peak becomes smoother and the spatial distribution of trips becomes more localized.

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THE NEW RADIOCARBON DATASET FOR TRILITH MONUMENTS OF SOUTHEASTERN ARABIA

Radiocarbon ◽

10.1017/rdc.2020.123 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

R Garba ◽

P Demján ◽

I Svetlik ◽

D Dreslerová

Keyword(s):

Iron Age ◽

Temporal Patterns ◽

Temporal Analysis ◽

Coastal Plains ◽

Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽

Two Phase ◽

Stone Monuments ◽

South Central ◽

Geographical Expansion ◽

Spatio Temporal

ABSTRACT Triliths are megalithic monuments scattered across the coastal plains of southern and southeastern Arabia. They consist of aligned standing stones with a parallel row of large hearths and form a space, the meaning of which is undoubtedly significant but nonetheless still unknown. This paper presents a new radiocarbon (14C) dataset acquired during the two field seasons 2018–2019 of the TSMO (Trilith Stone Monuments of Oman) project which investigated the spatial and temporal patterns of the triliths. The excavation and sampling of trilith hearths across Oman yielded a dataset of 30 new 14C dates, extending the use of trilith monuments to as early as the Iron Age III period (600–300 BC). The earlier dates are linked to two-phase trilith sites in south-central Oman. The three 14C pairs collected from the two-phase trilith sites indicated gaps between the trilith construction phases from 35 to 475 years (2 σ). The preliminary spatio-temporal analysis shows the geographical expansion of populations using trilith monuments during the 5th to 1st century BC and a later pull back in the 1st and 2nd century AD. The new 14C dataset for trilith sites will help towards a better understanding of Iron Age communities in southeastern Arabia.

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Successive epidemic waves of cholera in South Sudan, 2014 - 2017

10.1101/2020.10.09.20209262 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Forrest K Jones ◽

Joseph F Wamala ◽

John Rumunu ◽

Pinyi Nyimol Mawien ◽

Kol Mathew Tut ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Large Scale ◽

Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽

South Sudan ◽

Molecular Data ◽

Cholera Vaccine ◽

Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽

Population Movements ◽

Spatio Temporal ◽

Gates Foundation

AbstractBackgroundBetween 2014 and 2017, successive cholera epidemics occurred in South Sudan within the context of civil war, population displacement, flooding, and drought. Understanding the determinants of cholera spread in complex settings like this can provide valuable insights for mitigating future cholera risk.MethodsWe analyzed cholera linelist and molecular data to describe the spatio-temporal progression of the epidemics. We explored the role of rainfall, population movement and vaccination campaigns in shaping the explaining incidence and the spatial distribution of reported cases.FindingsSouth Sudan experienced three distinct cholera epidemic waves of cholera ranging from 6-18 months with more than 28,000 cases reported and more than 2 million cholera vaccine doses delivered to curb transmission. The 2014 and 2015 epidemics remained spatially limited while the 2016/17 epidemic exploded along the Nile river. Initial cases of each epidemic were reported in or around Juba soon after the start of the rainy season, but we found no evidence that rainfall modulated transmission during each epidemic. All isolates analyzed had similar genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, closely related to sequences from Uganda and Democratic Republic of Congo. The direction of large-scale population movements between counties with cholera outbreaks was consistent with the spatial distribution of outbreaks. As of September 2020, zero cholera cases have been confirmed within South Sudan since 2017.InterpretationThe three epidemic waves were caused by V. cholerae of the same clonal origin despite the periods of no reported cases between waves. While the complex emergency likely shaped some of the observed spatial and temporal patterns of reported cases, the full scope of transmission determinants remains unclear. Timely and well targeted use of cholera vaccine can avert cases and deaths, however, most of the vaccine campaigns occurred after the epidemic peak highlighting the challenges of delivering vaccines quickly in response to an outbreak in settings like South Sudan. These analyses provide a multi-faceted template for examining cholera dynamics through epidemiological, microbiological, climatic, and behavioral lenses.FundingThe Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation

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Structural violence and the nature of cemetery-based skeletal reference collections

Human Remains and Violence An Interdisciplinary Journal ◽

10.7227/hrv.6.2.6 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 81-103

Author(s):

Greer Vanderbyl ◽

John Albanese ◽

Hugo F. V. Cardoso

Keyword(s):

North America ◽

Historical Data ◽

Structural Violence ◽

Economic Status ◽

Low Ses ◽

Burial Practices ◽

Socio Economic Status ◽

The Poor ◽

The Relationship ◽

The City

The sourcing of cadavers for North American skeletal reference collections occurred immediately after death and targeted the poor and marginalised. In Europe, collections sourced bodies that were buried and unclaimed after some time in cemeteries with no perpetual care mandate, and may have also targeted the underprivileged. The relationship between socio-economic status (SES) and abandonment was examined in a sample of unclaimed remains (603 adults and 98 children) collected from cemeteries in the city of Lisbon, Portugal, that were incorporated in a collection. Results demonstrate that low SES individuals are not more likely to be abandoned nor to be incorporated in the collection than higher SES individuals. Furthermore, historical data indicate that the poorest were not incorporated into the collection, because of burial practices. Although the accumulation of collections in North America was facilitated by structural violence that targeted the poor and marginalised, this phenomenon seems largely absent in the Lisbon collection.

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SES effects on the use of variation sets in child-directed speech

Journal of Child Language ◽

10.1017/s0305000918000223 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 45 (6) ◽

pp. 1423-1438 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Shira TAL ◽

Inbal ARNON

Keyword(s):

Language Learning ◽

Structural Properties ◽

Economic Status ◽

Socio Economic Status ◽

Variation Sets

AbstractSocio-economic status (SES) impacts the amount and type of input children hear in ways that have developmental consequences. Here, we examine the effect of SES on the use of variation sets (successive utterances with partial self-repetitions) in child-directed speech (CDS). Variation sets have been found to facilitate language learning, but have been studied only in higher-SES groups. Here, we examine their use in naturalistic speech in two languages (Hebrew and English) for both low- and high-SES caregivers. We find that variation sets are more frequent in the input of high-SES caregivers in both languages, indicating that SES also impacts structural properties of CDS.

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A Comparison of Bats and Birds as Pollinators of Banksia integrifolia in Northern New South Wales, Australia.

Australian Mammalogy ◽

10.1071/am95009 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 9

Author(s):

D.P. Woodside ◽

G.H. Pyke

Keyword(s):

New South ◽

New South Wales ◽

Temporal Patterns ◽

Early Morning ◽

Melaleuca Quinquenervia ◽

Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽

Common Item ◽

South Wales ◽

Forested Areas ◽

Daily Patterns

We captured Queensland Blossom Bats (Syconycteris australis) feeding at the flowers of Banksia integrifolia during the night and several honeyeater species feeding at the same flowers during the day. Nearby were flowering Melaleuca quinquenervia and various forested areas including littoral rainforest. Honeyeaters appear to be more frequent visitors to the Banksia flowers than Blossom Bats but less effective at transporting pollen. When they are feeding at Banksia flowers both birds and bats carry pollen on the parts of their bodies that contact successive inflorescences. Hence, both honeyeaters and bats are likely to be pollinators of B. integrifolia in our study area. However, the flowers produce nectar and dehisce pollen primarily at night, suggesting that Blossom Bats are more important than honeyeaters as pollinators of this plant. Banksia pollen was the most common item in the diet of the Blossom Bats during our study and the bats were able to digest the contents of this pollen. Interestingly, the diet of these animals also included relatively small amounts of Melaleuca pollen, fruit and arthropods. The spatial and temporal patterns of capture of the Blossom Bats suggested that Blossom Bats prefer to forage at Banksia flowers that are near to the forested areas and that adult bats may influence where and when younger bats feed. Banksia integrifolia appears to produce nectar mostly during the night and/or early morning in two different locations, one coastal and one on the tablelands, but shows different daily patterns of pollen anthesis in these locations.

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Mental Maps of the City: Suburban Preference Patterns

Environment and Planning A Economy and Space ◽

10.1068/a030063 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 63-72 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

R J Johnston

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

New Zealand ◽

Economic Status ◽

City Centre ◽

Urban Migration ◽

Mental Maps ◽

Residential Patterns ◽

Directional Bias ◽

Socio Economic Status ◽

The City

Many sets of observations have shown that intra-urban migration is generally oriented outwards, away from the City centre. Two major suggested explanations for this directional bias are Hoyt's concept of the sectoral structuring of socio-economic status residential patterns and Adams's ideas concerning the shape of the mental images of the City which its residents hold. The present paper presents an investigation of the mental maps of some sample respondents in the Christchurch urban area, New Zealand, which asks whether these images are influenced both by the perceived socioeconomic status of the various suburbs and a restricted view of the City. The results are encouraging and suggest that both Hoyt and Adams may have been correct in formulating their ideas. It is becoming commonplace within urban research to criticise the widely-used models of intra-urban residential patterns as inappropriate. Not all would agree with this, however, so further testing is required. Among the more important aspects needing further investigation are the assumptions on which the models are based, since if these are irrelevant then the validity of the models is extremely unlikely. The aim of the present paper is such an inquiry with reference to Hoyt's sectoral model of the residential patterns of socio-economic status groups.

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Spatio-Temporal Analysis to Dynamically Map and Audit Urban Growth in Peri-Urban Areas

International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning ◽

10.18280/ijsdp.160506 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (5) ◽

pp. 853-868

Author(s):

Yasser ElSayed Fouda ◽

Deena Mohamed ElKhazendar

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Urban Growth ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Temporal Patterns ◽

Temporal Analysis ◽

Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽

Model Framework ◽

Measurement Framework ◽

Spatio Temporal

Villages located today in the peri-urban area, are in continuous agglomeration. The lack of proper guidelines and monitoring systems to define, promote, regulate and manage the pattern of development in these areas, causes massive deteriorations to the environment and quality of life. In Egypt, very few states have a dedicated legal framework that addresses the need for planned development in the peri-urban areas. A Spatio-temporal model framework consisting of a set of geospatial indicators is required to regulate and direct the growth and development of these areas and prevent further spill across administrative boundaries. This article responds to the lack of a geo-spatial quantifiable criterion as a key to detect, analyze, and better govern spatial and temporal patterns of urban growth in peri-urban areas, where the results are to be represented dynamically in forms of spatial patterns evolving in time. The research aims to develop a process-wise, contextual mapping of peri-urban dynamics using GIS to detect and analyze spatial and temporal patterns of urban growth. It has been applied to one of the peri-urban areas in Egypt, in Meet Assas Village, chosen as a case study. Miscellaneous primary and secondary data sources together with the methods used for monitoring: UN Criteria (Goal 11) targets, thematic headlines, village’s problems and geo-spatial indicators were the main constitutions of the model frame work. The results show that the village is characterized by a dispersed pattern of development with the absence of basic infrastructure and services. Besides that, the study reveals, through temporal patterns, that the future and unplanned growth will continue to intensify; posing numerous threats on the environment and the quality of life. A harmonized standardized measurement framework for planning, development, and management is crucial rather than demolishing these areas.

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Precise Event-level Prediction of Urban Crime Reveals Signature of Enforcement Bias

10.21203/rs.3.rs-192156/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Victor Rotaru ◽

Yi Huang ◽

Timmy Li ◽

James Evans ◽

Ishanu Chattopadhyay

Keyword(s):

Economic Status ◽

Urban Crime ◽

Crime Rates ◽

Predictive Tools ◽

Black Boxes ◽

The Social ◽

Spatio Temporal ◽

Negative Impacts ◽

Stochastic Inference ◽

The City

Abstract Policing efforts to thwart urban crime often rely on detailed reports of criminal infractions. However, crime rates do not document the distribution of crime in isolation, but rather its complex relationship with policing and society. Several results attempting to predict future crime now exist, with varying degrees of predictive efficacy. However, the very idea of predictive policing has stirred controversy, with the algorithms being largely black boxes producing little to no insight into the social system of crime, and its rules of organization. The issue of how enforcement interacts with, modulates, and reinforces crime has been rarely addressed in the context of precise event predictions. In this study, we demonstrate that predictive tools are not purely an instrument enhacing state power, but may be effectively used to seek out systemic biases in urban enforcement. We introduce a novel stochastic inference algorithm as a new forecasting approach that learns spatio-temporal dependencies from individual event reports with demonstrated performance far surpassing past results (e.g., average AUC of ~90% in the City of Chicago for property and violent crimes predicted a week in advance within spatial tiles ~1000ft across). These precise predictions enable equally precise evaluation of inequities in law enforcement, discovering that response to increased crime rates is biased by the socio-economic status of neighborhoods, draining policy resources to wealthy areas with disproportionately negative impacts for the inner city, as demonstrated in Chicago and six other major U.S. metropolitan areas. While the emergence of powerful predictive tools raise concerns regarding the unprecedented power they place in the hands of over-zealous states in the name of civilian protection, our approach demonstrates how sophisticated algorithms enable us to audit enforcement biases, and hold states accountable in ways previously inconceivable.

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Spatial and temporal patterns of human Puumala virus (PUUV) infections in Germany

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.4255 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

pp. e4255 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Sarah Cunze ◽

Judith Kochmann ◽

Thomas Kuhn ◽

Raphael Frank ◽

Dorian D. Dörge ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Temporal Patterns ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Reservoir Host ◽

Human Infection ◽

Environmental Data ◽

Myodes Glareolus ◽

Puumala Virus ◽

Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽

Bank Voles ◽

Spatio Temporal

Background Worldwide, the number of recorded human hantavirus infections as well as the number of affected countries is on the rise. In Europe, most human hantavirus infections are caused by the Puumala virus (PUUV), with bank voles (Myodes glareolus) as reservoir hosts. Generally, infection outbreaks have been related to environmental conditions, particularly climatic conditions, food supply for the reservoir species and land use. However, although attempts have been made, the insufficient availability of environmental data is often hampering accurate temporal and spatially explicit models of human hantavirus infections. Methods In the present study, dynamics of human PUUV infections between 2001 and 2015 were explored using ArcGIS in order to identify spatio-temporal patterns. Results Percentage cover of forest area was identified as an important factor for the spatial pattern, whereas beech mast was found explaining temporal patterns of human PUUV infections in Germany. High numbers of infections were recorded in 2007, 2010 and 2012 and areas with highest records were located in Baden-Wuerttemberg (southwest Germany) and North Rhine-Westphalia (western Germany). Conclusion More reliable data on reservoir host distribution, pathogen verification as well as an increased awareness of physicians are some of the factors that should improve future human infection risk assessments in Germany.

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What can we learn from untapped wildlife rescue databases? The masked lapwing as a case study

Pacific Conservation Biology ◽

10.1071/pc18003 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

pp. 148 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Graham H. Pyke ◽

Judit K. Szabo

Keyword(s):

Threatened Species ◽

Human Activities ◽

Temporal Patterns ◽

Relevant Information ◽

Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽

Biologically Relevant ◽

Information Research ◽

Spatio Temporal ◽

Research And Education ◽

Management And Conservation

Much untapped potential exists for research based on wildlife rescues and surveys by citizen scientists. Many vertebrate animals are injured or threatened with injury through human activities and warrant ‘rescue’, generally by volunteers. Faunal surveys, involving citizen scientists, yield complementary biologically relevant information. Research using these databases can indicate spatial and temporal patterns in abundance and risk of mishap, potentially informing management and conservation for threatened species. However, little research has utilised such databases, with few implications for conservation, leaving a wealth of available information. We used the masked lapwing (Vanellus miles), an Australian shorebird, to illustrate the research potential of a rescue database combined with bird survey data. This species nests and feeds on the ground, has flightless young dependent on parents for protection, and is commonly observed in urban and agricultural areas. Consequently, it is often recorded during bird surveys and is frequently rescued. Combining rescue information with abundance estimates from bird surveys should confirm or refine knowledge about abundance and reproductive biology, and indicate spatio-temporal patterns in the risks encountered. To evaluate these expectations, we obtained date, location and age for lapwings rescued by NSW Wildlife Information Research and Education Service during 2005–2013, and monthly reporting rates from New Atlas of Australian Birds during 1999–2010. Numbers of rescued lapwing chicks, juveniles and adults per month were consistent with the life cycle of this species, and risks from vehicles, pets and other human activities. Our results illustrate how research utilising rescue and fauna survey databases could inform management and conservation of threatened species.

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