scholarly journals Sex differences in social focus across the life cycle in humans

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 160097 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kunal Bhattacharya ◽  
Asim Ghosh ◽  
Daniel Monsivais ◽  
Robin I. M. Dunbar ◽  
Kimmo Kaski
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Social Investment ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Investment Patterns ◽  
Social Effort ◽  
The Way

Age and gender are two important factors that play crucial roles in the way organisms allocate their social effort. In this study, we analyse a large mobile phone dataset to explore the way life history influences human sociality and the way social networks are structured. Our results indicate that these aspects of human behaviour are strongly related to age and gender such that younger individuals have more contacts and, among them, males more than females. However, the rate of decrease in the number of contacts with age differs between males and females, such that there is a reversal in the number of contacts around the late 30s. We suggest that this pattern can be attributed to the difference in reproductive investments that are made by the two sexes. We analyse the inequality in social investment patterns and suggest that the age- and gender-related differences we find reflect the constraints imposed by reproduction in a context where time (a form of social capital) is limited.

scholarly journals The relative validity and repeatability of an FFQ for estimating intake of zinc and its absorption modifiers in young and older Saudi adults

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 968-976 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadeil M Alsufiani ◽  
Fatmah Yamani ◽  
Taha A Kumosani ◽  
Dianne Ford ◽  
John C Mathers
Keyword(s):  
Phytic Acid ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Food Record ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Relative Validity ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Groups

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the relative validity and repeatability of a sixty-four-item FFQ for estimating dietary intake of Zn and its absorption modifiers in Saudi adults. In addition, we used the FFQ to investigate the effect of age and gender on these intakes.DesignTo assess validity, all participants completed the FFQ (FFQ1) and a 3 d food record. After 1 month, the FFQ was administered for a second time (FFQ2) to assess repeatability.SettingJeddah, Saudi Arabia.SubjectsOne hundred males and females aged 20–30 years and 60–70 years participated.ResultsMean intakes of Zn and protein from FFQ1 were significantly higher than those from the food record while there were no detectable differences between tools for measurement of phytic acid intake. Estimated intakes of Zn, protein and phytate by both approaches were strongly correlated (P<0·001). Bland–Altman analysis showed for protein that the difference in intake as measured by the two methods was similar across the range of intakes while for Zn and phytic acid, the difference increased with increasing mean intake. Zn and protein intakes from FFQ1 and FFQ2 were highly correlated (r>0·68,P<0·001) but were significantly lower at the second measurement (FFQ2). Older adults consumed less Zn and protein compared with young adults. Intakes of all dietary components were lower in females than in males.ConclusionsThe FFQ developed and tested in the current study demonstrated reasonable relative validity and high repeatability and was capable of detecting differences in intakes between age and gender groups.

scholarly journals Association Between Cervical Abrasion and Age and Its Influence on Gender - A Retrospective Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL3) ◽  
pp. 441-446
Author(s):  
Nur Liyana Hannah Binti Izham Akmal ◽  
Adimulapu Hima Sandeep ◽  
Revathi Duraisamy
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Mechanical Forces ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Cervical Lesions ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Tooth Structure ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Gender

Cervical lesions are often characterized by defects seen in the gingival third of a tooth crown which may be in the facial or lingual surface. Pathological loss of tooth structure caused by factors other than dental caries such as cervical abrasion is referred to as non-carious cervical lesions (NCCL). Cervical abrasion is an example of NCCL in which a constant exposure of the tooth to mechanical forces leads to pathological wearing away of the hard tissues. In most of the cases, cervical tooth lesions are revealed to be more common as the age increases. Several studies have reported the difference in the prevalence of cervical abrasion between males and females. Many reports suggest that cervical abrasion is commonly associated with improper tooth brushing habits. To evaluate the prevalence of cervical abrasion between genders and its influence on age. It is a retrospective study conducted using the case records of Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, India from June 2019 to March 2020. Data including the patient’s name, patient’s identification number (PID), age, gender and presence of cervical abrasion were retrieved from the patients’ case records. A total of 742 consecutive case records were retrieved and analysed. Cervical abrasion was observed in 371 individuals of this study. High prevalence of cervical abrasions was seen in males (70.9%) compared to females (29.1%). Most of the cases were observed in individuals within the 41-50 years age group (28.8%), and the least was seen within the 11-20 years age group (0.3%). Within the limits of the study, most of the cervical abrasion cases are recorded in individuals within the 41-50 years age group with higher predilection in males. There is a statistically significant association of cervical abrasion with age and gender.

Experimental Investigation into Driver Behavior along Curved and Parallel Diverging Terminals of Exit Interchange Ramps

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812199742
Author(s):  
Alberto Portera ◽  
Marco Bassani
Keyword(s):  
Design Stage ◽  
Lane Change ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
Current Design ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Safety Countermeasures ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Curve Radius

Current design manuals provide guidance on how to design exit ramps to facilitate driving operations and minimize the incidence of crashes. They also suggest that interchanges should be built along straight roadway sections. These criteria may prove ineffective in situations where there is no alternative to terminals being located along curved motorway segments. The paper investigates driving behavior along parallel deceleration curved terminals, with attention paid to the difference in impact between terminals having a curvature which is the same sign as the motorway segment (i.e., continue design), and those having an opposite curvature (i.e., reverse design). A driving simulation study was set up to collect longitudinal and transversal driver behavioral data in response to experimental factor variations. Forty-eight drivers were stratified on the basis of age and gender, and asked to drive along three randomly assigned circuits with off-ramps obtained by combining experimental factors such as motorway mainline curve radius (2 values), terminal length (3), curve direction (2), and traffic conditions (2). The motorway radius was found to be significant for drivers’ preferred speed when approaching the terminal. Terminal length and traffic volume do not have a significant impact on either longitudinal or transversal driver outputs. However, the effect of curve direction was found to be significant, notably for reverse terminals which do not compel drivers to select appropriate speeds and lane change positions. This terminal type can give rise to critical driving situations that should be considered at the design stage to facilitate the adoption of appropriate safety countermeasures.

scholarly journals The bowel and beyond: extracolonic findings from CT colonography

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerard Lambe ◽  
Peter Hughes ◽  
Louise Rice ◽  
Caoimhe McDonnell ◽  
Mark Murphy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ct Colonography ◽  
Surgical Intervention ◽  
Potential Significance ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Abdominal Aortic ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Extracolonic Findings ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
And Gender

AbstractCT colonography has emerged as the investigation of choice for suspected colorectal cancer in patients when a colonoscopy in incomplete, is deemed high risk or is declined because of patient preference. Unlike a traditional colonoscopy, it frequently reveals extracolonic as well as colonic findings. Our study aimed to determine the prevalence, characteristics and potential significance of extracolonic findings on CT colonography within our own institution. A retrospective review was performed of 502 patients who underwent CT colonography in our institution between January 1, 2010 and January 4, 2015. Of 502 patients, 60.63% had at least one extracolonic finding. This was close to other similar-sized studies (Kumar et al. Radiology 236(2):519–526, 2005). However, our rate of E4 findings was significantly higher than that reported in larger studies at 5.3%(Pooler et al. AJR 206:313–318, 2016). The difference may be explained by our combination of symptomatic/screening patients or by the age and gender distribution of our population. Our study lends support to the hypothesis that CT colonography may be particularly useful in identifying clinically significant extracolonic findings in symptomatic patients. CT colonography may allow early identification of extracolonic malignancies and life-threatening conditions such as an abdominal aortic aneurysm at a preclinical stage when they are amenable to medical or surgical intervention. However, extracolonic findings may also result in unnecessary investigations for subsequently benign findings.

Sex differences in melanotic encapsulation responses (immunocompetence) in the damselfly Lestes forcipatus Rambur

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (9) ◽  
pp. 1578-1583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher P Yourth ◽  
Mark R Forbes ◽  
Robert L Baker
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Mass Gain ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Foreign Objects ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Parasitic Mites ◽  
Melanotic Encapsulation

A few studies have shown that male and female invertebrates differ in immunity and that these differences appear related to differences in sexual dimorphism and gender differences in life histories. Melanotic encapsulation of foreign objects in insects is one form of immunity. The damselfly Lestes forcipatus Rambur is moderately sexually dimorphic, and much is known about patterns of mass gain in congeners relating to differences in life history between males and females. In this study, females were more immunoresponsive than males under controlled temperatures, following emergence, and at a time when parasitic mites were challenging these hosts. However, males and females that overlapped in mass at emergence did not differ in their immune responses. Males in better condition at emergence were more immunoresponsive than lighter males, but this relation was not found in females. Sex differences in immune expression may have implications for how females versus males are able to deal with challenges from parasites, under varying environmental conditions.

Analysis of the prevalence type in the adolescents’ social networks use by age and gender

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Belen González-Larrea ◽  
María José Hernández-Serrano ◽  
Paula Renés-Arellano
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
And Gender

scholarly journals The Influence of a Vitrectomy on the Diurnal Intraocular Pressure

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Woo Lee ◽  
Joon Mo Kim ◽  
Seong Hee Shim ◽  
Da Yeong Kim ◽  
Jeong Hun Bae ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intraocular Pressure ◽  
Diurnal Fluctuation ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Diurnal Iop ◽  
Maximum Minimum ◽  
Normal Controls ◽  
Healthy Eyes

Purpose. To evaluate the diurnal intraocular pressure (IOP) in eyes after vitrectomy compared to that of healthy eyes.Methods. Twenty-one patients who had undergone vitrectomy and 21 age- and gender-matched normal controls were enrolled during the same period. We measured the diurnal IOP every two hours between 9 a.m. and 11 p.m. in all patients who were admitted for cataract surgery. Patients with a history of eye surgery (not including vitrectomy) or use of a medication that is associated with IOP were excluded. The IOP and ocular parameters of patients were compared with the same patients’ fellow healthy eyes and with normal eyes of age- and gender-matched controls.Results. There were no significant differences between vitrectomized eyes and normal fellow eyes with regard to all IOP parameters including the maximum, minimum, and IOP fluctuation values. Diurnal fluctuation of IOP (or the difference between the maximum and minimum IOP) was larger in vitrectomized eyes than it was in age- and gender-matched control eyes.Conclusions. Vitrectomy did not markedly affect the IOP. Although there were no severe complications after vitrectomy, the IOP fluctuation was wider in vitrectomized eyes than it was in normal eyes.

Strength, Size, and Muscle Quality in the Upper Arm following Unilateral Training in Younger and Older Males and Females

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. CMAMD.S1180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah C. Tanton ◽  
Thomas A. Cappaert ◽  
Paul M. Gordon ◽  
Robert F. Zoeller ◽  
Theodore J. Angelopoulos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Quality ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Older Subjects ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Unilateral Training ◽  
Older Males

Purpose To assess strength, size, and muscle quality differences between younger and older males and females in response to training. Methods The bicep and tricep of the non-dominant arm were trained for twelve weeks in younger and older males and females (n = 41). The bicep of both arms were assessed pre and post for muscle strength using one-repetition maximum (1 RM) testing, and size using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Results Strength (p < 0.05), mCSA (p < 0.05), and 1 RM MQ (p < 0.00) increased in response to training in all subjects regardless of age or gender. Younger and older subjects had similar increases in strength (45.49 ± 15.30% vs. 42.67 ± 26.67% respectively), mCSA (16.22 ± 7.98% vs. 19.17 ± 6.19% respectively), and 1RM MQ (25.73 ± 15.76 vs. 19.67 ± 20.66 respectively). Women increased their strength (55.59 ± 19.45% vs. 32.87 ± 15.66% p < 0.00 respectively), size (20.36 ± 6.29% vs. 14.72 ± 7.28% p < 0.02 respectively), and 1 RM MQ (29.74 ± 18.33% vs. 16.30 ± 15.59% p <.02) more than men. In comparing age and gender, younger females increased their strength more than older males (56.42 ± 12.92% vs. 29.17 ± 21.8% p <.02 respectively). Older females also increased their strength more than older males (54.68 ± 25.73 vs. 29.17 ± 21.80% respectively). Younger females increased their 1 RM MQ more than older males (.18 ± .08 kg/cm vs. .06 ± .08 kg/cm p <.02 respectively). Conclusion Strength and mCSA increases similarly in older and younger subjects. However, the overall strength and quality of the muscle seems to improve more in women than in men.

Subjective Time Experience in an Intergenerational Sample

1981 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela E. Cooper ◽  
L. Eugene Thomas ◽  
Scott J. Stevens ◽  
David Suscovich
Keyword(s):  
Age Differences ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Subjective Time ◽  
Subjective Age ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Adult Men ◽  
Time Experience ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Gender

The roles chronological age and gender play in subjective time experience were explored in a sample of 294 adult men and women. Subjective time experience (STE: the difference between subjective age and chronological age) was found to vary widely among individuals, with some being “accurate” (SA = CA), and others either “retarded” (SA < CA) or “advanced” (SA > CA). Males were more retarded in STE than females at every point in the lifespan, and patterns of age differences in adulthood differed for the two sexes as well. The results suggest that chronological age may play a key role in transitions in STE, and that chronological age is more significant in the STE of women than in the STE of men.

The Effects of Age and Gender on Lipreading Abilities

2007 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 883-892 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Tye-Murray ◽  
Mitchell S. Sommers ◽  
Brent Spehar
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Percent Correct ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Las Mujeres ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Older Males

Age-related declines for many sensory and cognitive abilities are greater for males than for females. The primary purpose of the present investigation was to consider whether age-related changes in lipreading abilities are similar for men and women by comparing the lipreading abilities of separate groups of younger and older adults. Older females, older males, younger females and younger males completed vision-only speech recognition tests of: (1) 13 consonants in a vocalic /i/-C-/i/ environment; (2) words in a carrier phrase; and (3) meaningful sentences. In addition to percent correct performance, consonant data were analyzed for performance within viseme categories. The results suggest that while older adults do not lipread as well as younger adults, the difference between older and younger participants was comparable across gender. We also found no differences in the lipreading abilities of males and females, regardless of stimulus type (i.e., consonants, words, sentences), a finding that differs from some reports by previous investigators (e.g., Dancer, Krain, Thompson, Davis, & Glenn, 1994). El deterioro relacionado con la edad de muchas habilidades sensoriales y cognitivas es mayor para los hombres que para las mujeres. El propósito primario de la presente investigación fue considerar si los cambios relacionados con la edad en la habilidad de leer los labios eran similares para hombre y mujeres, comparando las habilidades de lectura labial de grupos separados de adultos jóvenes y viejos. Mujeres viejas, hombres viejos, mujeres jóvenes y hombres jóvenes completaron pruebas de reconocimiento del lenguaje únicamente por medio de la visión de: (1) 13 consonantes en un ambiente vocálico /i/-C-/i/; (2) de palabras en una frase portadora; y (3) de frases significativas. Además del porcentaje correcto de desempeño, los datos de las consonantes se analizaron en cuanto a desempeño dentro de las categorías de visemas. Los resultados sugieren que mientras los adultos más viejos no leen los labios tan bien como los adultos más jóvenes, las diferencias entre participantes más viejos y más jóvenes fueron comparables entre los géneros. Tampoco encontramos diferencias en las habilidades de lectura labial de hombres y mujeres, sin importar el tipo de estímulo (p.e., consonantes, palabras, frases), un hallazgo que difiere con algunos reportes de investigadores previos (p.e., Dancer, Krain, Thompson, Davis, & Glenn, 1994).

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